فصلنامه کومش
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 6 (پیاپی 98، آذر و دی 1402)

The main purpose of machine learning is a complex process that is carried out by determining the model and training it using a large volume of data. In the past, the main focus in this field was more on improving the structures of models and algorithms, but recently more emphasis has been placed on the quality and quantity of data. This article aims to provide an overview of the problems in data collection and offer a solution for them.

In this study, the challenges faced by researchers in collecting data and evaluating supervised machine-learning models were examined through a review method. Documentation from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct databases, and Google Scholar search engine from 2001 to 2023 was retrieved. After screening, a total of 17 full articles were reviewed and included in the study.

The findings indicate that researchers in supervised machine learning studies face four challenges in data collection, which are: insufficient number of samples, unrepresentative training data, poor data quality, and irrelevant features, and in model evaluation, they face four challenges: overfitting, lack of generalizability, lack of sufficient data for validation, and mismatched data.

Increasing the sample size, utilizing a random selection algorithm, data cleansing, using the correct statistical test, feature selection, feature extraction, using a simpler model, the K-fold technique, and data processing are among the factors that contribute to achieving a model with better performance.

Oocyte mitochondria are unique organs that are established from the basal population in the primordial bud. Oocytes are formed in the mammalian ovary after birth, during folliculogenesis, and have a fundamental role in energy production and cellular processes, including metabolism and signal transduction. Each mitochondrion contains 5-10 copies of the mitochondrial genome, therefore each cell contains several hundreds to thousands of mitochondrial genomes. In most organisms, including humans, the father's mitochondria, which enter the ovule through the sperm, are never transmitted to the children, so the inheritance pattern of the mitochondrial genome has a maternal pattern.

Related articles from WILY ONLINE LIBRARY, ISI Web of Science, Link Springer, ScienceDirect, and Pubmed databases from 1963 to 2022 in which inheritance patterns, maternal inheritance, mitochondria, and mitochondrial diseases were searched and studied.

The findings indicate that the removal of paternal mitochondria and mechanisms related to ubiquinone, proteasome, and autophagy cause the destruction of paternal mitochondria and prevent the transfer of the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial diseases are mitochondrial changes in adult tissues and the resulting differences in clinical manifestations, so the mediating mechanisms in the relationship between genetic variation and human diseases are still a mystery, mainly due to problems in modeling.

Mitochondrial diseases caused by mutation of the mitochondrial genome in the maternal pattern caused by mutations in mitochondria are seen in MELAS, MERRF, NARP syndromes, Leigh, oligosymptomatic syndromes, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, myoglobinuria, and sensory-neural deafness. Therefore, the recognition of this mutation can be the target of gene therapy in the future.

Organoids are small and three-dimensional structures that are similar to natural body organs in terms of components and functions. The technology of using organoids is a new and exciting issue that has created the prospect that individual and complex sets of tissues can be created in the laboratory environment for each patient. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge in the field of designing organoids. For this purpose, we examine the production technology of different tissue organoids and discuss the prospects and disadvantages of using organoids.

The present study is a descriptive review study. In this research, published articles related to this research were searched in PubMed and Scopus databases. Articles in the field of matrix design and cells used in organoid tissue engineering as well as new findings in organoid design were used in this study.

Organoid tissue culture provides scientists a detailed view of how organs form and grow, as well as new insights into human development and disease, Also the opportunity to study how drugs interact with these “small organs" potentially revolutionizes the field of drug development and opens new approaches for personalized medicine. It is hoped that this article will pave the way for the use of this technology in Iran.

The Bring Your Device (BYOD) approach has promoted the use of personal mobile devices to achieve organizational and occupational goals, but the use of this approach can bring various challenges and risks for health organizations. This research was conducted to identify the components of hospitals' readiness to use BYOD which can be used to develop appropriate policies and ultimately control related challenges.

In this qualitative study, participants were selected using purposeful sampling with a snowball approach till reaching saturation point. For data gathering, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 experts in the BYOD field. Qualitative data were analyzed with the thematic analysis method and using MAXQDA Plus version 12 (Release 12.3.0, VERBI GmbH Berlin).

6 main themes and 23 sub-themes were identified. The main themes include management principles, human resources, cost, technical infrastructure, legal considerations, and ethical considerations that play critical roles in hospitals' readiness for BYOD.

Focusing on the issues identified in the form of formulating and implementing official programs as well as appropriate policies by the managers and stakeholders of the organizations can properly benefit from the advantages of BYOD and reduce the related challenges as much as possible.

The ankle joint is one of the most vulnerable joints in the body. It has been shown that changes in attention and sensory taping can affect the balance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate attention changes along with sensory taping on the balance of athletes with ankle sprains.

Twenty-two subjects (11 males, 11 females) with chronic ankle sprains were included and 22 healthy individuals were matched with the control group. To measure balance, the subjects stood on one leg on the force plate (injured leg) for eight stages with 3-minute rest intervals between them. The stages included: Standing with eyes open and closed along with easy and difficult cognitive tasks with and without taping. ANOVA four-way was used in the form of 2 × 2 × 2 × 2.

The results showed that the mean displacement of the center of pressure in the X axis and the standard deviation of the displacement of the center of pressure in the X and Y axes in two conditions of easy and difficult cognitive tasks before and after the tape had a significant difference (P<0.05). There is a significant difference between the two groups in the mean displacement of the center of pressure in the X axis, in the eyes open position on one leg with easy and difficult cognitive tasks (P<0.05). There is a significant difference between the two groups in the mean displacement of the center of pressure in the Y axis, in the eyes closed and open position on one leg with a hard cognitive task (P<0.05). However, in others, this difference was not significant (P>0.05)

In general, the results showed an improvement in the balance of people with chronic ankle sprains after taping and cognitive tasks; however, in some test modes, no significant improvement was observed.

Electromyographic activity of lower limb muscles decreases in knee osteoarthritis. Whole body vibration is a suitable intervention in strengthening muscles, whose effect on the electromyographic activity of lower limb muscles during functional activity has not been properly investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of whole-body vibration on the electromyography of the lower limb muscles of people with knee osteoarthritis during functional activity.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 30 people with knee osteoarthritis who were included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups (15 people in each group). Both groups were subjected to routine physiotherapy treatment, and the intervention group was subjected to whole-body vibration with a frequency of 30 Hz and an amplitude of 2 mm for 4 weeks and 3 times a week. Before and after the intervention, the EMG of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus muscles were recorded using surface electromyography while walking.

The results of this study showed that the RMS activity of the lower limb muscles increased significantly in both the intervention and control groups, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups.

Whole body vibration has no significant effect on electromyography of lower limb muscles of people with knee osteoarthritis. Another study with a larger sample size is recommended.

Myofascial pain syndrome is one of the most common causes of pain today, the important feature of which is the presence of trigger points. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dry needling (DN) and electroacupuncture (EA) of the upper trapezius muscle on ultrasonic changes, pain intensity, and upper limb functional disability in patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

30 people with active trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle were included in the study and divided into two experimental groups 1 (treatment with dry needling) and experimental group 2 (treatment with electroacupuncture). The experimental groups were treated for 4 sessions (2 sessions per week) for 2 weeks, and the three variables of pain intensity, functional disability index, and upper trapezius muscle thickness before treatment (pre-test), after treatment (post-test 1), and one month after It was evaluated from the treatment (post-test 2).

The results showed that statistically significant difference between pain intensity, functional disability index, and upper trapezius muscle thickness in the post-test stages 1 and 2 compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.05. (There was no statistically significant difference between the short-term effect (post-test 1 of the pre-test ratio) and long-term (post-test 2 of the pre-test ratio) in the index of functional disability and thickness of the upper trapezius muscle (P>0.05), while the pain intensity in the long-term effect (post-test 2 ratio) pre-test) there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05) and pain reduction in the EA group was greater than the DN group (0.86±0.26 versus 0.73±0.38).

DN and EA treatment methods in people with trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle cause short-term improvement in pain intensity, functional disability, and muscle thickness. Of course, EA performed better in long-term effects.

Groundwater contamination has major effects on human health, industrial activity, agriculture, and the environment. The present study determined the concentration of lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and nickel metals in the groundwater around the landfill in Juybar City and compared them with the drinking water standards.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 12 samples were sampled from four wells for three consecutive months. The concentration of heavy elements was measured using the graphite furnace atomic absorption technique (GFAA) based on standard water and wastewater methods. Also, the hardness, temperature, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) parameters were measured with portable devices.

Investigations showed that the average concentration of nickel, lead, chromium, and cadmium in well water was 0.0425, 0.0071, 0.0268, and 0.0117 mg/l, respectively. The average concentration of arsenic was not observed in any sample. The average temperature, hardness, pH, and TDS were measured in the range of 20-21°C, 108.66-136.33 mg/L, 7.3-7.36, and 566.25-712.33 mg/L. Also, the correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation between the metals nickel, chromium, lead, and cadmium and the parameters of temperature, hardness, pH, and TDS, as well as with each other at a confidence level of 0.01.

The amount of arsenic, lead, chromium, pH, and hardness are acceptable in the investigated wells for drinking purposes, but the amount of cadmium, nickel, and TDS is higher than the standard.

Oral vaccines in infectious diseases, whose agents enter the body through the mucous membrane, will induce the innate immune pathway. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been documented as biomarkers of Brucella systemic inflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of oral administration of the Lactococcus lactis probiotic vaccine carrying Brucella abortus BLS antigen on the ratio of blood leukocytes as biological biomarkers in mice with brucellosis compared to the control group.

60 mice with brucellosis (challenged) and 60 healthy mice (non-challenged) were included in the study. The challenge group was divided into 6 subgroups and 6 types of intervention including 1) L. lactis/pNZ8148-Usp45-BLS, 2) L. lactis-pNZ8148, 3) L. lactis, 4) IRIBA Vac, 5) pNZ8148 and 6) PBS received by gastric gavage in all groups except IRIBA Vac. Serum was used to check hematological parameters. C-reactive protein (CRP) level was measured. The number of neutrophils and lymphocytes was determined using a complete blood cell count. PLR and NLR were calculated.

In this study, the level of CRP in the mice of the challenge group increased significantly compared to the non-challenge group. (P<0.0001) The mice receiving oral vaccine L. lactis/pNZ8148-Usp45-BLS were able to inhibit the infection and reduce the concentration of CRP in They were basic level. Mice with brucellosis have lower levels of NLR and PLR than the control group, and after receiving the recombinant vaccine, an increase in leukocytes was observed (P˂0.0001).

The mice of the challenge group and the non-challenge group showed a statistically significant difference in terms of PLR and NLR as well as CRP. These parameters can be useful markers in evaluating the systemic inflammation of brucellosis.

P53 protein is one of the factors regulating apoptosis and Nrf2 is the main regulator of antioxidant proteins. This study aimed to evaluate P53 and Nrf2 protein levels in kidney tissue after 8 weeks of endurance training in diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

In this experimental study, 32 Wistar rats were used, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8. After inducing diabetes and creating dependence on morphine by oral method, the training groups performed an endurance training protocol for 8 weeks. The groups included: diabetes (D), morphine diabetes (D.M), diabetes+ endurance training (D.ET), and morphine diabetes+ endurance training (D.M.ET). On the last day of the study, all rats were killed and their kidneys were removed. The protein levels of the indicators of this study were measured by ELISA kits.

The results of this study showed that the P53 protein level in the D.ET training group (P=0.000) compared to the D group and the D.M.ET training group (P=0.002) compared to the D.M. group, has a significant decrease. It was also observed that the Nrf2 protein level increased significantly in the D.ET (P=0.020) and D.M.ET (P=0.009) training groups compared to the D group.

Endurance training by increasing Nrf2 probably strengthens the antioxidant system and reduces oxidative stress. By reducing p53, it reduces the apoptosis of kidney tissue in diabetic and diabetic rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome.

One of the most common causes of abdominal pain in children is acute appendicitis. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of serum hepcidin, total bilirubin and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 87 patients aged 6 to 16 with acute abdominal and primary diagnosis of acute appendicitis in Fatemi Ardabil Hospital for 6 months. Laboratory indicators of bilirubin, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and, serum hepcidin level of patients were measured. Based on the results of the surgery, the patients were divided into two groups with appendicitis and without inflammation.

The mean serum hepcidin in the group with inflamed appendicitis was 33.63±5.84 and in the non-inflamed group it was 19.36±5.34. The average bilirubin in inflamed appendicitis was 1±0.54 and non-inflamed appendicitis was 0.74±0.29. The laboratory indicators of hepcidin, neutrophil, leukocyte, and the ratio of neutrophil to leukocyte were statistically significant in the two groups (P<0.001). The sensitivity of hepcidin was 47.1, the specificity 76.5, the positive predictive value 89.2, and the negative predictive value 26. Hyperbilirubinemia had a sensitivity of 41.4, a specificity of 82.4, a positive predictive value of 90.6, and a negative predictive value of 25.5. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes had a sensitivity of 94.3, a specificity of 100, a positive predictive value of 100, and a negative predictive value of 80.9.

Biomarkers level of total bilirubin, hepcidin, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be useful as clinical indicators in diagnosing complicated appendicitis in children.

Numerous reports indicate the spread of multiple drug resistances through different types of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL), including enzymes resulting from SHV gene expression in different parts of the world, which is one of the major medical and therapeutic problems. Nowadays, investigating the role of Escherichia coli bacteria in various infections, including hospital infections, and the amount of use of different antibiotics in treatment, considering the increasing resistance of bacteria causing infection to antibiotics, is a necessity. The purpose of this research project was to investigate the prevalence of the SHV gene as one of the genes encoding ESBL in infectious bacteria including E. coli strains.

Sampling and isolation of Escherichia coli collected from clients suspected of urinary tract infection using standard methods and antibiogram test using disc-diffusion method were performed on them. To identify strains producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), nitrocephene-resistant isolates rechecked with the combined disc method to definitively detect the production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs) with the use of pairs of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime antibiotic discs with and without clavulanic acid purchased from British Mast Company were tested. By extracting DNA from them using specific primers designed, evaluated, and prepared for the SHV gene, and performing PCR, the presence or absence of the SHV gene in the above strains was evaluated.

E. coli strains were isolated from 151 urinary samples (37.75)%. Isolates resistant to nitrocephene were considered as possible strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), the result of the confirmatory phenotypic test on probable positive (+) ESBL strains, in 33 cases (67.47) % of them were positive. By performing PCR using a pair of specific primers designed and prepared to detect and identify the SHV gene, the result of this test was also positive in 9 cases (72.72) % of them.

Using molecular methods along with phenotypic methods to accurately diagnose infectious agents, even their VBNC (viable but non-culturable) forms, and resistance genes can make the effectiveness of "molecular epidemiology" methods in tracking and increasing the fight against infections, including hospital infections.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses faced unprecedented challenges they had not experienced before, leading to multiple psychological health issues. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cognitive job failures among nurses in the post-COVID-19 era.

The current research utilized a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach, employing a control group. The study population consisted of nurses from hospitals in the six provinces of Tehran in 2022. The study sample included 36 nurses who were selected purposively and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included questionnaires assessing the severity of fatigue, post-traumatic stress, and cognitive job failures. The experimental group received eight sessions of 90-minute mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention.

The results indicate that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly reduces fatigue, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory, attention, motor skills, and estimation among nurses.

The findings demonstrate that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly contributes to the reduction of psychological disorders resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic among nurses. Therefore, it is essential to identify and provide psychological treatment for nurses involved in the care of COVID-19 patients in specialized units during the pandemic.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic metabolic disease. Cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) induces favorable effects on hAD-MSCs (human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells) function. This study aimed to assess the effects of CoCl2-preconditioned hAD-MSCs injection for hypoxia induction in female rats with ovariectomy-induced OP.

24 adult female rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy. After 3.5 months, the OP progression was evaluated using CT scanning procedures with densitometric evaluation. Then, the animals were divided into 3 groups: sham (control), normoxia, and hypoxia groups receiving PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline), hAD-MSCs, and 100 µM CoCl2-exposed hAD-MSCs for 48 h, respectively, via the tail vein. After 2 months, to investigate the hypoxia-inducing factor-1α (HIF-1α) by western blot analysis and to assess growth factors Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF1) and Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) and pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) using the ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method, sampling of right and left tibia bone tissue markers was respectively done.

In the group receiving 100 µM CoCl2-pretreated hAD-MSCs for 48 h, compared to the groups receiving normoxia cells and PBS, an increase in the expression of HIF-1α (P> 0.01 and P> 0.001), IGF-I (P> 0.01 and P>0.001), and TGF-β (P> 0.05 and P> 0.01), and a decrease in the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β (P> 0.001 and P>0.01) were significantly observed in right and left tibia bone, respectively.

CoCl2 led to increased efficiency and effectiveness of CoCl2-pretreated hAD-MSCs in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing growth factors through increasing the expression of HIF-1α.

One of the most important complications of the nursing job is burnout which is associated with a decrease in mental health, quality of medical care, and a decrease in patient satisfaction with the treatment process. We aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout in nurses working in Semnan Universities.

A total of 151 nurses working in two hospitals affiliated with the Semnan University of Medical Sciences were included in the present cross-sectional study. Demographic characteristics of the participants were gathered using researcher-based questionnaires. Burnout was assessed using the validated Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire. Values of continuous and categorical variables were presented as mean standard deviation and numbers, respectively.

The mean age of the study participants was 36.4±8.8, of whom 128 participants (85%) were female. The average work experience was 12.4±7.8 years. The prevalence of moderate burnout in the study participants was 75.5%. The prevalence of burnout subdomains including moderate emotional exhaustion, moderate depersonalization, and moderate personal accomplishment was, respectively, 70.9%, 82.1%, and 58.9%. The score of the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire and its subtypes did not differ significantly across subgroups defined by age, sex, education status, working experience, medical ward, and marital status.

The prevalence of moderate burnout is relatively high among nurses working in Semnan hospitals. There is a need for further investigations to assess the underlying causes of burnout to design and implement intervention strategies to reduce the high prevalence of nursing burnout.