نشریه پژوهش های ادبیات تطبیقی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 38، زمستان 1402)

The notion of the ideal city is a seductive vista, beckoning from the realm of aspirations and dreams. It stands as a realm untouched by pain, suffering, or illness a symbol of a flawless and utopian reality. In contemporary poetry, poets often turn to the imagery of this ideal city within their verses, seeking solace from the tribulations and yearnings of their time. This research, employing an analytical-comparative approach, delves into the conceptual origins of the ideal city within the poetry of Fadavi Taqvan and Zhaleh Esfahani, following a brief exploration of their life narratives. The study aims to unravel the shared themes and distinctive nuances embedded in their poetic renderings.This research holds significant value as it pioneers a comprehensive exploration of the ideal city concept within the works of these two female poets. Such an in-depth comparative analysis has been notably absent in existing scholarly pursuits. A key revelation of this study is the tendency of both Fadavi Taqvan and Zhaleh Esfahani to seek refuge in the ideal city through select verses, allowing them to transcend political challenges and personal tribulations. Their poetry breathes life into this utopian city, framing it within contexts such as revisiting childhood, reminiscing about ancestral lands, experiencing absolute tranquility and envisioning a dreamlike homeland.

Gasemi Gonabady (1603) is a famous poet for his National _Historical epics. At the beginning his Masnavis he starts with a introductory part and then he arrange a Mearaj _ Name. Ghasemi has described the Mearaj of the Prophet Muhammad in a strong and high quality of poetry in such a way that can consider his Mearaj _ Name as a superior part of his poetry. Gasemi described a very exciting picture of this Journey. In the present research first all Mearaj _ Name from Masnavis of Ghasemi were evaluated and all aspects of Mearaj was arranged as he described; then was compared with those in the book of Al Mearaj written by Ghoshairy. By this comparison   Theses questions were answered: 1) which steps of this Holy journey did come to attention of Ghasemi?2) what are commonality and the difference between Ghasemi and Ghoshairy. The results showed that although Ghasmi and Ghoshairy,s point  of  view  are very  closed  to each  other, but Ghasemi had described  Mearaj  events  more. precisely with more relevant pictures. Both poets believe to bodily Mearaj. hasemi believes that Prophet Muhammad saw God with a heavenly eyes, but Ghoshairy  blives that  Muhammad  saw God with the  real eyes. Ghasemi in his poets had not mentioned the date of Mearaj, opening the chest and washing the hands of prophet Muhammad; although Ghoshairy has pointed to these two points. In this paper other differences also have been mentioned.

Psychological analysis of character is one of the sub-branches of psychological criticism in which behavioral patterns of characters are explained by analyzing the content of the story. In the theory of mutual behavior analysis, Eric Berne divides human personalities into three behavioral patterns: parents (imitative and internal beliefs), children (excited behavior and uncensored instincts) and adults (processors and rationalists) and states that the dimensions The above exists in all humans. But one dimension is more dominant and evolved man should be able to use all three dimensions in their place. Because this leads to mutual understanding and improved relationships between people. In this research, referring to the interdisciplinary nature of psychological criticism of literary works, two novels are part of the whole work of Steve Toltz and Dead Poets Society by N.H. Kleinbaum has been compared and analyzed using Eric Burn's interactive behavior analysis theory with descriptive-analytical method. The research results show that the main characters of the mentioned novels change freely and at their own will by using the power of choice and give logical responses to new stimuli. In addition, although the main characters of the two selected novels were created in two different languages and two different cultural environments, and with a time gap of about 10 years, in two different countries, they follow a similar pattern perspective. Analysis of mutual behavior, such that the framework, structure, pillar and main message of both novels are based on the formation of mature thoughts.

Imagology is an approach to comparative literature and aims to study worship representations. The image given of the society viewed through descriptions by a viewer may well reflect the cultural differences and mismatches that exist between the two cultures. The first Iranian modernists, Akhondzadeh and his fellow travelers, among others, tried, by combining literary art and social criticism, to highlight this cultural gap and thus encourage their readers to accept alterity. To this end, they have created literary genres that best adapt to the representations of their society and those of the ideal society. In this article, with the aim of making an imagological analysis of the works of these authors while taking advantage of the theories and approaches of imagology we will study the stylistic and structural properties of the texts of Akhondzadeh and A Traveler tells. We will also analyze the reasons why these authors succeeded in transmitting their message and how they mentally prepared their readers to accept a cultural transposition.

Kalila and Dimna is one of the most enduring and influential literary works in the world which has been translated into various languages and its allegories have long been the source of adaptation for various authors in the world. There can be found in Russian Literature many examples in the fables of Loe Tolstoy and Ivan Krylov. Aleksey Remizov, one of prominent Russian authors of the twentieth century has, with an emphasis on the adaptation from canonical and old literary works, withdrawn and reflected many features, core ideas and even sentences in his own literary works. Remizov has produced with an emphasis on the adaptative Eslavic translation of Kalila and Dimna a book entitled Ikhniat which we intend to, based on a descriptive-analytical methodology and a comparative study of selected works, which similarities and analogies there are in characters and events and what is the writer’s approach in these literary adaptations. Studies have revealed that Remizov story has been penned by the first two chapters of Kalila and Dimna and there has only been the main story of two jackals named Estifanit (Kalila) and Ikhnilat (Dimna) as the underlying source of inspiration for the author. Remizov in his introduction _ by referring to the story of Dr. Borzuyeh _ and in his final story _ by referring to the historical background of the literary work_ has had many adaptations and references to Kalila and Dimna.

Words and meanings in literary text and especially in poetry are combined with each other as if each phoneme and syllable used in these works were chosen with a special elegance and in line with conveying a special sense and concept. The theory of phonetic induction was first proposed by Maurice Grammon, a French linguist. Based on this theory and using descriptive-analytical method, the present study investigates the inductive sounds in the poem "Sailing" (Парус) by Lermontov and its two existing translations. The results of this research show that the poet instills a feeling of confusion, struggle, displeasure and anger to the audience with the help of repetition of obstruent consonants, bright vowels, khishumi consonants and bright vowels respectively. Since the number of phonemes in the original text, verse and prose translation are not equal to each other, in order to make a more accurate and fair conclusion, the percentage of phonemes repeated in each text and the deviation from the standard. In both translations, the order of the concepts induced by the repetition of sounds is the same, but it is different from the original text, and secondly, the deviation from The criterion of the percentage of repetition of inductive sounds in the verse translation is lower than the prose translation, and as a result, the verse translation is closer to the original text in this respect.