نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 16 (زمستان 1402)

Air pollution is one of the main problems of industrial and large cities such as Tehran, so that this city was introduced as the second most polluted city in the world after New Delhi. The geographical position of this city is such that polluted air due to phenomena such as inversion. It is not possible to evacuate around. Air pollution and especially its reduction to an acceptable level has become a very important environmental issue in Tehran.The purpose of this article is to investigate the air quality situation in urban areas of Tehran. The present research is an analytical-descriptive method in terms of research method, based on the nature of the problem, and the required data have been collected through interviews and questionnaires. To weigh the sub-indices from the Hierarchical Analysis model and Expert choice software, to draw the maps and overlap and integrate the subindices from Arc GIS software and to analyze the driving force model, pressure, status and the answer is used. The results showed that the air quality index in the districts fluctuated from 31 to 42.4, which is the worst situation related to districts 3, 7, 10, 18 and the best situation to regions 2, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 allocated. By combining air quality sub-indices, it was determined that 9 districts have suitable conditions, 2 urban areas have relatively good conditions and 11 districts have very unsuitable conditions.

Key actors have the most influence on an issue, issue, activity, strategy or decision, and these actors use a variety of methods in a wide range of management, policy, marketing, futures, etc., issues related to border rivers and It is widely used across borders and in environmental management, and the Aras River, with an area of more than one hundred thousand square kilometers, covers parts of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran. The part of Aras Basin which is located in Iran is the northwestern tip of the country and on the right bank of the river in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and a small part of Guilan province, which is about 41% of the total area of Aras Basin. Makes up. The aim of this study was to identify the positions of key Iranian actors in the hydropolitical relations of the border river basin. The research method is analytical-descriptive and the type of research is basic-applied. The tool used in this article is the future research method of Maktor. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Interior and the Environment Organization are the most influential actors in the Ministry of Energy.

Tireh Ghasemi nomads of the Mousavi Clan are one of the oldest Iranian tribes living in Ziba Mohammad Region in Lorestan Province where nomadic life has been common among them. The unique specifications of their settlements have clearly shown a kind of local original technology and innovation leading to the advent of suitable qualities in the living place of nomads. The present study aims to search for the effect of nomads' life on the physical and spatial properties of nomads' settlements in the Ziba Mohammad Region of Lorestan Province from the perspective of housing architecture and geography. The novel aspect of this study is in examining the settlements of Lorestan's nomads from the view of housing architecture and geography for the first time by studying the lifestyle of nomads living in the Ziba Mohammad Region. This study also examines and analyzes the various parts of the Black Tent (Siyah Chador), and how to set up, as well as the realization of space organization in the minimum body of Lorestan nomads' housing. This study has a qualitative nature with an ethnographic approach. The data has been collected through documentary and field studies. Direct observation and semi-structured interviews are techniques used in the field method. The research findings indicate that nomads in the studied area need light and flexible housing due to their unique lifestyles; physical elements in minimum quantities exist in the environmental substrate of nomads' settlements, and the outstanding architectural specifications of nomads' settlements result in the advent of suitable qualities in living place of nomads. Spatial and physical specifications in the settlement of Ziba Mohammad’s nomads have been shaped based on some qualities, including behavioral settings, distances and privacies between tents and communication networks between them, and functional division between different parts based on the private, semi-public, and public areas, and the relationship between human and animal residences.

Time geography is a framework for describing attainable points in a space-time environment in which time and space are combined and constructed. Due to the perspective of time geography and emphasizing the branch of epidemiology, the present study analyzes the time-space constraints of rural Employed women in the Varzeqan County in interaction with the coronavirus. Research-based on purpose is applied and in terms of nature and method is descriptive-analytical, which is a mixed research method based on exploratory design (tool development model). Sixty women were selected to take part in the survey and answer multiple-choice questions (Likert scale), of which 30 participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. To analyze the qualitative text, a theoretical approach based on the Grounded theory was adopted, in which the related secondary coding used MAXQDA software to build focused code and data management. Time geography, including concepts of timespace constraints and daily paths, is a useful framework for identifying obstacles. Work environment, job interactions, daily movements, and sexual conditions were identified as the main influencing factors. Special attention to social distancing plan is the most important influential variable in overcoming the time-space constraint of Rural Employed women in the study area in interaction with Coronavirus through social support. The geographical imagery implicit in feminist debates about the politics of time-space and placeis an example of a geography that does not deny difference in the name of global masculinity.

The sustainable regeneration of urban tourism is one of the most important opportunities allocated in order to make proper use of the specific and neglected capabilities of a land to achieve a balanced and balanced urban development. Considering the applicability of the goals of this article, explaining the effects of effective factors such as social , economic, cultural and management on the sustainable regeneration of urban tourism is the target of this research. In this regard, the strategic question is which of the aforementioned factors have been effective on the sustainable regeneration of urban tourism and to what extent. To answer the research question, a comparative strategy based on quantitative methodology has been used. In this regard, the statistical population of the research includes experts and scientific-executive elites working in the field of urban issues, and 40 people were selected as a sample using a systematic and logic-based sampling method. The method of data collection is in the field and using the questionnaire tool, as well as the data analysis tool, using the inferential method based on the fit indices of the measurement model and the structural model and using the Smart PLS software. The results of the research have shown that the indicators of the measurement model are social factor (5 indicators), cultural factor (3 indicators), economic factor (4), managerial factor (3), physical factor (4) and the dependent variable of urban regeneration (5 indicators). ) has a factor load higher than 0.40 and the data confirms the measurement model of the research. In the structural model of the research, the correctness of the relationship between the structural variables/subject of the research was measured based on the statistic (T-value), which is higher than 1.96, and the correctness of this relationship was confirmed. In addition, based on the coefficient of determination (R2) and the intensity effect size criterion (F2), the intensity and effect of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable is confirmed with a value of (0.68). Also, the overall model fit index (GOF) with a numerical value of 0.47 shows that the model has a strong fit and the data confirm the empirical model of the research.

Urban green spaces can be considered a fundamental and vital pillar for sustainable development. Developing green spaces to improve the quality of urban life, enhance facilities and services, and optimize urban green space policies requires interdisciplinary approaches, encompassing economic, political, social, cultural, managerial, and planning aspects. This paper aims to identify the resources, capabilities, and potential of Fasa city using a resource-based approach through strategic planning of green space use employing the Meta-SWOT technique. The research method is descriptiveanalytical and applied in terms of its purpose. Data collection was conducted through documentary and field methods. The statistical population of the study consists of 15 experts and specialists. The Meta-SWOT model was utilized for data analysis. The results obtained from the competitive map indicate that Shiraz city is in a considerably superior position compared to other cities concerning economic-cultural and social-physical factors. Cities such as Jahrom, Darab, and Estahban also enjoy a more favorable situation than Fasa city. The only city that Fasa surpasses is Hajji Abad city. Furthermore, based on the strategic map of green space use in Fasa city, it was determined that climate change and drought, geological structures and unsuitable soil, and land use change constitute the major environmental barriers to strategic planning of green space use in Fasa city.

Climate change is an undeniable fact whose consequences are different depending on the geographical area and social, economic and political conditions. Over the years, some incorrect suggestions of designers and subsequent wrong decisions of the managers and officials of the complex systems of Urmia Lake Basin have had irreparable effects in various areas related to residence and activity. In other words, environmental, economic and social damages caused by the implementation of large-scale projects, along with the irreparable consequences of climate change, have made the ecosystem and social and economic life of this metropolis face a serious risk. The current research is one of the applied researches, which has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the opinion of local stakeholders facing the consequences of climate change and its effects on the structure of population resilience and activity in the metropolis of Urmia, based on indicators derived from the theoretical foundations of resilience. In this research, a qualitative method was used in the stages of collecting opinions, and a quantitative approach including exploratory factor analysis and T-test was used in the stage of discovering ideas or mentality and measuring the current situation. According to the results, in prioritizing the most important four cognitive patterns; Shortage of water resources, drought and intermittent meteorological disasters, extensive change and conversion of land cover (land use), instability of ecological resources and failure to return to balance, and in the most important feedbacks of stakeholders, respectively, extensive change and conversion of land cover (land use), lack of adaptive capacity or Adaptation, environmental sustainability and physical sustainability have had the most weight. According to the results of the t-test, the situation of the thought patterns of local stakeholders in facing the consequences of climate change based on the first and fourth factor (thoughts) (widespread change and transformation of land cover (land use) and environmental sustainability) in the lake basin and Urmia metropolis is not favorable. This is while the factors of adaptation capacity or adaptation and return to balance are in a much more unfavorable situation.

Floods as one of the natural hazards can cause much damage to cities and communities. Khorramabad city is also one of the cities exposed to this danger. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the resilience scenarios of Khorramabad City against flood risk to provide solutions for the future. This research is practical and descriptive-analytical, and exploratory. The research data collection is based on the Delphi technique. A sample size of 44 people was determined to identify the key drivers, a sample size of 10 people was determined to develop scenarios, and the sampling method was a snowball. In this research, the key driver in the field of flood resilience of Khorramabad city was extracted using Mic Mac software, the descriptors were analyzed using Scenario Wizard, and the consistency value of flood resilience scenarios of Khorramabad city was determined. 10 key drivers and 36 possible situations were determined using the opinion of experts and the output of Mic Mac software for the future resilience of Khorramabad city against floods, and the matrix questionnaire of mutual effects was designed and sent to the experts. The results of the scenario wizard software showed that the key factors of institutions' performance, communication capacity, governance, internet infrastructure, and construction boom in the scenarios have the most adaptive value in the future resilience of Khorramabad city against floods

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of employment and increasing income on the longevity of the population in the rural areas of Rasht County. The current research, in terms of its purpose, is applied and has an analytical nature, and in terms of its method, it is in the quantitative research group. SPSS software was also used for data analysis. The statistical population in this research is the residents of the villages of Rasht County, which were determined as the sample population based on random sampling of 378 people. The results showed that the survival rate of the population with the obtained average value (lower than the average value of 3), with a significance level of 0.000, has been assessed as low and unfavorable in the villages of Rasht County, In this regard, the results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between population persistence and employment-increase in income in villages. Also, the regression results showed that 95% of the changes in the dependent variable (permanence of the population) are explained by the variables of employment and income increase, And based on the results of the path analysis, among the employment indicators, (diversity of job opportunities in the village) has the greatest impact on the longevity of the population, and among the indicators of increasing income, the index (increase in monetary income) has the greatest impact on the longevity of the population. In the villages of Rasht County, they have allocated to themselves. Finally, the results of Post Hoc and Tukey HSD tests showed that there is no significant difference between employment-increase in income and permanence of village population in the parts of Rasht County.

Today, the tourism industry as a profitable business and a branch of the global economy in the field of services is being considered and is developing, therefore, the current research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the set of factors influencing economic development and earning sustainable income with a tourism approach in the city of Shandiz. This research is exploratory, descriptive and analytical, from the point of view of the applied goal, from the perspective of qualitative and quantitative methods, and grounded theory and correlation test were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the present study includes specialists in the field of study (tourism, urban planning) and 30 people were determined based on targeted sampling. The results of grounded theory showed categories such as: (the role of the municipality in the sustainable development of Shandiz tourism, raising quality facilities, the existence of revenue generating platforms from the tourism capabilities of Shandiz city, strengthening decentralized urban management, developing specific plans for Shandiz tourism with the cooperation of the expert team and experts, adopting sustainable tourism strategies based on the defined goals), It was extracted from semantic units, and they were determined as a set of influential factors of economic development and earning sustainable incomes with a tourism approach in Shandiz city. In the following, the results of the correlation test showed; A significant and positive relationship was observed between the proposed categories and semantic units with correlation coefficients and a significance level smaller than 0.05, based on this, the categories and semantic units have conceptual generalizability.

The present study aimed to investigate the adaptation intentions of wheat farmers in Kermanshah province regarding water scarcity by applying the developed norm activation theory. The research framework included behavioral intention and four psychological factors, including awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, self-efficacy, and personal norms. The sample size of this study consisted of 380 irrigated wheat farmers in Kermanshah province who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling with proportional allocation. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was approved through pre-testing and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability for various research variables (0.863 to 0.894). The data were analyzed using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the constructs of awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on personal norms. Additionally, personal norms and self-efficacy constructs had a significant positive effect on farmers' adaptation intentions, and the behavioral intention construct explained 62% of the variance.

In semi-arid and mountainous regions, factors such as high wind speed and temperature in the hot seasons lead to high surface evaporation, which is the main cause of water losses. This evaporation even occurs at temperatures below the boiling point of water. So far, various solutions have been proposed to reduce evaporation. In the present study, which was conducted with the aim of investigating the performance of polypropylene balls without holes on the chemical quality of water, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey and Duncan's mean comparison test were performed on 18 data sets. The selected chemical quality parameters included nitrate, phosphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity.The results of the study showed that the use of polypropylene balls without holes can significantly reduce the turbidity and total dissolved solids of water. The average turbidity of the control pan was 1.78 NTU, while the turbidity of the pan with polypropylene balls without holes was 1.64 NTU. The average total dissolved solids of the control pan was 699.4 mg/L, while the total dissolved solids of the pan with polypropylene balls without holes was 671.2 mg/L. The study also showed that the use of polypropylene balls without holes can reduce the oxygen exchange rate of water. The average oxygen exchange rate of the control pan was 69%, while the oxygen exchange rate of the pan with polypropylene balls without holes was 59%.The results of this study suggest that polypropylene balls without holes can be a effective method to reduce the turbidity and total dissolved solids of water in semi-arid and mountainous regions. However, the use of these balls can also reduce the oxygen exchange rate of water.