فصلنامه اسلام و مطالعات اجتماعی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، بهار 1403)

Contemporary Iran has been changed fundamentally under the influence of encountering modernity, and the country's scientific institutions, under the influence of two centuries of translation and development of advanced scientific structures, have faced many challenges. Sciences classification is one of the most basic and key challenges of the Iranian scientific system, which, despite its importance, has been remarkably neglected. Paying attention to the nature, reasons, contexts and background of solutions to face it, in this research, lays the foundations for adopting a strategic approach based on the potential of Islamic wisdom. Studying the history of Islamic civilization shows that the Islamic world (and Iran) has faced such a challenge in two periods. First, in the third and fourth centuries of Hijri (AH), when the Islamic world faced the translation movement of Greek and Indian sciences. Secondly, during the Safavid era, when the Shia government of Iran faced instability in science, as a result of years of domination by Ash'ari thought. In both periods, Muslim scholars and thinkers, especially Shia, played a key role in reforming and organizing sciences, managing the flow of knowledge and guiding changes in science. For this purpose, as strategists of Islamic civilization, they re-planned the classification of sciences and presented an internal model of it - An action that is called "teaching" and its key people are teachers. The characteristics of the Islamic revolution of Iran in the current era are more similar to the era of Farabi, the "second teacher", in the era of the translation movement and the era of Mir Damad, the "third teacher", in the era of the formation of the Shiite government and the beginning of the Shiite Islamic civilization. In this study, through historical, philosophical and social analysis method, the challenge of classification of sciences was examined and a strategic solution to face it, i.e. "re-education" has been introduced.

The conflict over the duality of individual originality or community originality has a long history in sociological literature. The acceptance of each of the two sides of this duality plays a decisive role in the quality of the next theorizations about the laws governing the society and the stages of its formation.  Considering the mainly philosophical background of this issue, the need to address this issue from the perspective of Islamic attitude and especially transcendental wisdom, as the most complete Islamic philosophical system, becomes clear. In the meantime, Allameh Tabatabaei by proposing the principle of employment, Professor Motahari by proposing the physical creation and spiritual survival of society and Professor Parsania by presenting an innovative argument about the existence of society have expanded the horizon of transcendental wisdom from purely philosophical issues to sociological issues. However, firstly, there are problems in these views and secondly, there is some kind of inconsistency between these views in the initial opinion. In this article, first, answers are provided to the problems raised in these views, and then an attempt is made to sum up all three views by expanding the implications of transcendental wisdom in the recognition of society. Then, the development of the implications of transcendental wisdom is dealt with for further analysis of the society and some of its implications are presented in this regard, which include: Explaining the essential movement of society, a new division of different types of societies, proving the real existence of all types of society and the true unity between all societies while distinguishing them. In addition, in this article, according to each section, comparative, argumentative and implication research methods have been used.

One of the most important issues in today’s world is the place of women in the family and society. The issue of women in each school of thought is the result of worldview, epistemology, and anthropology of that school. In the western civilization and non-divine societies, the presented models for women are the result of materialist, humanist, and feminist thought that sees human as the key to everything and gives originality to his will and desire and considers women as tools. This article, which has been carried out through a descriptive-analytical and critical method, aims to examine and explain the views of Imam Musa Sadr on the real place of women in Islam and Western civilization. The findings and results suggest that Imam Musa Sadr believes in Arab civilization and schools of thought, women are considered as artistic paintings and all attention is paid to the women’s femininity, and the human aspect of women is denied or ignored, and women have been misused under the title of freedom. However, by honoring women, Islam has restored her human place and has forbidden individual and social oppression against her.

The concepts of sect, religion, church and religious community were used for the first time in the West to analyze the different types of religious communities and organizations in the Christian religious traditions. If we can’t consider Islamic bodies and phenomena in general -as far as possible- in the form of a set of common scientific terms, Islamic studies will remain in scientific isolation. In this regard, firstly, the basis or criteria of common classification about religious bodies are examined, then by reviewing various religious bodies in different Islamic societies and according to their important characteristics and comparing them with common corresponding concepts, the degree of compatibility of common terms with Islamic examples will be evaluated. It will be clear that by considering the use of common words and by applying changes in them, a set of terms with the most common scientific meanings can be provided, which will facilitate the familiarization of the scientific society with Islamic communities and phenomena. Therefore, in Islamic societies, there are types of denominations (religious communities), religious movements, types of sects and religions, the characteristics of each of which are explained and finally compared in two dimensions.

One of the challenges that human societies, especially multi-ethnic countries, including Islamic countries, have faced since ancient times is ethnic conflicts in racial, cultural and political aspects. Considering that these conflicts are going on in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey and the like, it is very important and necessary to think and study to find solutions to this problem from the perspective of the Holy Qur’an. Based on this, the present article, by referring to the Holy Qur’an raises the question, "What are the solutions of the Holy Qur’an to solve ethnic conflicts in racial, cultural and political aspects?" and it has tried to obtain and present a model based on the word of God (the Qur’an) using the inferential method and with the help of the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Qur’an. The findings of the study suggest that in the aspect of racial differences, the Holy Qur’an negates racism, prejudice, discrimination, avoiding racial ridicule and the like, and in the social and cultural aspect, by inviting all people of the human community to observe social cohesion, accept cultural differences, and interact and unite, and in the political dimension, by recommending political participation, meritocracy, social justice, this article has presented solutions and a superior and effective model that is different from the existing ruling models in order to solve political-ethnic conflicts.

Since humans formed the society next to other humans, communication was formed and continued in history. Communication studies throughout history can bring many achievements for communication researchers. One of the important historical periods in the history of Iran is the Safavid era. During the Safavid era, when a central and powerful government was formed, we have witnessed fundamental and important changes in all aspects of human and social group life. One of these aspects is the communication system. The communication system during the Safavid era was developed and organized more than other periods. This research aims to examine the elements and components that form and strengthen the communication system during the Safavid era which has been formulated and studied in communication by using the analytical descriptive method in historical studies under the three main components of the sender, places of communication, the twelve elements including bakers, Chapars (couriers), world travelers, scholars and thinkers, art, language, political communication, city and communication routes, caravanserais, mosques, shrines, and cafés.

The formation of free-thinking sessions is one of the most serious requests of the Supreme Leader of Iran (Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei). However, this request and concern has not been taken into consideration and has not been implemented as it should and perhaps has not been implemented. The present study aims to examine the sociological obstacles to the formation of free-thinking sessions in Azad universities of Khuzestan (Iran), emphasizing the (blended) research approach. The statistical sample size for the quantitative part of the research was 426 people based on Morgan's table, who were selected by simple random method out of 60,641 people provided by students of Azad university of Khuzestan in the academic year of 2022-2023. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the views of the Supreme Leader, Motahari, and sociologists such as Habermas and so on. To examine the hypotheses, a blended method was used using a researcher-made questionnaire technique. In the qualitative section, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 experts and country managers, experts in the Islamic Seminary and the Supreme Leader's representative Institutes in universities related to holding free-thinking sessions. The findings of data analysis based on the coding steps suggested that the extracted categories are conceptually related to each other. The results of the study showed that the structural equation model of all extracted qualitative components has a positive and significant effect on the formation of free-thinking sessions in the province's Azad universities.