فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 92 (بهار 1403)

Understanding inferiority and the issues arising from it is one of the important concerns of social sciences. The most important groups that always experience and live with inferiority are children, women (especially female heads of households), and elderly people. The current research aims to study the lived experience of female heads of households covered by positive life centers of the Kashan Welfare Organization. The theoretical approach of the research is influenced by the findings of Freire, Gramsci and Margaret Ledwitt. By combining Freire, Gramsci’s, ideas, and Ledwit’ points to a model of community-oriented development and bottom-up development that has elements of appreciation for getting rid of poverty, critical awareness of people involved in poverty, emphasis on the issue of social justice and environmental sustainability.

The research approach is of a qualitative type, and in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data, and thematic analysis method was used for data analysis.

The findings show that women experience inferiority in the themes and concepts such as belief in the existence of discrimination in society, feelings of helplessness, insecure economic conditions, feelings of powerlessness, unstable family relationships, thirst for external support, and non-empowering organizational supports.

Due to their unstable economic conditions and the fact that they are discriminated in the society, such women are deprived of access to the sources of power in the society and they always feel helpless, and this factor causes them not only to get out of this cycle of poverty and They do not take action, but their dependence on external support increases.

Behavioral problems among children are described as serious negative changes in the way children behave and control their emotions and cause distress to those around them. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to analyze children’s behavioral problems with emphasis on the effects of family resources, especially economic factors.

The research method is field study, and the instrument used is questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes households that have at least one school-age child and does not have geographic restrictions. Also, bivariate regression and probit model were used to analyze data and information.

The findings of the research show that assuming the stability of other conditions, the father’s stepfather or the unavailability of the biological father when the child is four years old increases the probability of behavioral problems in the child by 0.165 units. Also, the mother’s full-time employment at the age of eightbincreases the probability of behavioral problems in the child by 0.003 units.

Absence of a father at the age of four, due to the divorce or death of the child’s biological father, increases the probability of behavioral problems in the child. This means that children may spend less time with their parents in single-parent families or in stepfamilies. These findings are different from the results of Nozaki and Matsuura’s (2020) and Rice et al’s. (2019) studies. Also, having a private house when the child is eight years old, assuming the stability of other conditions, reduces the probability of behavioral problems in the the possibility of behavioral problems in children. This result is consistent with the findings of Mahmoudi and Mousavi’s (2019) study.

For over a century now, the medical discourse has played an important role in shaping the meanings and experiences of pregnancy and childbirth. In this research, a part of the mechanisms of the health system related to pregnancy and childbirth in the economic, political, social, and cultural context of contemporary Iran has been studied.

Multi-field ethnography was conducted, and individual and group interviews were carried out in two public and private hospitals and several other treatment centers in different areas of Tehran and their online components during one year (2020-2021). The findings of this research are the result of the thematic analysis of the data obtained.

The hospital represents a part of the class system, hierarchy, and unbalanced power structure in the society outside the hospital. The pregnant body faces different types of judgments in the process of referral to delivery based on the economic and cultural class in which it is placed. The level of visibility and objectification of the pregnant body also varies depending on the type of hospital and the fees paid. The difference in economic and cultural capital and the imbalance of access to information also affect the views and decisions of families regarding the date of birth, pregnancy care, the birth process, and "unhealthy" and "abnormal" fetuses.

Pregnant women are not a homogenous social class, and due to the intersection of the conditions in which they are placed, they are led to develop a kind of unequal nation whose coordinates are the first step in the quantity and quality of services offered by the health system.

In recent years, social networks have attracted the attention of various segments of society, including women, as a source of health information. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using social networks on women’s awareness of thier physical health.

In terms of purpose, this research was practical research and in terms of nature, it was descriptive-explanatory research, which was conducted as an online survey on the Instagram social network. The statistical population for this study included the Iranian female Instagram users aged 20 to 60 who were the members of the selected Instagram pages in the field of women’s physical health, approximately 22,800 people. A sample size of 384 people was included in the research by the available sampling method. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which had already been  confirmed. Findings were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods by SPSS software version 21.

Making use of health social networks has a significant positive impact on women’s consciousness of their physical health and all its dimensions, including puberty health, malnutrition and obesity, care during pregnancy and post-pregnancy care,and  women’s diseases and cancers.

The effective use of social networks in the field of women’s physical health should become a health discourse in the society because one of its important consequences for women is increasing the potential ability to make informed decisions during illness, reducing health-threatening risks, increasing disease prevention, increasing the quality of life, and increasing the quality of self-care.

All over the world every year, many families abandon their children due to various problems, including family and financial problems. The most common form of keeping these people is living in orphanages. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the fit of the structural model of psychological capital and perceived social support with quality of life in girls living in orphanages with the mediating role of psychological empowerment.

The method of the current research quantitative wherein correlation was done in the form of structural equation modeling. The research population consisted of girls living in orphanages in Rasht city in 1400 (2021), and 120 of them were selected by available sampling method. They responded to Luthans psychological capital, perceived social support questionnares developed by Zimet et al. in tandem with Spritzer psychological empowerment questionnaire and WHO quality of life questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the method of structural equation modeling based on partial least squares approach with SmartPLS3 software.

All exogenous and mediating variables, i.e., psychological capital, perceived social support, and psychological empowerment, were found to be able to predict 75% of the changes in the quality of life in girls living in orphanages, which is very strong. The GOF index of this research is 0.586, which is strong according to the set criteria, the general model of the research was also found to have a good fit.

According to the results, it can be concluded that psychological empowerment intensifies the effectiveness of psychological capital and perceived social support on the quality of life of orphanage residents and mediates it.

Considering the great role of family and the importance of commitment in marital relationships, the purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of forgiveness-based therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy on marital dissatisfaction and life direction of women affected by infidelity in Gilan province, Rasht city.

In this semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design and follow-up with a control group in 1401-1402, the sample included 90 married women who referred to psychological centers using purposeful sampling and randomly selected in two test groups, and there was a control group. The treatment in this study was conducted for eight sessions for the test groups and all three groups were pre- and post-tested by two questionnaires of life orientation and marital burnout (CBM) measured by Shier and Carver (1985) and the data were measured by univariate and multivariate covariance analysis using SPSS software.

According to the resulting F value for the variables of marital dissatisfaction (F = 192.244) and life orientation (F = 304.747) at the 5% level, between the groups in the post-test scores after adjusting the pre-test scores There is a significant difference test that shows the effectiveness of the interventions.

As a result, according to the data, despite the difference in the content of the therapeutic approaches used, both of them have been effective on the research variables, and at the same time, the effectiveness of the ACT approach is higher.

Since committing a crime as a violation of the law has been condemned by public opinion throughout the history, the recourse of criminal systems to the repressive tool of punishment is a reflection of the public reaction to committing a crime. However, the dynamics of criminal processes has made the hero-anti-hero duality in the realms of delinquent phenomena to distance itself from its traditional patterns.

Considering the role of public opinion in criminal policies and the necessity of a pathological study of the causes of public opinion’s tendency towards criminals, this research tries to use quantitative and qualitative content analysis to examine the comments on the pages of Ten Instagram villains.

The trend of public opinion towards criminals as a new approach in criminal sociology approaches confirms that part of the society’s structure not only does not condemn the commission of crime, but approves their behavior along with the criminals. The content in the comments proved that mythmaking, social support, role modeling, and making identical are the most important manifestations of public opinion’s tendency towards Instagram criminals. The findings of the quantitative content analysis showed that out of the total of two thousand eight hundred and eighty comments, 32.9% related to mythmaking, 25.3% supported social support, 22.3% corresponded to the approach of imitation and modeling, and 19.5% It is related to making identical.

The process of the tendency of public opinion towards gangsters contains a process-oriented model in which, first, myth-making takes place, followed by social support for gangsters, then, criminal simulation takes place, and finally, the person enters the stage of identification with gangsters.

Recent research has confirmed the crucial role of social security in promoting social justice. However, despite its significance, these services are sometimes deemed unnecessary by both employers and workers. This can lead to insurance evasion.

The study was conducted using a qualitative research method based on grounded theory, during which 14 experts of the Social Security Organization were selected using a purposive sampling technique. These people responded to the main question of the research (identification of the factors affecting insurance evasion) during structured and issue-oriented interviews.

After analyzing the data, the core category was identified as “insurance evasion, short-term profit-making of stakeholders, and long-term instability in the production of collective good social welfare.” This central phenomenon is influenced by several causal conditions, including “lack of awareness among actors about the benefits of insurance,” “successive waves of economic crises,” “complexity and ambiguity in laws and regulations,” and “the lack of an effective monitoring and evaluation system.”  Additionally, the findings revealed that social actors encountering this issue have implemented strategies such as “prioritizing income for the labor force”, “associating labor based on bribery/threats”, and “neglect of insurance benefits”. These strategies have resulted in consequences such as “the challenge of financing the uninsured workforce” and “the gradual and increasing collapse of income/cost of insurance companies”.

The insurance evasion occurs under the influence of economic and structural factors. The inflation economic crises, and deficiencies in the social security laws regarding the determination of insurance payment and insurance styles affect the performance of capital and labor owners more than any other factor.

The performance and job quality of people depends not only on the competencies of the employees but also on their job satisfaction. For effective work, the worker must be healthy and satisfied, and high job satisfaction leads to greater employee productivity in organizations.

This study employed a descriptive correlational design. The statistical population includes all the employees and managers of the Social Welfare Organization of Khorasan Rzavi Province, 44 managers and 1267 employees, of which 24 managers and 132 employees were selected through stratified random sampling. The instruments in this study include job satisfaction and mental health questionnaires, and the NEO Personality Inventory Test (the big five). Research data were analyzed through Pearson correlation, regression, and using SPSS-21 software.

The results showed that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and openness to experience, agreeableness, adaptability, and conscientiousness. There is also a negative relationship between the lack of mental health and neuroticism. Furthermore, there is a negative relationship between lack of mental health and openness to experience, agreeableness, adaptability, and conscientiousness. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between lack of mental health and neuroticism. The results also showed that managers’ neuroticism and flexibility were predictors of employees’ job satisfaction, and managers’ openness to experience and agreeableness and adaptability were negative predictors of employees’ mental health.

It can be said that managers are like parents in the family, and their personality, behavior and performance can play a significant role in the productivity of employees, therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the personality and behavioral characteristics of people in choosing management positions in organizations.

The major aim of the current research was to assess the adequacy of Child-Centered play treatment (CCPT) on increasing assertiveness and social skills in preschool children of divorced families.

The research method used for the present study was a quasi-experimental strategy with a pre-test-post-test plan with test and control groups. The factual populace included all preschool children of a divorced family in Mahabad (A city in West Azerbaijan province, Iran) in the academic year 2022-2023. Twenty children were chosen by the Convenience Sampling method and were studied after they were arbitrarily designated to exploratory and control groups (10 subjects in each bunch). The experimental group underwent play therapy training for 10 sessions (1 hour each) for five weeks and the control group did not receive any training., The data were collected using a Gambrill-Richey Assertiveness Scale (1975) and a Social Skills Rating Scale (ROSS) (Truscott, 1989).

The results were analyzed utilizing multivariate examination of covariance (MANCOVA). By controlling the pre-test impacts, the comes about of examination of covariance showed that play treatment preparation was driven by a contrast between the exploratory bunch and the control gathering. That is, play treatment preparation has made strides in the confidence and social abilities of preschool children of a divorced family (P <0.05).

It can be inferred that child-centered play therapy can be an effective element in increasing assertiveness and social skills, therefore, requires special consideration from teachers and those involved in education.