فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 58 (تابستان 1403)

The 4th wave of the human-Computer interaction (HCI) refers to the entanglement of a new form of interactive process between humans and emerging technologies and their presence in today’s human life. With an emphasis on the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), social robotics, virtual reality (VR), neural implants, cyber-physical systems, smart spaces, and autonomous vehicles (AVs), recent scientific literature has recognized the necessity of the human-computer interaction (HCI) 4th wave to show how human-machine interaction has turned into an ambiguous subject given human-technology boundaries. By reviewing, analyzing, and conceptually framing the literature, this study aimed to find possible relationships between the involved disciplines and architectural literature gaps. The obtained results can be used to (1) determine research gaps in the field of HCI from an architectural perspective to eliminate bias against emerging technologies, (2) theoretically explain how to design a virtual architectural space while considering those gaps, and (3) recommend a path for future studies. Given the research's goal and to develop the theoretical foundations, aiming at achieving a comprehensive concept that will go through the integration of the components of different fields of knowledge, systematic and content analyses have been used. The latent content and the thematic connection of the literature were analyzed using a structured and precise method. In the first stage, a broad range of literature with a rich variety of keywords was investigated, based on which the main keywords were extracted for final analysis and coding in three specific layers and different disciplines. To this end, 242 articles published between 2017 and 2022, as well as 21 doctoral theses published between 2019-2022 were reviewed. In the second stage, with the final screening, 73 articles were analyzed more closely using the thematic analysis method in MAXQDA and were categorized into 5 main codes and 17 sub-groups. The findings of the content analysis suggest that the level of knowledge of HCI and its subgroup in the 4th HCI wave is theoretically and practically evolving. Importance of HCI and its extensive use in different disciplines. This is because it accounted for 59% of the extracted content, followed by “Trust” with 19%, indicating the importance of the subject. The low frequency of design codes can be attributed to anthropological factors because there is still limited information about the users' awareness, preferences, and needs, and how this matter affects the design of virtual architectural space. This relationship has been less architecturally discussed and thus lacks a comprehensive definition. Results Showed In this stage, building up trust through anthropologically designed environments can encourage further use of this new lifestyle. It should be considered that trust in technology and machines is volatile as it is a form of feeling that varies in different situations. This study emphasizes that anthropologically informed design in virtual and intelligent environments is essential for enhancing human-technology interaction and a design based on trust-centered anthropological approaches increases the chance of welcoming emerging technologies and interacting with virtual spaces.

City centers are as the cultural assets for the country; looking at them, we remember our past history and the life style of our ancestors. In the past, the city center was the initial point that the city was formed around it and it was known as the symbol of the identity for the city. Nowadays, city centers are transformed to the busiest and the noisiest place in the city which have an uncoordinated architecture; so, the affiliations to the city centers are fading day by day and they are losing their identity gradually. The Identity is the main factor for characterization and discrimination of everything. The identity generally and the place's identity particularly are two important subjects which have the main role for the persons, the objects, the communities and the places characterization. City center is one of the main elements of the city identity and because of its role in the city formation; the historical city centers have a special effect on the city identity.  The goal of the present article is to obtain a conceptual model for design of city centers with the identity approach. In the present research the theoretical principles related to three subjects of the city center, the main square and the identity are investigated. The methods of librarian studies, field studies, interviewing and questionnaire distribution are used for this research. Accordingly the designing principles for the city centers and main squares and the urban identity are introduced. The theories of some intellectuals such as K. Lynch, I. Bently, A. Rapoport and J. Jacobs are studied. According to the above theories, the five components of the urban spaces identity are:  activity, physics, meaning, culture and environment.     Two internal samples (including Imam Ali square in Isfahan and Shohada square in Arak) and three overseas samples (including Detroit city center- USA, Piazza del Campo in Siena- Italy, Baghdad city center- Iraq  ) are investigated. Finally a conceptual model is proposed based on the identity approach for designing of a city center. Based on the proposed model, as the case study, some strategies are suggested for designing of the city center of Qaemshahr. The center of Qaemshahr was constructed at the first Pahlavi's time and actually this city center was the initial kernel for the city formation. The consequent developments of Qaemshahr reformed the city center to the current shape. On the other hand, there is a high potential for reclamation and organization in the central region of Qaemshahr. This city center confronts with various problems including traffic, destroying the historical and harmonic facade of the Main Square, unimportant or disorder land usages, and inadequate space for traffic of pedestrians and cyclists. City center could be the remembrance of a beautiful portrait of the city, so its design could make a special identity for the city on the citizens’ mind. More over, a good design has the potential to attract many tourists from everywhere in the country and it leads to the cultural and the economic growth of the city.

The alignment of the physical and psychological characteristics of conservatories with the self-actualization mechanisms is one of the most influential implicit factors in the learning and talent development processes of learners. While being in the space, the students are unconsciously affected by its constructive features, and this can be an advance or a hindrance in the way of learning. One of the most reliable data in the analysis of this effect is the students' mental perception of characteristics of the space. By understanding the space, they can provide valuable opinions on the design of the educational environments. In this study, with the Q method and a quantitative approach in statistical analysis, with the participation of 30 students of two conservatories in Bam city, their understanding of the physical characteristics of space has been analyzed with the aim of promoting and facilitating self-actualization during education. In this study, two contemporary art schools in Bam city were investigated in the field. The Hakim Farabi and Fadak art schools, which were built after 1990 and have some special architectural features, were selected. The steps of implementing this method include selecting the subject group (P), collecting factors (Q), sorting, interviewing, analyzing data, and finally factor analysis. First, 30 students were selected to conduct the research. In the first step, each student was asked to list 8 to 10 physical factors that, in his opinion, could affect him in the process of learning the lessons. By examining the factors mentioned, which were 278, it became clear that the students had mentioned 87 unique and non-repeating factors. At this stage, it was necessary to list the factors based on the frequency and importance of the item. The screening of the factors was carried out by a panel consisting of two university faculty members, one doctoral student, and one student as a representative of the statistical population. Three rounds of factor screening were conducted and finally 48 factors were identified. The extracted components were organized on a Likert scale and 10 students were asked to rate the components based on their importance from 1 to 5. Finally, based on the score obtained for each factor, 24 items were finalized as the Q set in this study. The results of the exploratory factor analysis of the data show that factors including "mental and physical comfort", "facilities and equipment" and "quality of educational space" can be identified. Among the 24 specified variables, most of the roles are the amount of receiving natural light and daylight, reducing and controlling annoying noise from inside and outside the classroom, and the arrangement of chairs and tables suitable for each course and the flexibility of the space in changing the position of the furniture according to the needs of each lesson. In addition, it was shown that characteristics such as number of students in the class, the presence of additional equipment such as a clock in the class and the smell of the air, have the least effect on the students' learning process.

During home quarantine periods, the living environment plays a critical role in maintaining the mental and physical well-being of individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic, which forced millions of people into extended periods of quarantine, brought into focus the importance of the residential environment in shaping quality of life. This study aims to examine the factors influencing the satisfaction of residents with their living environments during quarantine and to provide recommendations for improving residential spaces based on psychological needs. Specifically, the study focuses on residential complexes in Isfahan, Iran. A mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative) was employed to gather data. In the qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with experts in urban planning, architecture, and psychology to identify the key environmental factors that influence satisfaction during quarantine. In the quantitative phase, a survey was distributed to 210 residents of residential complexes in Isfahan to measure their satisfaction with various aspects of their living environment. The survey included questions on the availability of open and semi-open spaces, noise pollution, access to natural elements, the quality of private spaces, and the overall design of the living environment. The results reveal several significant findings. First, access to open and semi-open spaces was found to be one of the most influential factors in increasing residents' satisfaction. These spaces, including balconies and courtyards, provide opportunities for fresh air, social interaction (within the household), and a connection with nature, all of which contribute to a reduction in stress. The presence of natural elements such as light and greenery was also found to have a positive and meaningful impact on residents' mental health and overall satisfaction. Furthermore, noise pollution, particularly from neighboring units, was a significant source of dissatisfaction, highlighting the importance of sound insulation and private spaces. The study also emphasizes the role of design principles such as "functional introversion" and "visual-auditory extroversion." Functional introversion refers to the design of private, peaceful spaces that foster relaxation and a sense of security. On the other hand, visual-auditory extroversion involves designing spaces that allow for controlled interaction with the outside environment, facilitating a sense of connection without overwhelming the occupants. Both principles were found to be crucial in reducing stress and improving residents' psychological and physical balance during quarantine. The findings highlight the importance of creating residential environments that meet not only the physical but also the psychological needs of residents. Given the challenges of long-term confinement, particularly in high-density living environments, it is essential to consider factors such as privacy, access to nature, and noise control in the design of residential spaces. This research offers practical recommendations for improving the design of residential complexes to enhance residents' satisfaction and mental well-being during quarantine. It advocates for the incorporation of open and semi-open spaces, the integration of natural elements, the improvement of soundproofing, and the thoughtful design of private spaces to create environments that promote health and well-being. Ultimately, this study contributes to the understanding of how residential design can play a key role in mitigating the psychological impacts of quarantine and improving quality of life in crisis situations.

Today, cities are at the forefront of the development battle.  Development inequality is one of the recent topics in the culture of planning. This inequlity is the result of multiple factors, which lead to heterogeneous and unbalanced growth of areas. This imbalance in the rate of sustainable development of metropolises is one of the challenges of optimal urban and regional planning in line of the urban and sustainable region. Therefore in planning, the modality of development in multiple indexes and places is one of the important and basic topics. The sustainabe urban development is a comprehensive approach in improving the quality of life to realize social welfare, economic and environmental human settlements. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development indicators of four metropolises (Tabriz, Mashhad, Isfahan and Shiraz).In this analysis 21 different economic and social factors are used based on the statistics of census of populatin in 2016.At first, the indexs were entered into GIS as a basic information method and compared with each other. Then using the AHP model each of the components was weighed, and by using TOPSIS model the four metropolises were ranked in terms of sustainable development indicators. The results of calculating the amount and ranking of metropolises development, using social indexes, shows that in relation with social indexes, among the four metropolises, Mashhad with the score of 0/89 is in first rank and Shiraz with the score of 0/84 in the second rank and Tabriz withe the score of 0/71 in third rank and Isfahan with the score of 0/67 is placed in fourth rank. For ranking in terms of economic indicators 10 sub-indexes are used. The results shows that in terms of economic indexes among the four metropolises, Mashhad with the score of 0/87 is placed in first rank of development, on the contrary, Tabriz with the score of 0/71 is placed in fourth step. Finally the results of the study in terms of combined indexs (economic and social) shows that the city of Mashhad with the score of 0/84 in first rank and Isfahan with the score of 0/66 is in fourth and Shiraz and Tabriz with indexes of 0/79 and 0/69 are placed in second and third steps respectively.
The results of  the research show that the paths of sustainable development and competitiveness in metropolises are different from each other, and it is not possible to set and implement a single plan for all cities, but according to the context of each city, the path of development and competitiveness of that city should be determined. It should be defined because today, developing a strategic plan for the development of metropolises is not a choice, but a basic need and requirement.

Due to the accumulation of the largest population and wealth in urban areas, climate change has had the highest consequences in these areas. The most important system that manages these changes is the municipality through the urban planning system; for this reason, it should be determined whether this system has the necessary characteristics in this field or not. The descriptive-exploratory research method was chosen. In the exploratory stage, all the experts working in the departments of crisis management, municipality, environment, and regional water were the effective factors in urban planning through Delphi. Among this group, 30 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. In the second stage, the situation of Mashhad municipality was carefully evaluated with a sample of 385 people to evaluate the basic components of an efficient system through exploratory factor analysis. For data analysis, factor analysis, variance analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The results showed that a total of 30 factors are involved in this field, the most important of which are foresight, smart management, and technological infrastructure. The results of the second stage determined that ten main groups have a clear and direct influence in this area, which are, in order of importance: strategic, organizational, technological, information, academic, cultural, social, human, competitive, and environmental dimensions. According to the evaluations conducted in this study, it was found that these indicators collectively explained 62% of the total variance, and the rest was related to factors and contexts that were not considered in this study. Of course, there are clear differences among the factors and indicators mentioned, and therefore, conditions must be created for their activity and effectiveness, considering the priorities set for each of them. To achieve cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive, and economically vibrant, urban planning must consider strategic, organizational, and technological dimensions in a way that works in tandem and reinforces each other. In this situation, while providing social platforms to reduce the consequences of climate change, the ability to adapt will also increase significantly. In this sector, cultural dimensions are the most influential. Because these conditions prepare society mentally and intellectually to coexist with such changes. Despite the fact that the managerial, informational, and competitive dimensions are in completely different positions, the results of this study showed that these dimensions can have a significant impact on the appropriate performance of the municipality in utilizing urban planning knowledge to control and manage the consequences of climate change. In order to control and manage climate change through urban planning, it is necessary to somehow create a consensus among the elites. Therefore, if these factors are carefully considered in urban management and planning, a large part of the inappropriate consequences of climate change will be controlled and managed. This study is one of the few studies that have been carried out in the field of the climate change-urban planning conundrum and corresponding responses. The findings of this research can help ensure that physical developments don't take place in flood-prone areas and buildings meet the requirements of city authorities to improve risk management and enhance response to disasters.

Many of Iran's historical structures have been caught in construction with modern methods and out of the architectural standards of Iranian identity.The aim of the present research was to investigate the concept of the principle of "compatibility" of advanced construction in compiling the principles of suitable housing design in historical contexts.The research method is descriptive.The statistical population is the heads of households living in 9 urban areas of the historical context of Yazd, and 384 people were selected based on Morgan's table. According to the results, 18.6% of the respondents were women and 81.4% were men;Most of them were between 30 and 40 years old (44.3%) and most of them (46.8%) had a bachelor's degree.The effective factors in the favorable and appropriate development of prefab additions in the construction of historic buildings were categorized into three factors: beauty,cost and speed.The average obtained for the speed factor was3.45,the cost factor was3.32and the beauty factor was 3.49.

In recent decades, environmental changes and their associated impacts have resulted in a decline in urban quality of life and the loss of cities' natural identity, threatening their long-term sustainability. This paper aims to propose a model for restoring urban identity and enhancing sustainability through an eco-centric approach. The city of Rey, located in Tehran province, is selected as a case study. The research methodology includes the analysis of historical data through documents and interviews, combined with the application of analytical urban planning methods. Grounded in the philosophy of return, the study introduces a model that promotes environmental adaptation and the restoration of urban identity. The findings demonstrate that historical factors contributing to the city's sustainability can inform the development of a mathematical model for future urban planning. The study concludes by emphasizing the significance of key sustainability elements and the interrelations between them, providing a logical and flexible framework for urban regeneration.