International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science
Volume:14 Issue: 1, Winter 2025

Federalism is a popular phenomenon widely discussed among scholars. There are variations of federalism all over the world with series of theory which has invoke great debate. This attempt has led to various and diverse views, and results in more polarization and confusion when it is thoroughly explored. Nigeria journey to federalism though planned and gradual was seen as a marriage of circumstances. The Nigerian federation has persisted in facing certain obstacles that, rather than decreasing, are significantly growing malignant which informed the abysmal practice of the system. There seems paucity of studies that deal with the concept and practice of federalism in Nigeria. This article cross-examined the theory and practice of federalism in Nigeria. Qualitative method which relied solely on secondary source was utilized. Due to the historical nature of the study, content analysis and the thematic presentation of data were carried out. The study revealed that if true federalism is allowed to take it root will address the constant challenges facing the federation. Unfortunately, the study identified negative effects of state creation, inequality of the federating states, uneven distribution of basic infrastructural and political appointment, military interference in politics, and misapplication of federalism clause among others challenges of Nigeria federalism which has promoted bitter struggles and facilitated self-determination. The study concluded by recommending the practice of federalism which embraces equity, liberty, justice, and fair distribution of power among other components.

In this study, as a part of the studies on private law, the opinions and laws of subject and civil rights were the basis of the research method. In each discussion, its related texts are taken into consideration in terms of documents and implications. Concerning the joint duties of spouses, only the duties of loyalty and custody have effective civil and criminal enforcement, but regarding the duties of good assistance in establishing the foundations of the family and raising children, only civil enforcement is considered, which consists of divorce and loss of alimony. Likewise, no guarantee of criminal execution is considered. It should be noted that in most cases, Iranian legislators have mentioned divorce as a guarantee for the couple's refusal to fulfill their marital duties, which is flawed in Iran's law in this regard. Based on the results of the study, in case the couple refuses to fulfill their financial obligations, the performance guarantee provided by the Iranian legislature is sufficient. Therefore, in this case, the performance guarantee is considered in both the civil law and the criminal law. However, regarding the exclusive non-financial duties of the legislative couple of Iran, the criminal laws have not considered as executive guarantee. The implementation of civil law and family protection law is not better than criminal law. Regaridng the duties that the wife has towards her husband, it should be mentioned that there is only a guarantee of civil enforcement regarding the duty of obedience, which includes the loss of alimony and the right to swear. Therefore, there is no guarantee of criminal execution.

Wars between Iran and Russia happened in two stages during the Qajar period and both cases led to the defeat and loss of the territories of Iran. These wars occurred during the presence of different rulers in the Northwestern region of Iran and West of the Caspian Sea. Among the rulers who were influential in these wars were the rulers of Talesh.  The necessity of understanding the influence of these rulers in the wars has been one of the important cases of conducting this research. This article the most important factors influencing the wars between Iran and Russia until the Treaty of Turkmenchai. The result of the study shows that global events including colonization and neglect of the Qajar rulers of the region brought about Iran’s defeat and loss of its territories. It is also discussed that the secret relations of Talash rulers with the Russian government have been effective in the defeat of Iran although efforts were made by the Khanin Talash to take back their land after the Treaty of Turkmencha, these efforts were fruitless.

Studying the correlation between rainfall and birth rates is crucial for economic and social planning. Research indicates that higher rainfall may lead to increased birth rates in African nations dependent on agriculture, while developed countries with advanced irrigation technologies show weaker correlations. This study investigated the relationship between average annual rainfall and birth rate in 182 countries worldwide. Data was gathered from the World Bank database and analyzed using statistical methods with SPSS v. 22 software. Results showed that data on birth rate and annual rainfall were not normally distributed, so non-parametric tests were utilized for analysis. The study revealed a significant difference in annual rainfall amounts between continents, with the highest levels in Oceania and Central America. Birth rates also varied significantly by continent, with Africa having the highest rate. However, there was no significant correlation found between birth rate and rainfall across countries globally. Factors such as droughts and climate change can impact fertility rates and birth outcomes, highlighting the importance of environmental conditions in population dynamics. The complex relationship between rainfall and birth rates is influenced by agricultural productivity, economic stability, and regional disparities. Understanding these dynamics is essential for effective planning to address population trends.

Social media, as a new phenomenon in recent decades, has had a profound impact on daily lives, especially on the mental health of adolescents. This article aims to analyze the positive and negative effects of social media on the mental health of adolescents, from psychological and educational aspects. Research results show that frequent use of social media can lead to an increase in anxiety, depression, and loneliness in teenagers. On the other hand, these media can provide opportunities for social connections, learning and psychological support. This article examines the research background in this field, explains the key concepts, and provides solutions to improve the mental health of adolescents in the digital age. Likewise, the need for awareness and training for correct and healthy use of social media among teenagers and their parents is emphasized. Finally, this article will provide recommendations for policy makers, teachers, and parents to maintain adolescent mental health in the face of social media challenges.

In today's business world, artificial intelligence as a new technology has provided high dynamism and flexibility in organizational decision-making processes. Given that organizational decision-making often faces challenges due to the complexity and multiplicity of factors affecting it, the use of artificial intelligence as a powerful tool can be effective in improving the organizational decision-making process and improving the performance of organizational managers. In recent years, the wave of use and exploitation of the administrative automation systems of the country has swept over us, and many organizations show a great desire to use and use these systems and are ready to spend large sums of money for the establishment and use of these systems, but it should be checked how much such information systems could help managers of organizations in improving decision-making in decision-making. By researching the key indicators of companies this result assumes that many indicators are common among them and only some indicators that are specific to their type of business will be different. The lack of such a system causes managers to be unaware of how to carry out internal organizational activities as well as the conditions governing the external environment of the organization, which can lead to a decrease in the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. With this definition, organizations should continuously monitor their performance using scientific methods and by applying appropriate quantitative and qualitative indicators to ensure the realization of their plans and also the satisfaction of the stakeholders.

A contract is a legal act concluded between two or more people to create a legal effect. This legal effect can be the transfer of ownership, creating an obligation or giving permission. The necessary contract is called a contract that none of the parties to the transaction can violate. Except in cases where the law has given them the right to terminate the transaction. Permissible contract is a contract that any of the parties can cancel at any time. Option is one of the voluntary ways to dissolve the contract. That is, one of the parties decides to continue or terminate the contract with his own will. Choices are rights and can be revoked. This rule has faced many problems with the careful opinion of jurists. Choices are one of the special rulings of Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, and with this distinction and breadth, it is not relevant in the laws of other countries. In Iranian law, there is no doubt that choices are financial rights, and Article 448 of the Civil Code also indicates this in Imami jurisprudence. There is no doubt that choices are rights. Choices in the sentences provided in numerous articles of the civil law have been the concern of the legislator.

Ethical considerations: 

This article was written considering ethical considerations such as honesty, trustworthiness in text analysis, and citation.

The aim of this study is to examine the rulings on the types of options in civil law and Imami jurisprudence. Ten options proposed in Iran's civil law are based on jurisprudence and explain the possible conditions for terminating the contract and recognize the necessary right to terminate the transaction according to the legal provisions and types of options for the parties. Option rules are either general, which applies to all options, or specific to some types. Concering the mentioned matter, if it is possible to examine this difference and put aside past grudges and complexes, and establish unity among Muslims according to the example of the honorable verse, " و جمیعا هللا بحبل واعتصموا تفرقووا ال ;"it will strengthen the Muslims and thus, their independence and their true identity, which is the "united Islamic nation".

Although the companies’ field of work is related to the economics and the result of their activity has been manifested in this sector, searching, citing, and reducing the scope of their influence to the economic sector is simplistic. From Friedman's viewpoint, the social responsibility of companies is summed up in providing the society's demands through free economy, and any kind of charitable and humanitarian activities of companies that impose costs on the company are unacceptable. By ignoring the social, cultural, political, and ecological dimensions, these theories have caused instability and inequality in societies. An alternative approach to the economic entrepreneurship is social entrepreneurship in contrast to the economic and commercial entrepreneurship, where the goal is to achieve profit and individual benefits. The purpose of social entrepreneurship is to meet social needs, solve public issues, and fulfill social missions. The realization of social goals and missions requires the adoption of an investment and earning strategy, and by resorting to this strategy, we can expect to create and expand social values ​​and missions.