نشریه مطالعات زن و خانواده
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

The field of women's studies in Iran is a development from the West in line with the global development and the impact of feminist currents on the academic environment. Considering the two decades of presence of women's studies in the scientific environment of Iran, we expect to see the role of the graduates in the scientific and social dimensions related to women. This paper aims to take a pathological look at the capabilities of the women's studies in training the graduates as activists in the field of women's studies. The present research, using a qualitative method and using interview tools with women's studies students and content analysis technique, examines the application of concepts and theories in the lived experience of students at different levels of knowledge, Insight and Action. The research will be carried out through qualititative method, grounded theory, using in-depth interviews as data collection technique and coding text and analysis of the more comprehensive answers. Final categories are 15 including students’ empowerment in creative thinking, a lack of backgroung knowledge on sociology, inadequacy of the approved course units in covering objective issues, necessity of updating the units plays main role in efficiency and the realization of goals, the conflict between the objectivity and the subjectivity in the topics and teachings of women's studies, avoiding active and conscious activism and the role of students and professors in the application of the concepts of in lived experience.

Despite shifts in lifestyle and marital patterns, the practice of early marriage or child marriage persists, particularly in less populated and rural regions. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of adolescent females who enter into early marriages. The chosen approach to study is qualitative, employing the basic qualitative research method. The study included a sample of female participants aged 14 to 27 years residing in a village in the Yazd province. These individuals were married before the age of 18 and were selected for inclusion in the study using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. In order to gather data, a total of 13 female participants were engaged in semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, the data was subjected to thematic analysis methodology. During the analysis, it was found that eight primary themes can be used to define the experience of girls who enter into early marriages. These themes include cultural patriarchy, the prevalence of early marriage as a societal norm, challenges specific to rural areas, the symbolic transition into adulthood, the accumulation of dissatisfaction, social exclusion, and a non-priority of education. The primary factor contributing to the acceptance of early marriage among young girls as a social norm is the cultural emphasis placed by families on prioritizing marriage. The decision to enter into marriage can be understood and interpreted within the framework of cultural and social contexts.

wife and family; An important principle in the Islamic jurisprudence system, whose effective effects on the society have separated it from other related issues. In the meantime, the process of annulment of marriage or divorce with all its aspects is more important than other issues of this law. Talaq Khula, which today has received many legal appeals in family courts, is subject to substantive analysis due to the widespread prevalence of it in the society. Among the things that can be considered is the meaning of valid disgust in it from the side of the wife. Contrary to the popular opinion and text of the later jurisprudence books as well as the civil law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what is stated in the narrations and the evidences for the derivation of jurisprudence is not hatred in the literal sense of the unmarried wife's hatred of her husband, and the hatred is not due to the non-observance of marital duties. Also, the non-establishment of divine limits on the part of the wife is a matter of opinion. Since the following analysis is without any research related to its topic, it has shown manifestations of the dynamism and innovation of Jafari's jurisprudence and has opened a new path in relation to the establishment and amendment of civil laws regarding divorce.

Considering the matching of reproductive age with the age of education and its decline after the completion of higher education, there is a need to pay special attention to having children while studying. This article specifically focuses on the attitudes and challenges of students towards the issue of having children. Data collection was done in two stages; In the first stage, an in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 students. In the next step, using the initial findings, new questions were formulated and published in the form of an electronic questionnaire in the virtual space (university groups) and 60 valid answers were received. The data were coded based on Atreid Stirling's thematic analysis model in an iterative process. In the process of analysis, 75 basic themes, 8 organizing themes and 2 inclusive themes were identified. The overarching themes are "necessity of having children from the perspective of students" and "obstacles and needs of students in the field of having children". Under the first theme, four organizing themes are "individual motivations", "family motivations", "social motivations" and "religious motivations", and under the second concept, five organizing themes are "economic needs", "cultural needs", "psychological needs", There are "needs in the field of health" and "facilitation-support needs". Finally, by reviewing the existing policies and laws and using the experience of family-friendly universities in the world, solutions were presented to improve the status of having children in this group.

Divorce, granted by the sacred lawgiver, is controlled by the husband, but it must align with the institution's philosophy to avoid arbitrary divorce. Iran's legal system has not given enough attention to this issue and its criteria. Predicting arbitrary divorce and its criteria, including financial matters, property division, and compensation, is crucial. It also helps in controlling a man's autocratic will.Studying Quranic verses, narrations, and jurists' rulings reveals criteria for arbitrary divorce: intention to cause harm, loss of legitimate benefits, lack of proportionality between parties' rights, conflicting with the lawgiver's purpose, and contradicting customary norms.The Iraqi Civil Code considers three criteria for abuse of a right: malicious intent, lack of legitimate interest, and disproportion between interest and harm, guiding the identification of arbitrary exercise.Algeria's civil law defines personal and objective criteria to distinguish misuse of the right based on intentions and the balance between benefits and harm. Judges differentiate divorce from other arbitrary actions based on these principles.

The increasing number of female heads of households in Iran and the many harms that are inflicted on them, it is better to raise the mental health of these people among psychologists and specialists. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of logotherapy on the death anxiety, feeling of loneliness, and mental wellbeing of women heads of households. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population was all female heads of households referring to the Welfare Department of the city of Isfahan, 30 of whom were selected by purposive sampling and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received Frankel's (1986) logotherapy intervention during 10 sessions (90 minutes) and the control group received the intervention. The data in the pre-test-post-test stages and follow-up by Templer's death health questionnaire (1970), Russell et al.'s loneliness (1980) and Keyes and Magyarmo's mental well-being (2003). The result of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement showed that logotherapy had a significant effect on reducing death, loneliness and increasing the mental well-being of female heads of the household and this effect was sustained up to the stage.