International Journal of New Political Economy
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter - Spring 2024

The development of tourism, from various aspects, has always been of interest for researchers in less developed communities. These studies, according to the way governments look at development issues, have led the governments to make decisions and implement plans for how to manage tourism (called politics); the process of studying, planning, as well as making decision and ultimately implementation in the tourism is called tourism policy-making. In Iran, different decisions have always been made to develop tourism. In this study, we sought to identify the characteristics of policy-making of tourism and to understand the causes of their inefficiency in order to provide an appropriate model for policy-making and tourism management in Iran. Using thematic analysis, the themes of policy-making for managing the tourism of Iran were investigated. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and studying the related documents. The findings showed three categories of pervasive themes: contexts; influential factors, and Consequential dimensions. These three shape the basic concepts and organize themes for appropriate policy-making. In fact, based on the results, policy is appropriate for managing Iran's tourism; it pays attention to the context and specific characteristics of the tourism , considers the role of external factors in decision-making and policy outcomes

Economic justice means observing economic rights in the field of economic behavior and relations. As an economic goal, this will be fully realized when each member of the society gets their right from the wealth and income of the society. In this regard, different viewpoints based on different bases have provided multiple meanings for the right. In all discourses of economic justice after the Islamic revolution, welfare and social security have been accepted as trans-sectoral categories in the category of the main duty of the government and the primary rights of the people; however, welfare and social security have taken on different meanings depending on which discourse and with what signs and symbols it is elaborated. This study aims to examine the discourses of the government of reform and construction (Hashmi Rafsanjani) by examining his bills, plans, and speeches using the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (1985). This study is of a theoretical type, which was done in an analytical-descriptive manner using library and press sources and a survey method. Finally, the findings will be discussed based on the dimensions and components of social justice at the macro level of society in economic justice in the reform and construction of government (Hashmi Rafsanjani).

This study analyzed the heterogeneity and nonlinear effects of financial development, governance, real exchange rate and oil price on tourism in OIC countries. We used annual panel data of 50 Islamic countries from 1996 to 2019 and apply panel quantile regression as well as pooled and fixed effect technique. The empirical results illustrated that across quantiles, financial development contributed to the tourism performance in all models under review. We also observed that the impact of governance indicators on tourism demand were positive and statistically significant. The estimated asymmetric model affirmed the positive effect with the weak significant power of oil price on tourism at across quantiles (except 10th), while exchange rate was negatively associated with tourism demand. Furthermore, the results of slope equality test indicated that, in many models, the relationship between tourism demand and explanatory variables was clearly heterogeneous. Finally, the asymmetric effects at different quantiles for more coefficients based on the quantile plot were confirmed.

Banks and financial institutions face various risks. The effective management of these risks plays a vital role in the efficiency and effectiveness of these banks. One of these risks is shadow banking in the financial institutions. This paper conducts the research to discuss the effects of shadow banks on banking risk. The research problem of the paper is how the operations of Iranian state banks affects risk and which policy should be used. We analysis this risk with a selection of state banks from 2016 to 2022. Capital structure, asset quality, liquidity, capital adequacy and banks' size are considered as explanatory and control variables. We used the ratio of off-balance sheet items to total asset, bank claims from subsidiaries and bank investment in securities as the indicators of shadow banking respectively in three models estimation of the effects of shadow banking on risk based on Panel Data. The results show that shadow banking, with the three indicators which used, significantly increase the risk, while capital structure offset part of such an effect. In other words, increasing the ratio of off-balance sheet items to assets, bank claims from subsidiaries and bank investment in securities leads to higher risk. However, a perfect capital structure can offset part of increasing effect of shadow banking on the risk. Results also indicate an increase in asset quality, liquidity, and capital adequacy lead to a decrease in the risk, while expansion of banks' size increase the risk.

Considering the emerging potential of social media marketing for companies worldwide and the common gaps in social media research, attention to social networks in the consumer and corporate domains is an important goal. Political economy also studies social relations, especially power relations, which include mutual relations between production, distribution and consumption of resources such as communication resources. Considering the relationship between these two concepts, in the current research, the effective factors on the effectiveness of marketing activities in social networks have been investigated with an emphasis on the political economy approach. The purpose of this research is an applied research that is conducted in the retail industry (chain stores). Also, in terms of the type of research, it is a qualitative-quantitative research that is carried out in two phases. The statistical population of the current research includes Refah, Janbo, Haft, Ofok Korosh, Shahrvand chain stores that do marketing activities on the Instagram social network and have two separate statistical samples. In the qualitative stage, after coding and extracting the main and secondary themes, the desired model was checked and confirmed using structural equations. In the quantitative part, in response to the first question, the highest impact is related to the audience attraction structure, and it is concluded that due to the interactive nature of social networks, it is necessary to know the opportunities and challenges of using these networks in business and marketing matters, including interaction and communication with customers. In response to the second question, the highest impact related to the structure of cost reduction, followed by brand preference and brand awareness, and it is noted that companies that are not active in the field of social networks or have little activity in the world of competition in terms of price and also the correct and sufficient use of social networking pages as a sustainable competitive advantage will suffer from defects and in response to the third question that the highest effects are related to survey structures and influential people, it is suggested that companies use the contents of survey tools on their social pages more.

Poverty alleviation, regional balances and balanced development are considered in all upstream documents and the development plans after the revolution in Iran. The political leaders and policy-makers have also emphasized on them continuously. Nevertheless, there are always major imbalances and differences in poverty and development levels among Iran’s provinces. In this study, unlike previous studies, regional imbalances are measured in terms of political economy. This study tries to explain regional imbalances with economic-political power and then adjust it with consider to population, area and distance of the provinces from the center of political power. To doing so, at first, the economic-political power matrix is formed for Iran’s provinces and then the economic-political power is calculated using TOPSIS method during the period of 2004-2019. After that, this matrix is adjusted using population, area and distance of provinces from capital city. The results show that even with the adjustment, economic-political power among regions is significantly differ. The regions cannot be considered homogeneous from the point of view of economic-political power.

The Islamic Republic of Iran has different policies in economic, social, cultural, and international aspects since the Islamic Revolution in 1979. This new political economy has had many socioeconomic challenges for the Iranian people since its emergence. Recently, the government of Iran has focused on the Iranian banking system, especially the problem of a high rate of NPLs, and their relationships with the current socioeconomic problems of Iran. The purpose of this research is to explain the political economy behind the non-performing loans (NPLs) of the Iranian banking system. This research has a qualitative design as a content analysis of Iranian officials’ disclosures by triangulations of the country's leadership, governmental powers, and Iranian economic-politic pundits for 1961-2023. Our findings show that NPLs in the Iranian banking system have five feeding pillars: the government’s anomalies, foreign policies, economic identity, social anomy, and geographic demography of Iran. These pentagon pillars of the political economy increase socioeconomic pressure on Iranian banking systems to spend low-quality lending towards the government’s socioeconomic strategies. However, the political economy significantly disturbs the country’s small markets and fuels social crises. The results provide insights about why Iran doesn’t have a steady economic development yet.

Nowadays, it is thought that there are only two approaches to political economy: public finance and public choice; however, this research aims to introduce a new insight by investigating scholastic sources. We study the relevant classic books from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries and reevaluate the scholastic literature based on public finance and public choice doctrines. The findings confirm that the government is the institution for realizing the common good according to a scholastic attitude. Therefore, scholastic thinkers saw a typical government mission based on their essentialist attitude toward human happiness. Social conflicts and lack of social consent are the product of diversification in ends and desires; hence, if the ends of humans were unified, there would be no conflict of interest. Accordingly, if the government acts according to its assigned mission, the lack of public consent is not significant. Based on the scholastic point of view, this study introduces the third approach to political economy, which can be considered an analytical synthesis of classical doctrines.

With the advent of COVID-19 health authorities of most Top high GDP countries dominated the economy. A policy response to COVID-19 pandemic, was the lockdown policy. I show that this discretionary biological health policy in a new shopping time model by dynamic programming technique, decrease the value of transaction time saved by holding additional money and increases the real balance of money during COVID-19. An optimal monetary policy rule during COVID-19 is a rule, based on that, the growth rate of banking discount rate equals the variation of case fatality risk (CFR). This rule is computed as an optimal monetary policy rule for each month of the top 15 GDP countries of the world in 2020. The results show that the rate of rapid and hasty reduction of the announced discount rates during the COVID-19 period were not optimal and would be one of the reasons for the occurrence of inflation and the failure of the inflation target policy in recent years. Therefore, I recommend a rule to determine an optimal monetary policy when our world experiences a biological shock.

The effectiveness of the stock market agents with complete information and incomplete information on market trends, prices and demand for stocks and the effect of employees' behavior on the lack of information on employees with complete information (mass behavior survey) have been investigated in this research. For this purpose, by providing a researcher made questionnaire in relation to the stock exchange, using the statistical inference, the analysis of the results of the research has been done and the validity of the presented relationships has been investigated using analytical hieratical approach (AHP). Because in this article, the impact of information on traders' behavior. The 30 of traders have been selected as a sampling sample for Iran Koodro's and Pars Petro-chemical shares in the period of 2022. According to the current questionnaire and its results and practical observations, it can be concluded that transactions with sufficient information on prices are more effective than transactions with full information. Consequently, companies with incomplete information are more successful in the short run.

This study examined the factors affecting Iran's regional relations in the context of fighting ISIS. The research method was applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of nature, and exploratory mixed in terms of variables. The qualitative data came from interviews with experts and officials who deal with foreign relations, Takfiri groups, and ISIS. They work in decision-making and research centers and were selected in 2022. The quantitative data came from a random sample of 335 people involved in foreign relations and regional Terrorism. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis with Max Kyuda 10 software, and the quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with Lisrel software. The results of the quantitative analysis confirmed the qualitative findings based on the structural equation model. The results showed that affecting factors have a 0.170 factor loading on the impact of ISIS on Iran's regional relations.

The research looks at how the COVID-19 pandemic affected vulnerability and economic strength in 150 countries between 2020 and 2021. By using the Panel Smooth Transition Regression model, it discovered a complex connection between different factors. The pandemic made countries more vulnerable and weakened their economic resilience. This highlights the need for nations to boost their strength by taking steps such as broadening their economies, investing in healthcare, creating support programs, maintaining trade, and building stronger economic defenses against both pandemic-related vulnerabilities and natural disasters. Ultimately, the article stresses the importance of countries reinforcing their resilience through strong policies and actions that cover different aspects of their economies and healthcare systems, addressing the challenges brought on by the pandemic and potential future crises.