فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 121، پاییز 1402)

The education of environmental values as one of the fundamental elements of sustainable development as well as a mechanism for the reconstruction and revival of environmental capitals has an important and necessary role. This research aims to identify and study the importance of spatial components of the educational policy model of the mentioned values to achieve this goal, it has taken into account sustainable development theories and educational strategies as well as behavior and ethics-based theories in the field of environmental values. The components and indicators of the study include identifying, extracting, and using questionnaire tools and completing them based on the opinion of 32 experts in the field of environmental education, studying and making a comparative analysis of the data obtained from SPSS software, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's post hoc analysis.  The results confirm that the component familiar with the environment and ecological system has the least importance with a value of 2.925, and the most important component behavioral-cognitive with a value of 3.5533 has been assigned to itself in the formulation and implementation of environmental values policy.

Considering the complex nature of mental images of the future construction and spatial reconstruction of cities and metropolitan areas as well as existing complexities, it is particularly important to avoid a positivist and single-layer view of urban-regional studies. This study considers perspective building in urban and regional planning and the creation of alternative futures as a requirement for an intelligent and modified choice of future research methods. Causal layered analysis, introduced under a critical paradigm, is one of the most important future research methods. This method, like many others, is associated with gaps and limitations and needs to be adjusted. This research seeks to critically analyze this method and accordingly, the number of layers of this method should be reduced to 3 in accordance with criticisms and covering the critical paradigm dimensions. The approach of the first layer should be changed from scientific-experimental to an interpretive one with a critical attitude. And, the second layer's approach to post-exploration, which is aimed at identifying the obvious and hidden mechanisms, and finally deconstructing and criticizing the functional basis of the third layer. Then, according to the changes of each of the layers and the direction of applying the model in urban and regional planning, a set of qualitative methods is mentioned and an analytical device of the political economy of space is used to mount this model.

Nowadays, informal settlements in cities have brought about enormous problems before urban management. Mashhad as a metropolis is no exception to this phenomenon. The increasing urban living costs, migrants’ intake and high population concentration at the outskirts have encountered Mashhad with danger which could further led to complex challenges in the future. The main purpose of this study is to identify the key drivers and formulate future scenarios of informal settlements in Khorasan Razavi province and its capital city Mashhad. Identifying the future situation and compiling the settlement expansion scenarios under the futuristic framework is one of the comprehensive approaches in regional planning. Addressing the factors affecting the future of informal settlements by determining the role of other settlements in the province is an issue that has received less attention in researches. The method is descriptive-analytical where data is collected through questionnaire and analyzed by Mic Mac software. The target research population is 30 people including municipal experts and faculty members of universities. The findings indicate 5 factors: " laws, programs and policies at the national level", "Integrated management of local institutions", "drought and agricultural activities", "unemployment" and "inflation" which are important for the future of informal settlements. The results show that in different scenarios, economic and management factors have the greatest impact on the future of informal settlements in Mashhad and the development of other settlements in the province.

Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The air pollution is caused by different factors such as centralization, increased traffic and incorrect location of the spatial pattern, consumption of fossil fuels, lack of rules and regulations for limiting industrial areas and nonobservance to the environmental guidelines. Sometimes, these factors are intensified because of the climatic factors. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between the residential urban factors and Tehran's air pollution and to determine the extent of their importance. The intended techniques found through radar data showed that the physical pattern and the consequences of the urban planning system are considered some of the effective structures in increasing the air pollution in Tehran. Hence, the correlation coefficient between the height environment of urban buildings and constructions (the third dimension of the city) and Tehran's air pollution was calculated to be 0.86. In other words, in the case of proper planning or with the possibility of modifying the structure of the height environment in city up to 86%, it is possible to adjust and control the air pollution. The results were in line with the spatial pattern of PM2.5 particles and carbon monoxide regarding urban land use, industries, commercial centers, transportation, organizations and health centers and had the highest coefficient of determination with the spatial pattern of Tehran' air pollution. Considering the traffic, the index had the highest correlation with the spatial pattern of PM2.5 particles. Meanwhile, in the dangerous and unhealthy parts of the spatial pattern, a large number of nodal points with little distances formed traffic channels. Thus, by identifying these channels and managing urban traffic, the air pollution can be controlled to a larger extent. It should be mentioned that because of the impossibility of decreasing or eliminating driving forces in the creation or intensification of the air pollution, the residential environment of Tehran can be directed toward an appropriate environmental pattern by changing or maintaining the structures and functions through a change in the patterns of macro-urban management and the urban planning models consistent with the human functions and spatial pattern.

The basis of all main themes related to a smart city includes indicators and components i.e. people, transportation, economy, life, governance and the smart environment. Therefore, in the planning of a smart city and region, attention should be paid to all of the above aspects, with an emphasis on smart infrastructure in order to solve the problems of metropolitan regions. The main goal of this research is to identify the dimensions and characteristics of smart regions and their conditions in Tehran metropolis. The method applied in this research is descriptive-analytical while emphasizing its applicability and the method of collecting information is based on documentary and library studies as well as survey technique, including the preparation and completion of a questionnaire. Based on the investigations and the existing imbalances in the spatial system of Tehran's smart region, Shemiranat, Tehran and Firuzkoh have been placed in the homogeneous zone and are ranked from first to third in terms of three economic, social-cultural and environmental indicators. The cities of Mallard, Quds, Islam Shahr, Rey, Pakdasht and Baharestan are ranked from fourth to fifth zones and are in the last category. The most important solutions and measures needed to improve the existing conditions include things such as the creation of a regional transportation agency, transportation planning to equip the new political administrative center to the airport (transformation), preparation of a systematic plan and intelligent and integrated tracking of goods and passenger transportation in the province.

The warming of the urban environment is one of the consequences of unsustainable growth. This research aims to investigate the possibility of modeling the effect of the structural parameters on the city’s surface temperature in the summer season in Tehran. For this purpose, the Landsat-8 image taken in 2018 was used to calculate the surface temperature. In order to determine the study units in this research, the segmentation method was used on the Sentinel-2 image of 2018, and the ratio of the vegetation cover and the separation of built-up areas from non-built-up ones were extracted using this image. The multi-layer perceptron neural network and the convolutional neural network methods were used to model the effect of urban structural parameters on the surface temperature during the summer. The results obtained from random forest feature selection  for the summer indicates that the presence of vegetation and urban uses that include residential and industrial areas, the presence of mixed residential/commercial/administrative areas, and the presence of vegetation affect changes in the urban surface temperature. Further, the information layers of road and population density in this season have an effect on the changing temperature of the earth's surface. Additionally, the results obtained through modeling and t-test of paired samples demonstrate the superiority of the convolutional neural network method, with a root mean square error of 0.61, determination coefficient of 0.62, and 17.75% estimation error, compared to the multi-layer perceptron model, which had 0.82 root mean square error, 0.26 determination coefficient, and 23.34% estimation error.