نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 42 (پاییز 1403)

One of the most important events in the history of the relations between the Medes and Persians is the battle of Cyrus with Astyages, the last ruler of Media. This historical event led to the end of the Median kingdom and the beginning of the Achaemenid dynasty and a new era in the history of Iran and the region of Southwest Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Europe and Africa. Herodotus attributes Cyrus' victory in this battle to the killing of Harpagus' son by Astyages and the collusion of  Harpagus and Cyrus; but in the account of Ctesias, Astyages is a kind-hearted ruler who is oppressed by Cyrus and his accomplice Mehtar. In both accounts, the role of Cyrus' companions in inciting and guiding him is very important; but it seems that other reasons were effective in the beginning of this battle; because in the story that both narrators easily pass by, Cyrus is released from Astyages' court with difficulty. The importance of this issue can be understood from the severity of the punishment of the dreamers who played a role in Cyrus' liberation. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies, and its aim is to examine in more detail the causes of the disruption of social order and the outbreak of rebellion in Persia, which led to the battle between Astyages and Cyrus. The results of this study indicate that, contrary to the narratives of Herodotus and Ctesias, the cause of the battle between Astyages and Cyrus was Astyages' conspiracies against Cyrus and the people of Persia and the capture of Cyrus, the king of Persia, in the court of Media, which led to the disruption of social conditions, order, and security in Persia.

Given the unfavorable security conditions of the country (internal and external) at the beginning of the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, when Iran's borders were threatened by foreign forces and internal disputes between the Khans and local powers had led to numerous crises, Agha Mohammad Khan implemented a population transfer policy in order to achieve military and defense goals. This policy, which was carried out in order to suppress the growing power of tribes, clans, and opposition groups and to maintain the integrity of the country, helped him improve the unstable situation in the country and stabilize his government. This research, using library resources and a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer these questions: How was the population transfer policy implemented during the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar? And what were his goals and motivations for implementing this policy? The findings show that the goals of his population transfer policy were mostly military and security. By relocating various tribes, clans, and local rulers, he was able to unify Iran and, by moving towards centralization, suppress the factors of insecurity and unrest.

The struggle for freedom was achieved with the issuance of the Constitutional Decree in 1324 AH. By adjusting the power of the monarchy and the rule of law, it was hoped that order, security, and justice would prevail in society; however, the emergence of conflicts among constitutionalists and the activities of anti-constitutional groups with the support of domestic and foreign elements led to the collapse of many social, security, and political systems in society. This research, using historical data in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library and document studies, attempts to show how the problems of law enforcement and social insecurity resulting from the Constitutional Revolution paved the way for Reza Shah to come to power. The research findings indicate that the different understanding of the constitutionalists and representatives of the concept of law, internal opposition, the multiplicity of power centers, and the movements of local and ethnic leaders in the country caused social disintegration and insecurity in society, and the failed agreement of 1919, then the coup of 1299 and the seizure of power by Reza Khan, were in fact a response to the problems that had arisen in the country's order, security, and integrity.

The expansion of militarism in totalitarian regimes is common. This issue has been observed simultaneously in Iran during the Reza Shah era and Germany during the Hitler era; both governments had a modern and mechanized army, needed talented and motivated individuals to provide military force, and saw history education as a suitable arena for promoting their ideas. History education, by including issues about war, has the ability to develop militarism in the field of education. So the main question of the research is what were the dimensions of militarism in history education in Nazi Germany and Iran during the Reza Shah era, and what were the differences or similarities? In this regard, the aim of the present study is to conduct a comparative study of the functions of history education in the development of militarism in these two regimes. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on history textbooks. The results of the study show that, despite some similarities, the extent and nature of militarism in history lessons differed significantly between the governments of Reza Shah and Hitler. Reza Shah's focus was primarily on modernizing and protecting Iranian sovereignty, while Hitler's government pursued strongly expansionist policies.

Iran's nuclear program began in the 1950s/1330 AH with the approval of the establishment of the University of Tehran Atomic Center in the National Assembly. In November 1967, the 5 MW research reactor of the American AG Company was ready to operate at the Atomic Research Center of the University of Tehran. The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran began its work on July 15, 1353. After the establishment of this organization, negotiations began with various companies building nuclear power plants. After reviewing the proposals of the nuclear reactor manufacturers, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran accepted the plan of the West German Kraftwerk Union company. As a result, it was decided to purchase two power plants with a capacity of 1200 MW each from this company, which were installed in Bushehr. What factors led to the tendency of the Pahlavi II government towards acquiring nuclear knowledge and facilitating access to its advanced and sensitive equipment? In the end, it is concluded that a set of internal and external economic and military factors created the conditions for the Pahlavi II government to pursue and continue its nuclear program without encountering economic and technological problems and sabotage by global powers, and in line with cooperation with the Western world and America.

In recent decades, the control of Iran's eastern borders has always been of particular importance due to its geographical location and security conditions in the region. The aim of the present study is to conduct a comparative study of the control of the country's eastern borders by the Gendarmerie in the 1960s and the Border Guard in the 1990s. The present study is applied in terms of its purpose; exploratory in terms of the nature of the data and qualitative in terms of its implementation method. The participants in this study are the commanders of the eastern border guard units of the country in the 1990s; commanders, experts and gendarmerie experts; experts and experts who have years of service in both the Border Guard and Gendarmerie. The statistical sample was selected based on the richness of the data to be 45 people. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews, and the content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that in the discussion of differences, the organizational structure and responsibilities, equipment and technology, operational approach (security strategy), political and international influences, legal and regulatory changes, discipline and disciplineability, and in the discussion of similarities, the nature and strategy of supervision, reliance on human resources, management and organization, interaction with other security institutions, geographical structure, and socio-cultural measures were most emphasized by the participants in the study. The results of this study showed that the control of Iran's eastern borders in the 1960s by the Gendarmerie and in the 1990s by the Border Guard, both periods faced their own challenges and opportunities. This study emphasizes that despite significant differences, there are also important similarities that should be considered in strategic planning for border management.