نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

One of the important ways to reduce the effects of drought stress is the use of biofertilizers in triticale plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhiza on grain filling components and dry matter remobilization of triticale under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions.

Methods & Materials: 

An experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2022. Average rainfall was about 300 mm that most rainfall concentrated between winter and spring. The experimental factors were included irrigation levels (no irrigation as rainfed, supplementary irrigation at heading and booting stages) and application of biofertilizers (no application biofertilizers, application of vermicompost, Mycorrhiza, both application vermicompost and Mycorrhiza).

The results showed that the application of mycorrhizae and vermicompost and supplementary irrigation at booting stage increased root weight and volume (53.6 and 45.49%, respectively), maximum of grain weight, grain filling rate and period (54.04, 19.84 and 21.99% respectively), grain yield (48.66%), current photosynthesis (109.68%) and contribution of its in grain yield (41.14%) and decreased of dry matter remobilization from shoot and stem and contribution of them in grain yield (32.72, 33.55, 97.14 and 98.49% respectively) in comparison with no application of biofertilizers under rainfed condition.

It seems that the application of mycorrhizae and vermicompost and supplementary irrigation at booting stage can increase the yield of triticale in rainfed condition due to improving photosynthesis and grain filling components.

The goals of the study were to consider the possibility of delaying planting time of fall safflower from 11 September to 11 October in cold climates via increasing rosette plants growth for suitable cold tolerance and enhancing seed yield by using trichoderma fungi.

Methods and Materials:

 An experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Khosrowshah station of East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the 2021-22 cropping season. The experimental factors included planting time (11 and 21 September and 1 and 11 October), and trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum) treatment included control, soil and seed treatments. The Ahmadi as a fall rapeseed genotype was used during the study.

Delaying the planting time from 11 September to 11 October led to diminishing leaf chlorophyll concentration, plant growth rate and increasing plant cold damage percentage and a significant decrease in seed and oil yields and seed yield components. The treatment of the soil and seed with trichoderma fungi increased the mentioned yield related traits, but these increases were significantly higher in seed treatment plots. The mean of the seed yield increased by 1005 and 613 Kg h-1 in 11 September and 11 December planting times respectively in the case of treating seeds by trichoderma fungi.

The rapeseed treatment with trichoderma fungi increased rosette plants growth, decreased cold damage percentage and increased seed yield significantly in early and late season cultivations at cold climate.

The present study was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of Bacillus subtilis on morphophysiological traits of flowers and coriander in two saffron ecotypes in order to determine the appropriate concentration of bacteria.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Zanjan University. Experimental treatments: the first factor of five levels of different concentrations of bacteria(zero, 102, 105, 106, 108 ) and the second factor consisting of two ecotypes (Natanz, Zanjan) were considered.

Different concentrations of bacteria showed a significant effect on all morphophysiological traits measured. The main effect of ecotype also showed a significant effect on the traits at the level of one and five percent, except for the fresh weight traits of stigma, chlorophyll. Based on the results of analysis of variance, bilateral interaction (year × ecotype, ecotype × bacterium) and tripartite interaction (bacterium × year × ecotype) on flower yield and phosphorus content of saffron leaves were significant. Among the ecotypes, Natanz ecotype showed more than Zanjan ecotype in fresh and dry weight of pistachio and its diameter (16.29, 10.99 g and 19.71 mm, respectively).

Considering the effects of Bacillus subtilis on saffron ecotypes, it can be concluded that saffron ecotypes showed different reactions to biofertilizer due to their differences and different growth characteristics. According to the results, the greatest effect of Bacillus subtilis on morphophysiological traits was observed at a concentration of 108 cfu / ml.

In order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of Satureja spicigera essential oil with proper plant nutrition, this study was carried out in East Azerbaijan.

This research was carried out as a randomized complete block design with eight fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer, N50, P25, K25 (kg/ha), Cow Manure (30, 60 ton/ha), Cow Manure (30, 60 ton/ha) +(kg/ha) N50, P25, K25 , Vermi-compost (5 ton/ha), Vermi-compost (5 ton/ha) +(kg/ha) N50, P25, K25) and three replications in four years (2017-2020). During the cropping season, plant height, flowering date, canopy area and green shoot yield were measured. Essential oil was extracted by distillation with distilled water and analysis of essential oil was done by gas chromatograph (GC/MS).

There was a significant difference between fertilizer treatments in terms of all traits. The main components of essential oil were thymol, parasimen and gamaterpinen, respectively. The highest yield of flowering branches at 3687 kg/ha and yield of essential oil at 54.65 kg/ha and the highest quality of essential oil (total phenolic compounds of thymol and carvacrol) at 62.59% by applying Vermi-compost5ton/ha+N50P25K25kg/ha were obtained.

Combined consumption of fertilizer treatments, especially animal manure with chemical fertilizers, in addition to increasing the yield, causes the crop to ripen early and not face the cold of early autumn. As the plant ages, the yield of the essential oil increases, but the yield is later and the quality of the essential oil decreases.

Abiotic-stress tolerance and plant growth enhancement can be evoked in crops by the exploitation of beneficial microorganisms and optimal provision of plant nutrients. The effect of inoculation with Serendipita indica and foliar application of potassium on growth and morphophysiological characteristics of Dracocephalum kotschyi plant under drought stress was the goal of the present experiment. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with two levels of fungus inoculation (non-inoculated and inoculated with S. indica), three levels of potassium application (0, 1 and 3% K) and two levels of drought stress (Field capacity (F.C.) and 50% F.C.) with three replications. The results showed that drought stress decreases the biomass, relative water content, chlorophyll and potassium. While inoculation with S. indica and potassium application increased traits such as shoot and root biomass, relative water content, chlorophyll, potassium and antioxidant enzymes and consequently reduced the harmful effects of drought stress. Drought stress caused membrane instability by increasing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, while inoculation with fungus and potassium treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Due to the importance of D. kotschyi and the effect of biomass increase on the amount of its medicinal substance, inoculating with S. indica and foliar application of potassium can be a suitable method to enhance the growth and drought stress tolerance of D. kotschyi.

This experiment was carried out in 2018 in the Lundville region of Astara for rice crop rotation, different amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and varieties and dates of clover planting in the Gilan region. The experiment was evaluated in the form of s split-split plot with a completely randomized block design in three replications. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer with potassium at three levels (50, 100, and 150 kg per hectare) and the spreading of clovers in three different stages of rice growth, including after flowering, before harvest, and after harvest as split plot and secondary factors.

The results obtained from the variance analysis of the data showed that different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, distribution of clovers in different stages of rice growth, and clover cultivars on the height period, yield indices, and harvest index were significant in rice plants. Based on the results of comparing the average effects of treatments, it was observed that the highest yield of paddy per hectare was obtained under the conditions of application of 100 kg/hectare of fertilizer in the stage of spreading clovers after rice harvesting and from Iranian clover variety.

The use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers along with crop rotation of rice and clover due to nitrogen stabilization and improvement of the soil substrate increased the height of the plant, increased the number of claws, spike length, the weight of 1000 seeds, and finally increased the yield of the rice plant.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of natural and organic fertilizers, compared to chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of black cumin.

Factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications at the Research Farm of the University of Kurdistan during 2021 growing season. The first factor consisted of three levels of fertilizer (control, digested fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer) and the second factor included three concentrations of humic acid foliar application (0, 200, and 400 mg.L-1).

The digested fertilizer significantly increased plant height, capsules number per plant, seeds number per capsule, grain and biological yield, oil percentage and yield, and essential oil yield. These mentioned traits significantly increased with humic acid foliar application except for essential oil yield. The third level of humic acid had the most effect. The highest values of seed nitrogen and phosphorus content belonged to the integrated treatment of digested fertilizer and 400 mg.L-1 humic acid.

The digested fertilizer and humic acid (400 mg.L-1) improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of black cumin and they can be alternative inputs for chemical fertilizers.

the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some ‎stress modulators on nodulation, grain filling rate and yield of rainfed lentil.‎ an experiment as factorial was conducted based on RCBD with three replications in a farm of near the research farm University ‎of Mohagheghi Ardabil ‎in 2022. The first factor application of bio- ‎organic fertilizers in four levels (no application of bio-organic fertilizers as control, ‎application of mycorrhiza, vermicompost, both application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost), ‎ans the seconfd factor nano particle foliar application in four levels (foliar application with ‎water as control, applicatio of nano silicon oxide, nano iron oxide, both aplication of nano ‎silicon-iron oxide) were included.‎ The results showed that both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza ‎increased chlorophyll index, relative water content, protein yield in hehtar, iron and protein ‎contents of grains (20.6 and 24.6% respectively) in comparison with no application of ‎vemicompost and mycorrhiza. Similar results were observed in application of nano iron-‎silicon oxide. So, both application of nano iron-silicon oxide increased chlorophyll index, ‎relative water content, protein yield in hehtar, iron and protein content of grains (29.1 and ‎‎37.7% respectively) in comparison with no application of nano silicon-iron oxide. Application ‎of vemicompost and mycorrhiza with nano iron-silicon oxide increased number of active ‎nodules per plant, number of grain per pod, number of pod per plant, number of lateral ‎branches, nodule weight, quantum yield and grain yield (72%) in comparison with no ‎application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost and nano iron-silicon oxide. ‎

The present study was conducted to compare the genetic diversity of 158 foreign and iranian safflower genotypes with six Iranian safflower cultivars.

The experiment was carried out in the Augment design with three replications during the 2017-17 at Zahak Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Zabol county.

In principal components analysis (PCA), the first component was named grain yield and dry matter and the second component was named phenology. Based on the results of biplot, genotypes were classified into four groups. The first group includes late matutity and tall genotypes, the second group includes genotypes with high grain yield and harvest index (HI), the third group includes late matutity genotypes with low grain yield and the fourth group includes early matutity genotypes with lowest grain yield and HI. Genotype No. 100 with unknown origin (6044 kg.ha-1) had the highest grain yield and genotypes No. 153 (Mexico), 169 (Mexico), 134 (North Korea), 122 (Poland), 124 (unknown), 130 (unknown) and 131 (North Korea) had high grain yield. The orthogonal comparison of 20 Iranian genotypes versus 138 foreign genotypes showed that no difference was observed for plant height, but in terms of grain yield, biomass and harvest index, foreign genotypes were significantly higher than Iranian genotypes.

Genetic diversity by different statistical analyzes was well able to differentiate safflower genotypes and can be used from grouping obtained from statistical methods for select appropriate parents genotypes in safflower breeding programs.

One of the basic pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of biological fertilizers with the aim of eliminating or reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. in recent years, nano fertilizers have been considered an effective solution to reduce nutrient losses and increase fertilizer use efficiency. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological and nano fertilizers on the yield and morphological traits of cowpea in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design for two consecutive years (2018-2020). The studied factors included 4 levels of biological fertilizers (control, Amino Zn-chelate, AminoAlexin, and Bio-20) and 4 levels of nano chelates (control, Nano B-chelate, Nano K-chelate, and Nano Fe-chelate). The results showed that years had no significant effect on the studied traits. However, the application of biofertilizers, especially Bio-20, followed by AminoAlexin, achieved the highest growth characteristics and yield. Also, among nano chelate fertilizers, iron and that potassium had the most positive effect. The study of interaction effects showed that the lowest growth characteristics and yield were observed at the control treatment. However, the highest plant height, number of flowers, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and plant, 100-seed weight, and seed and straw yield were observed in Bio-20 application along with nano Fe-chelate and/or nano K-chelate. In general, we found that the combined application of biological fertilizers, especially Bio-20, along with nano Fe-chelate and nano K-chelate significantly improved the growth characteristics, yield, and yield components of cowpea.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of magnetic water, organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.).

This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 21 treatments and three replications at research farm of the faculty of agriculture, university of Tabriz, Iran in 2016.The first factor was magnetic water (0, 290, and 430 milli Tesla) and the second factor was fertilizer treatment (control, 100% chemical fertilizers+NPK fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+bio-fertilizer, Penergetic P, 50% chemical fertilizer+Penergetic P, 50% chemical fertilizer +organic wood fertilizer with 2 and 4 tons/ha).

Increasing the intensity of the magnetic improved the transverse growth of the plant, leaf chlorophyll index, dry weight of upper flowering parts, and essential oil yield of Moldavian balm. The interaction effect of magnetic water fertilizer treatments was significant on number of branch per plant, dry weight of upper parts, essential oil percentage and yield. The highest dry weight of upper flowering parts (7668.70 kg/ha) was obtained in 100% chemical fertilizer and magnetic water of 430 milliTesla. The highest essential oil yield (16.59 kg/ha) was obtained in organic wood fertilizer in 2 tons ha and without using magnetic water.

Bio-fertilizer and organic fertilizers in combination with 50% of chemical fertilizers coupled with magnetic water of 430 milliTesla could be recommended to improve the growth traits, qualitative and quantitative yield of Moldavian balm in the field condition.

this research was carried out in order to recognition and evaluate the characteristics related to growth and yield as well as the adaptation of sunflower especially in relation to dehydration conditions.

This research carried as a split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replication and with two factor: irrigation as the main factor and cultivar as sub - factor were performed in the experimental farm of Safiabad Research Center.

Evaluation of means showed, severe irrigation low stress caused a decrease of 19.03, 26.97, 24.34 and 45.08 % respectively in stem height, stem diameter, head diameter and biological yield. Yield and grain yield components of sunflower cultivars also evalouation under the influence of low irrigation stress and the results show a decrease of 45.69, 49.94 and 50 %, respectively in number of grains/head, grain weight/head and grain yield. On the other hand, the percentage of grain oil decreased enough 26.67% under the influence of low irrigation. Oscar cultivar in control treatment with average grain yield of 5.34 t/ha and Shakira cultivar in severe irrigation low stress conditions with average grain yield 2.67 t/ha, respectively produced the highest and lowest grain yield/ha.

despite relative resistance sunflower dehydration stress, maximum grain yield is produced under normal irrigation conditions. Finally, Felix and Labad cultivars according to high grain yield and maintaining yield in conditions of low irrigation stress they are recommended as high yield and compatible cultivars in Dezful region and similar regions.

In order to evaluate of grain yield, anti-oxidante enzymes activitie and osmolytes accumulation in leaves of peanut as affected by different irrigation levels and Salicylic acid, the present study was done. This experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara, Iran, during 2018 and 2019 years. Four level of irrigation regimes including no irrigation (as control), irrigation at initial flowering stage, irrigation at pod formation stage and irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of salicylic acid such as 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Deficit irrigation decreased grain yield, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and leaf relative water content in peanut. Prolne, catalaz, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and leaf anthocyanin content enhanced in responses to deficit irrigation. In addition, foliar application of salicylic acid caused to improve all measured traits in peanut at different irrigation levels. The greatest grain yield of peanut (3450 kg/ha) was obtained in response to supplementary irrigation at both initial flowering stage + pod formation stage along with salicylic application at the rate of 300 µmol/l. Based on results of this study, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of salicylic acid could be recommendable in direction to increase plant resistance to drought stress and grain yield improvement in peanut .

Heavy metals enter the environment directly and indirectly with the development of various industries of metal smelting, mining, and chemical industries. Physical and chemical methods of soil purification from heavy metals are used due to high costs and less time-consuming. Phytoremediation is a low-cost and relatively fast solution to soil pollution and increases biodiversity, reduces erosion, and increases soil fertility. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of the Camelina plant in removing heavy metals Pb and Cd from soil was investigated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with Cd (0, 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and Pb (0, 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg) treatments with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Razi University in Kermanshah. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of Pb and Cd, the accumulation of these elements in the roots of the Camelina plant increased significantly. Most soil biological properties at the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb were significantly reduced compared to the control. The high concentration of Pb and Cd in the roots of the plant and the low transfer factor of these elements, indicate the greater efficiency of this plant for use in plant stabilization techniques, and we cannot be used to extract heavy metals lead and cadmium from soil.

  This research was carried out to investigate the effect of different substrate and spraying of seaweed extract on growth, yield and nutrient content of karla .

this research was carried out in a factorial design based on completely randomized design with four replicate in pots under hydropnic condition in rUniversity of Researcher Ardabil University. The first factor includes combination of substrate 50: 50 ratios (100) ratios (sawdust + cocopes, sawdust + perlite, sawdust + vermiculite, perlite + cocopeat, cocopeat + vermiculite, vermiculite + perlite) and second factor of leaf spray with Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract in four Concentration (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 grams per liter) and in control treatment was sprayed with distilled water.

The results showed that the highest amount for plant height (3.79 m) in vermiculite-cocopeat substrate and seaweed extract concentration of 1 g / l and the highest value for plant fresh weight plants (575.49 grams), dry weight (27.29 g), root fresh weight (149 / 81 g) and fruit yield (1492/50 g) were obtained in vermiculite-perlite treatment with a concentration of seaweed extract of 1 g / l, also in plant dry weight traits (138.36 g), fresh weight of fruit (33.36 g) In combination of vermiculite-perlite substrate and foliar spraying of 2 g / l from seaweed extract and .

 the results of this study indicated that the use of seaweed extract and perlite-vermiculite had the greatest impact on growth of karla in comparison to other treatments

This research was carried out to investigate effects of gypsum, cocopeat, and NaCl salinity on some physiological and growth characteristics of spinach cv. Virofly. The experiment was conducted in a factorial combination based on a CRD with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The experimental factors were: gypsum at four levels (0, 3, 9, and 27%), NaCl salinity at two levels (0 and 110 mM), and cocopeat at two levels (0 and 15%). The effect of gypsum on studied characteristics depended on the level of gypsum, cocopeat, and salinity. The use of 3% gypsum had no significant effect on root and shoot dry matters, plant height, and leaves number. Unexpectedly, use of 9 and 27% gypsum significantly reduced these characteristics under saline and non-saline conditions. The effect of salinity on studied characteristics was different regardless of presence or absence of cocopeat. The effect of cocopeat was significant on all studied characteristics, but its effect depended on the level of salinity and gypsum. The sensitivity of spinach plant root to NaCl salinity stress was greater than shoot. The use of cocopeat in perlite medium is not recommended for hydroponic cultivation of spinach. In treatments with cocopeat, high levels of gypsum decreased root and shoot dry matters, plant height, leaves number, leaf chlorophyll index, and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence. It is suggested to conduct more investigations with lower levels of gypsum, lower concentrations of calcium and sulfate in the nutrient solution, and application of other types of cocopeats under saline and non-saline conditions.

In this research the effect of planting date and Bentazon application on control of weeds, and soybean yield was investigated.

Methods and Materials:

 Experiment conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Mainfactor included five planting dates (20 April, 4 May, 18 May, 2 June and 16 June) and subfactor was herbicide application including without and with bentazone application.

Delay in planting date and herbicide application, wild melon, and black nightshade control increased both at 10 and 30 days after spraying. The late planting date reduced soybean economic (29.2%) and biological yield (41.1%). Delay in planting date reduced the biomass of wild melon (99%) and black nightshade (61%) and other weeds (82%). Herbicide application decreased the biomass of wild melon (51%) and black nightshade (92%) and other weeds (71%). Soybean yield in early planting date was higher (71%) than late planting date. In the late planting date, density of wild melon and black nightshade was lower than early planting date. Delay in planting date accelerated flowering, and reduced ripening period, seed production, and yield.

The early planting date of soybean along with the application of bentazone reduces weed growth, crop damage and increases soybean yield that can be recommended to farmers.

Today, the use of medicinal plants as one of the most effective methods in the field of health and business is increasing. Among the required factors, micro-elements elements play a significant role in feeding and increasing of plant yield. In recent years, due to the prevent the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers, the application of biofertilizers has been considered. The present study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield components, and essential oil of the dill plant in response to phosphozist and nitrozist and foliar application of zinc and iron elements. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included foliar application with zinc, iron and combined application of zinc and iron, and biofertilizer treatments consisted of application of phosphozist biofertilizer, pbt of nitrozist biofertilizer, combined pbt of phosphozist and nitrozist biofertilizers and control.The results showed that the highest plant height, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, percentage and yield of shoot essential oil were achieved from the combined application of nitrozist and phosphozist. There was no significant difference with foliar application of zinc and iron. In terms of grain yield, root dry weight and percentage and yield of grain essential oil, the application of these biofertilizers was significantly superior to other treatments. Based on results, in order to produce more yield, yield components and essential oil in dill, the combined application of nitrozist and phosphozist biofertilizers was identified as the most desirable nutritional treatment.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sugarcane production based on exergy and energy cumulative consumption indicators and environmental evaluation of using life cycle assessment.

Data of sugarcane production were collected from the Mirza Kochak Khan agro-industry in Khuzestan province. All energy inputs used in the production of sugarcane in Plant and Raton farms were calculated.

Subsoiling, harvesting, laser leveling and deep plowing with moldboard plow had the highest cumulative exergy consumption. Total cumulative energy and exergy consumption were obtained as 86.44 and 49.86 GJ per hectare, respectively. Cumulative degree of perfection and renewable index of sugar cane production process were obtained 6.16 and 0.84 respectively. The findings showed that in terms of energy, sugarcane production is a system with negative cumulative energy and in terms of cumulative exergy, it is a positive system. Electricity is the most consumed energy and diesel fuel is the most consumed exergy in sugarcane production. The life cycle assessment shows that the greatest environmental impact of sugarcane production is related to FWA and MAE groups, respectively, with emissionon the farm having the greatest environmental impact with 62.30%.

Sugarcane production is a relatively renewable process that improving the management of chemical fertilizers and irrigation water and replacing non-renewable energy sources with renewable sources for electricity production increases the exergy efficiency and renewability of the sugarcane production process and reduces the effects of environmental groups.

The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the response of yield and yield components of lentil cultivars to foliar application of NPK chemical fertilizer under different planting dates. The double split-plot set of treatments was arranged within randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season 1400 at the Varzeqhan city with an average annual rainfall of 300 mm. The experimental factors were: Sowing date (main factor) at three levels: November 15 as an anticipated cropping, April 15 and April 30, Varieties (secondary factor) at two levels: local variety and Bilaswar variety, and treatment. Fertilizer foliar application (sub sub-factor) in two levels of control (no foliar application) and NPK chemical fertilizer foliar application (nitrogen 5%, phosphorus and potassium 25% dissolved in water at the rate of 3 kg per hectare). The results showed that foliar application increased the grain yield of local cultivars and Bilsawar by 25and 24%, respectively. In general, considering the economic importance of seed yield, the planting date of 15 November and foliar spraying of fertilizer with the combination of 75 grams per hectare of Fertilizer-2 biological fertilizer with 50 kilograms per hectare of triple superphosphate chemical fertilizer can have an effective role in increasing the yield. In this study, foliar application of NPK chemical fertilizer and planting date of November 15 with the highest number of pods, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100 grain weight and seed yield is recommended.

This experiment was performed to research the role of various tillage systems with the appliance of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on seed and oil yield of rapeseed and conjointly its result on nitrogen efficiency indices fully and low irrigation conditions.The experiment was performed as a split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Karaj during two cropping seasons(2017-19). Tillage systems as the main plot were common at three levels including no-tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage. The subplots included irrigation at two levels (normal irrigation and low irrigation) and fertilizer treatment at four levels (no fertilizer, urea chemical fertilizer, vermicompost, urea fertilizer + vermicompost).In the system without tillage, oil yield decreased by 22% compared to reduced tillage and 21.5% compared to conventional tillage. Seed and oil yield in the conditions of combined application of vermicompost fertilizer were 18 and 17% higher than the control in normal irrigation conditions and 29 and 32% higher in low irrigation conditions, respectively. In all three tillage systems, the highest nitrogen use efficiency was observed in the combined application of urea and vermicompost. Compared to the application of vermicompost and urea, in non-tillage conditions 5 and 8.1%, in reduced tillage conditions 6.2 and 1.5%, and in conventional tillage conditions 5.5 and 1.7%, respectively, the nitrogen use efficiency was more. In general, reduced tillage and replacement of urea fertilizer with vermicompost can ultimately increase canola seed and oil yield by reducing nitrogen wastage, increasing nitrogen productivity, and modifying drought stress conditions.