نشریه سیستم های انرژی پایدار
سال سوم شماره 3 (تابستان 1403)

A delicate balance between energy security and public health within the framework of international investment law, with a focus on the nuclear energy industry, is desirable. Nuclear energy plays a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with this industry, including the risk of radioactive leaks and the production of nuclear waste, have raised serious global concerns. In this context, substantial investments in the nuclear industry have created conflicts between the interests of investors and the requirements of environmental protection and human health. One of the fundamental characteristics of law is the regulation of economic and social relations in various fields. Energy is one of the most important and influential components in social, political, and economic relations. The importance of energy is undeniable. Energy problems have always been a fundamental issue for all countries. The exploitation of energy resources is in the hands of governments, but developments in the international community and international law have led to limitations on governments in exploiting energy resources. Excessive use of energy has confronted the world with two simultaneous threats: one, the lack of access to secure and sufficient energy at affordable prices, and the other, the threat to human health resulting from excessive energy consumption. This article seeks to understand how these two needs can be addressed in a balanced manner, ensuring both the attraction of investment for energy resources and the avoidance of the impact that energy resources can have on public health.

The main goals of this research are to investigate energy extraction from renewable sources and design a hybrid system in Qeshm Island. To achieve this approach, first, using wind speed data, the Weibull distribution function and the gamma function, the probability density of wind speed, force power, and the amount of energy extraction from the wind turbine were calculated. Next, the speed of water flow in Laft Port (Qeshm Island) was obtained and the power of tidal waves and energy extraction from the hydro turbine were calculated. Finally, used by HOMMER software, a hybrid model of 3 MW solar panel, 100 kW wind turbine, and 100 kW tidal hydro turbine with converter and battery was designed and the amount of clean energy that can be extracted from the system and its cost were calculated. The results of the wind power showed that the practical power of the turbine by diameter of 4 m at 10 m above ground is 375 watts and at 50 m is 982 watts, which can produce electricity in the 4176 hours/year. Calculations related to tides showed that 206 MWh of electricity can be produced annually, but if a 100-kW turbine is installed, more than 900 MW can be obtained.  The results of the hybrid system showed that is possible to produce 2.6 GWh/year and provide the energy consumption of 575 households per year. By the implementation of this hybrid project, the cost price of 1 kWh of renewable energy will be about 2.3 $, and the current net cost will be 13,769,120 $.

Considering that Iran is one of the countries rich in energy resources, the use of renewable energy such as solar energy can help reduce dependence on fossil resources and reduce harmful environmental effects. In this article, the efficiency and energy extraction of a solar photovoltaic system through the use of a solar tracker and bifacial panels, as well as the improvement in the basic elements of a solar photovoltaic system and power plant, are discussed. By performing mechanical calculations and modeling, the structure's weight has been reduced to the lowest possible value for a 5 kW solar power plant under the research conditions. Also, by simulating the photovoltaic system in four different modes with PVsyst software, it has been shown that the amount of extracted energy for the mode where the Bifacial panel and solar tracker are used is 22.5% more than the first mode. In the end, by conducting economic studies and the obtained parameters, it was concluded that the investment cost and the annual extracted energy of the fourth state (the proposed plan of the current research) are 7.1% and 2.4% higher than the second state. A photovoltaic system with a bifacial panel and a moving structure (tracker) has more efficiency and energy extraction than the first case (one-sided panel and a fixed structure).

Population growth, especially in developing and less developed countries, leads to increased energy demand, particularly for electricity. As the need for electricity rises, so does the consumption of primary energy sources, especially fossil fuels. However, this trend poses significant risks due to global warming and its impact on climate change. Additionally, considering the carbon footprint taxes projected for the coming years, addressing this issue becomes even more critical. In this research, the objective is to identify the optimal working fluid among four candidates: Methane, Methane Flue Gas, Syngas, and Syngas Flue Gas. The study evaluates their economic and environmental advantages. Furthermore, it investigates how the carbon mass fraction in each working fluid affects economic and environmental parameters. As part of this analysis, a combined cycle integrating a Brayton cycle with a solar-heliostat cycle is proposed. In this configuration, solar energy replaces the boiler to provide heat for the turbine’s working fluid. The goal is to achieve cost reduction and environmental sustainability.

Energy consumption in the Iran’s food industry is mainly through fossil fuels (natural gas, electricity). In the food industry, the most use of natural gas is related to boilers and the most use of electricity is related to the refrigeration system. Due to of this issue to save energy in this particular field, many studies have been done. One of the cases that can be used is the use of renewable energy. The purpose of this study is to review the use of this type of energy to provide all or part of the heating and cooling system and the rules relations governing the user of this kind of energy, which can be good supplements for optimal energy consumption in boilers and thermodynamic cycles. Also, to make useful usage of heat and energy wasted, the CCHP can be used and heat pumps with a renewable source to produce heat with high temperature from natural source. The results showed that if the combine of cooling, heating and power system along with solar energy can be used to operate the heat pump, despite the high initial cost, it can have a significant improvement in energy consumption and cost.

Accurate forecasting of a country's energy consumption trend is crucial in addressing the imbalance between supply and demand. Given the significant contribution of electricity to Iran's energy consumption portfolio, this research aims to model and forecast the trend of electricity consumption in Iran. Factors influencing the trend of electricity consumption were identified based on previous studies, and relevant data were collected for the period 1978-2021develop forecast models. Various models and methods were employed to predict the trend of electricity consumption, including simple indicators, energy consumption intensity, trend line analysis, regression modeling, and neural networks. The regression model estimation results indicate that the trend of electricity consumption in Iran is significantly influenced by per capita income and consumption in the previous period. From a statistical perspective, other variables such as energy price, air temperature, and rainfall did not have a significant impact on the trend. The results show that electricity consumption in Iran has increased by approximately 22.14% over the period 1978-2021, with an average annual growth rate of 7.49%. According to the forecast, electricity consumption is expected to reach 455,603 thousand megawatts by 2026. In contrast, the regression model forecast for this year is 368,959 thousand megawatts. A comparison of the prediction results reveals that the accuracy of different models and approaches varies, with the regression method exhibiting a lower measurement error than the other investigated methods in predicting the electricity consumption trend.