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سال بیست و سوم شماره 81 (تابستان 1402)

The narratives containing the combination of " Intiẓār al-Faraj" suggest, in their literal sense, the anticipation of the disentanglement and the removal of hardships This combination has been cited with inconsistencies, both in the intellectual sphere of Shia and in the narrative and interpretive sources of the Sunni community. This article is structured as a response to the question of how the aforementioned combination has been inconsistently utilized in two distinct intellectual spaces and authoritative sources of Shia and Sunni interpretations, exhibiting inconsistency between the two sects. This interpretation has entered the field of Mahdism discussions among the Shias, yet despite the belief of the majority of Sunni groups in the subject of the Mahdism, their literature has not reached this level of exploration. The leading article has been structured with the aforementioned approach in mind, aiming to present these two movements by representing the narrations at hand, examining the extent of the conceptual framework and the application of this phrase in the discussions of both sects; Until through these investigations and hadith analyses, it becomes apparent, that this combination has had heterogeneous applications over time and in the sources of the two sects. The Shia, based on its doctrinal foundations in Mahdism and Messianism, considers the advent of the Promised Mahdi as the most sublime example of the expectation of relief, and has emphasized it; whereas the Sunni only considers it as hope for the alleviation of hardships and tribulations

The doctrine of Mahdism and the ideal community of the righteous in the Noble Quran, presented in the framework of divine traditions, especially the "tradition of the succession of the righteous," has been elucidated. This following research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach and interpreting the Quran with the Quran, has achieved a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the succession of the righteous in the Ummah of the Seal of the Prophets and its resemblance to the succession in the Ummah of the Messengers from various new and profound perspectives in this field. According to the findings of this study, based on the divine promise of God Almighty regarding the judgment in the Ummah of the messengers, including the Ummah of the Seal of Prophets صلی الله علیه وسلم, the criminals are eradicated by the descent of the desperation punishment, and thereafter, the righteous who are saved from the punishment become the inheritors of the earth. Therefore, the concept of the succession of the righteous, as mentioned in the Noble Quran, refers to the succession and replacement of the righteous on earth instead of the eradicated sinners through the means of extermination punishment. Among the Ummah of the Seal of the Prophets and other Ummahs of the prophets, in this divine tradition, like other traditions, there is no difference and it will be implemented in the same manner. This uniformity exists both in the essence of the succession tradition, the process thereof, and the traditions associated with it. This tradition has been realized in the Ummah of the messengers, but in the three Ummahs of Muhammad, Moses, and Jesus, during the end times in the era of the emergence of Imam Mahdi, it will be implemented.

Today, discussions on "Modern Islamic Civilization" and "Mahdism Studies" are being introduced in a fragmented manner, with researchers in each field separately developing their own topics. It is natural that the ambiguity in this relationship and the existing connection between them will lead to the scattering and parallelism of research between the two fields. Moreover, in the intellectual system of the esteemed leadership, the new Islamic civilization and Mahdism have a close relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and elucidate the relationship between these two concepts from his perspective. In this work, the method of "descriptive-analytical" is employed to address this matter. The outcome of the work at hand is that within the intellectual framework of the esteemed position of the Supreme Leader, the complete and perfect realization of new Islamic civilization occurs in the era of appearance. Within this context, the goal of the Islamic Revolution is achieving a new civilization; therefore, as the foundation of this civilization is laid, the preparatory stages for the appearance will advance in its own longitudinal course. Thus, the new Islamic civilization is not only the most important but also the ultimate facilitator in the pathway to the facilitation of the appearance.

The idealism (pursuit of ideals) is one of the innate inclinations that its management plays a significant role in the success of individuals, and the lack of control over it results in bitterness in life. On the other hand, in the collection of Islamic teachings, we encounter teachings called "Mahdism" and "Awaiting" which have a significant overlap with this innate inclination. This article aims to answer the question of what the mutual role of idealism and the expectation of the promised one is in the thought of His Eminence Ayatollah Khamenei by compiling a library of the statements of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution and analyzing them using a "descriptive-analytic" approach. The analyses indicate that within his intellectual framework, there exist noteworthy points of novelty and innovation in the two issues of idealism and the anticipation of reappearance, as well as in the relationship between these two. In his thinking, religious idealism is fundamentally different from Western idealism; likewise, significant differences are found between religious awaiting and terminological awaiting. Furthermore, in the interplay of these two subjects, from the perspective of the esteemed Supreme Leader, just as the inclination towards idealism at its peak leads individuals towards the ideal of Islamic messianism; awaiting the promised one and the culture derived from it also instruct the correct ritual of idealism to aspiring individuals, obliging them to uphold its requirements.

For the first time in centuries, during the reign of Shah Ismail I, the Shiite government was officially established in Iran following the presence of the Sunni religion. This subject has been examined from various perspectives, however, one particular issue that has been addressed in this study is: the method of utilizing the belief in the doctrine of Mahdism as one of the principal causes of the participation and national unity of the people, and the declaration of Shia religion as the guiding principle of the rule of Shah Ismail I. This study attempts to explore new findings on the reflection of Mahdism ideology in the governmental structure section through the "descriptive-analytical" method, using different approaches by examining relevant library sources and articles. The research critically examines the distortion and varied interpretations of the Mahdism ideology principle, which led to the promotion of the imminent emergence of the promised savior and the representation of Shah Ismail I by the absent Imam. These findings contribute to the legitimacy and acceptance of his rule.

The rise of the "Sarbedaran" had a significant impact on Iranian historiography and introduced new themes into this field. The concepts of "Mahdism" and "Messianism" were among the most important issues that garnered the attention of historians during this period. This point constitutes the fundamental issue of the present study, where an attempt is made to delve into the characteristics of belief-in-Mahdi (a.s) and the expectations regarding Imam Mahdi (peace be upon him) through descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library data and analyzing them, in the historiography of this period. Historical accounts indicate that the Sarbadars, during their era, actively promoted the culture of awaiting and encouraged the populace to await the Emergence of Imam Mahdi (a.s.). This movement was initially spearheaded by Sheikh Khalifa and his disciple Sheikh Hasan Jori. However, during the reign of Dervish Aziz, the ideology of awaiting was taken to extremes, culminating in the establishment of a Mahdi-centric government in Tous. This government minted coins in the name of "al-Sultan Muhammad al-Mahdi" and ultimately was rectified by Khwaja Ali Mu'ayyid.