نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 48 (پاییز 1403)

With the emergence of numerous socio-cultural, economic, physical and environmental crises in the cities of the world in the second half of the 20th century, which was caused by the rapid growth of urbanization and the lack of proper plans and programs, the quality of the urban environment has degraded, especially in developing countries. Accordingly, in recent years, the quality of the urban environment has become one of the most fundamental issues in the field of human studies as well as the environment. Quality assessment is not only based on the objective environment, but also on the basis of people's understanding of the environment they belong to. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the quality of the urban environment in areas 2 and 3 of Maragheh city in terms of physical, functional, environmental and social indicators. The descriptive-analytical research method is in the field of applied research. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests, step-by-step regression and one-way variance analysis were used. The survey results show; that in all the investigated components, the quality of the urban environment of both districts was lower than the average of 3. In addition, in the examination and comparison of the average results of the environmental quality indicators in the two studied districts, it was found that District 3 of Maragheh city in terms of The environmental quality indicators have better conditions than the 2nd district of Maragheh city, and based on the multiple regression results, it was determined that the social index with a beta of 0.404 has the greatest impact and the economic index with a beta of 0.311 has the least impact on the environmental quality of districts 2 and 3. The city has Maragheh.

"Territory" is one of the most essential "innate" needs of human beings, especially in residential environments. Attention to which improves the human scale of the environment and consequently the quality of artificial environments. Researches show that in the same situations, people act in different ways towards their secondary territory. Therefore, the current article seeks to find the reason for the difference between the territorial performance of residents of a residential environment. Assuming that the “mental content” affected by people's “lived experience” is the cause of the different performance of people in similar conditions, the focus of this article is to discover the effect of people's "lived experience" on the recognition of their secondary territory. In this direction, with an explanatory approach, used the "Delphi" research method, and in the form of open interviews, asked 10 experts in the field of research to express their views regarding the secondary territory and After 2 rounds coding, we presented the final output in the format of the "content_goal" table.Then, we designed a questionnaire with 185 questions and questioned 21 experts in this field. The answers of the interviewees were analyzed using SPSS software and manually. Then, to ensure the accuracy of the results, we prepared the second questionnaire based on the 56 common questions of the respondents and asked the same statistical universe again. The similar result between the two stages was the focus of the accuracy of the results obtained in the research process. Thus, 6 main approaches were identified in dealing with people with their own territory:The role of ownership on identity, the role of comfort perception on environmental control, the role of external control on security, the role of identity on ownership, the role of comfort perception on permanence in the environment, the role of internal control on security.

One of the best features of the architecture that is desirable for human beings is to create a sense of awareness and presence in space so that human beings can feel themselves in the presence of God Almighty and see him watching over them. Factors in architecture such as hierarchy can be used to create this sense and help to understand the space and its design. The mosque is one of the most important buildings of the Islamic era, which is important in terms of designing the space for thinking and awareness during worship. Research quantitatively explains the components of hierarchy and their role in increasing the quality of space and the audience of the presence in the space of the four-porch mosques. This article answers the question of how hierarchy creates the presence of sense, and what factor will have the most significant impact on the realization of this sense.For this purpose, the theoretical model has been explained in the theoretical section by studying scientific sources and libraries. Three mosques of Aqa-Noor, Hakim, and Imam of Isfahan from the Safavid period with the same typology were selected for testing. Then, the theoretical model was tested by survey and questioning of 105 architects. By analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaire in SPSS statistical software, the results show that the design of hierarchy with different factors has a direct and positive effect on awareness and avoidance of neglect in space. Therefore, contemporary architects Can use the components introduced in this research and the material structure of architecture to facilitate perception and awareness in space. Among the factors creating and increasing the presence of hierarchy, natural light hierarchy is the most important component for design in mosques.

Social resilience refers to the ability of groups and communities to cope with external disruptions and pressures caused by environmental, social, and political changes. To reduce vulnerability in cities and increase resilience to hazards, resilient cities need to be created. A resilient city is a network of human communities and physical systems that work together to ensure the safety of residents and reduce their vulnerability to crises. To identify the factors affecting social resilience and create a theoretical framework for its evaluation, this research first focused on theoretical studies and document reviews. The influential factors were classified into two general categories: environmental and non-environmental factors. Additionally, to better understand the impact of components related to the physical structure of residential neighborhoods, environmental factors were divided into three categories based on Lyon’s theory of spatial systems: physical environment, social environment, and perceptual environment. The social environment includes factors such as social capital, social networks, learning and experience, and residents’ lifestyles. Additionally, the mental place can generally encompass residents’ lived experiences in a place and include two components: sense of place and attachment to place. Individuals’ perception of environments they have complete or relative knowledge about is referred to as “sense of place.” To evaluate the proposed theoretical framework, a questionnaire named was distributed in three residential neighborhoods in Babol: Barjaban, Shahania, and Piralam. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SMART PLS3 software and structural equation analysis. The results confirm that there is a significant relationship between the 11 claimed components in the research theoretical framework and social resilience. Thus, these 11 components directly affect social resilience. The results also show that the three factors of “skills and abilities,” “social interactions,” and “resource diversity” have the greatest impact on social resilience in residential neighborhoods.

The two-dimensional (2D) geometry is an effective context to examine the similarities and differences among muqarnas elements with the aforementioned characteristics in the historical mosques of Isfahan. Analyzing these qualities may reveal their generic and specific aspects. The comparative study provides a solution to understanding how and why these elements are similar despite their differences. A comparative 2D geometry was not previously used as a context to identify and classify the muqarnas types in this region. Moreover, the statistical population in this study included nine muqarnas cases among the historical mosques in Isfahan, constructed either in a squinch style or a style referred to as nimkār (half-work). Data collection was conducted by surveying the muqarnas through close-range photogrammetry, point-cloud modeling, flattened image preparation, and designing technical drawings for each example. Moreover, geometrical and mathematical calculations were used for data analysis. Many similarities were recognized concerning the relationship between the aspects of reversed plans, proportions, arrangements, and façade features, including the absence of a T-shape in muqarnas. Furthermore, the 2D drawing was facilitated by recurring features between muqarnas elements. Overall, the most significant features consisted of proportional relationships between the main flat elements and side length in the quadrilateral toranj shapes, the placement of inscribed/circumscribed circles of shamsa (a regular polygon resembling a rosette), as well as the circumscribed circles of the toranj elements on length, width, and diameter midpoints in the semi-layout, toranj sides equating half the height of Qatār (row), and larger sides of shāparaks and pābāriks equating the side length of a toranj.

the architectural space of the house is known as an important and effective principle in giving quality to the house and an important tool for the designers of the house architecture. The space of apartment houses has features that can provide a range of quality and comfort for the residents. So, it is necessary to identify and evaluate the spatial features. This research seeks to identify each of the spatial features of apartment houses and evaluate them, relying on the Delphi research method; Hence the question is What spatial features can be identified in apartment houses? How to evaluate the spatial features of apartment houses with the Delphi method? To what extent have the spatial features of apartment houses been realized in Bandar Abbas city? Delphi research method has been chosen to answer the research questions. The purpose of the research is fundamental and data collection has been done in the form of library studies and field visits to the research case for a better understanding of the spatial features of apartment houses. After identifying the obtained spatial features, they were classified into two general categories. Then they were compared and evaluated to reveal the importance of each. In the end, according to the experts' point of view, the existence and non-existence of spatial features in the study were evaluated and classified. Twenty-eight spatial features were identified. According to the initial evaluation of the spatial features and the two categories proposed by the research, it was approved and the spatial features were reduced to sixteen items. These spatial features are: "flexibility", "spatial hierarchy", "spatial relations", "guidance", "proportion and scale of space", "spatial distinction", "spaciousness", "spatial opening", "space dynamics", "space coziness", "spatial separation", "spatial combination", "spatial diversity", "space nostalgia" and "harmony and balance".

Cultural centers bring people together to carry out cultural activities and create a suitable environment for social interactions. In 2019, following the spread of the Corona virus, community centers were closed and governments forced people to quarantine with new conditions. During the pandemic and after, the use of cultural centers is not a thing of the past. The purpose of this research is to investigate the design strategies to increase social interactions in the corona and post-corona era.Those strategies for increasing social interactions regardless of Corona and post-Corona and those that should be taken into account in the time of Corona to prevent the spread of the virus, were extracted with a descriptive and analytical method, and then the commonalities of these two categories were identified. These commonalities as a solution They were identified to increase social interactions both during Corona and after Corona. Then, these solutions were prioritized by survey method and questionnaire tool with a sample size of 100 medical and architectural specialists with the help of SPSS software and Friedman test. The findings show that ventilation is the highest priority. Garden and green space, security, view and scenery, use of plants and natural light are in the next priorities respectively.Those components of social interactions and architecture during the time of Corona that conflicted with each other, such as mixing of uses and spatial integration, a flexibility solution was proposed. Because it adapts its flexibility to the different conditions of each period and is a suitable answer to the changing needs of different periods.

The spatial structure of Tehran has evolved and changed over time under various spatial, temporal, and other factors. To gain a proper understanding of how changes in the spatial structure and new development plans, such as pedestrian-oriented development plans, have affected the historical area of the city, it is necessary to have knowledge of the past and the evolution of its spatial structure. This will enable us to examine the factors that have influenced spatial developments. This study aims to investigate the transformations of the spatial structure throughout different historical periods using the Space Syntax method, based on the analysis of the changes in the degree of integrity. Determining the degree of integrity at the neighborhood and supra-neighborhood scales of the streets located in the historical area plays a significant role in their valuation and prioritization for accepting pedestrian-oriented development plans. This study considers the implementation of such plans to be effective in integrating and connecting the historical structure of the city, while also recognizing the importance of the formation of these specific streets before their transformation into pedestrian axes in enhancing their pedestrian accessibility. Accordingly, the authors have classified the streets located in the historical area of the city. This research falls under the category of applied studies in terms of nature and purpose, and employs an interpretive-historical strategy to reconstruct the spatial transformations of Tehran's urban structure, followed by simulation and content analysis to evaluate the data. The findings suggest that pedestrianization of 17 Shahrivar Street, as a case study, not only fails to help preserve the value of integrity and coherence of the city's historical center, but also weakens the accessibility and connectivity indices at the neighborhood and supra-neighborhood scales.

The critical conditions of residential buildings façades in Tehran necessitate paying attention to the importance of meaning in the contemporary architecture of Iran. The aim of this study is to discover the façade’s meanings received by architects and non-architects and compare the similarities and differences in their readings. The meanings of built environment can affect the feelings and emotions of users and their aesthetic preferences and behaviors. This study employed grounded theory method with a qualitative approach. Desk studies, field surveys, and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The Mixed Purposeful Sampling method was then employed to select facades samples. Interview questions designed based on 3 levels of Hans Robert Jauss’s reception theory. The collected data were analyzed using open coding, and transformed into concepts, categories and components with the aim of axial and selective coding using MAXQDA software. The concepts extracted from interviews were analyzed to determine the meaning layers in the façades of residential buildings in Tehran perceived by architects and non-architects and their similarities and differences in readings. The results indicated different opinions of the two groups about the aesthetics and meanings of Roman style façades. they have strong consensus about reading postmodern façades. The most important results included the priority of geometric composition in interpretation for architects and materials and colors for non-architects. Economic value is an important category in laypersons readings, and concept of facades is a significant category for architects. Non-architects involve their personal feelings more than architects in reading of meaning. These results can help architects to predict peoples reading from facades and respond better to the semantic needs of the public and design more favorable façades, and finally they could affect the public’s taste over time.

The model of construction and development of urban areas as a platform for strengthening solidarity and social bonds and consequently social sustainability should be formed in accordance with the biological needs of its residents. These biological needs that shape the quality of life of citizens are defined in different parts such as residence, work and activity, recreation, social interactions and etc. From another angle, urban development and urban planning based on this school is an evolved set of various components and mixed uses that can be well exploited in the development of traditional neighborhoods (TND) as a local model. The main goal of the research is to recognize the pattern of traditional neighborhood development (TND) based on the local schools of urban planning in Iran and specifically the principles of Tabriz school in urban planning. According to the objectives and components of the study, this research aims to expand Tabriz school of urbanism in the traditional neighborhood development and to present and apply a local model in the construction and development of urban neighborhood too. For this reason, this research uses the developmental-applicative combined method based on the type of goal. The research method based on the type of analysis is considered in the category of quantitative research. The results based on the TOPSIS method show that the infrastructure and facilities of the neighborhoods, the physical structure and the economic structure respectively have the first to third priorities in the of traditional neighborhood development according Tabriz school and based on the regression results, the multiple correlation coefficient is 0.815 and the corrected coefficient of determination is equal to 0.815 and this value shows that 81.4 percent of the changes in the traditional neighborhood development can be predicted through the principles taken from the Tabriz school of urban planning.