نشریه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1389)

Trade as the most important form of social exchange, is one of main activities of humans,an activity which has made the establishment of specific spaces and places called Bazar. Not only the Islamic geographers and researchers have considered bazar as the distinguishing feature of a city but also the western scientists have considered city as the center of exchange of goods and and the main center of commerce. For this very reason, the Islamic cities are distinguished from all cities of different historical periods by Bazar. This feature has undergone certain changes in the course of fluctuational history of Islamic cities. Such changes in a section of history had given a lofty position to Bazar as the center of economic orientation of the city and region. The economic credit of bazar and traders promoted the social, cultural and religious rank of Bazar in the views of the public. But, in contemporary period, Bazar has been marginalized by modern trading spaces. This research aims to pursue such an issue in Yazd as a sample of Islamic- Iranian cities. For this purpose, in a descriptive, historical and quantitative method, the dimensions and components of Yazd have been reviewed and analyzed. The historical and quantitative analysis of this research shows that though bazaar element as a feature of Islamic city has a proper social and skeletal credit but it does not represent modern trade activities. This significant feature has no place even in professional guilds of Yaza bazaar such as jeweler’s and textile’s and this condition of recession has made fast changes in bazzar.

From the perspective of Islamic ideology, the universe phenomena have two aspects whichare called Appearance and Meaning. In the area of Art and Architecture, paying attention to the inner aspects of art phenomena leads to an attitude in architectural design which is called “Semanticism”. Meaning-based approach in Architectural Design is an attempt to express conscious description of hidden meanings beyond the anatomy of architectural body and the definition of meaning by a semantic architect plays an important role in its semantic attitude. In this article, regarding the cultural and native backgrounds and by using analytical and descriptive method, principles of Islamic ideology are selected as extraction source for influential meanings in architecture and concepts like Monotheism, Unity in the presence of Multiplicity and Emanation of God, are defined in the world of creation. In addition, some samples of architectural tools such as geometry, light and empty spaces (void) which attract Semanticists to express the meanings originated from Islamic culture and Ideology will be reviewed.

The historical texture of cities are part of national, cultural capitals of countries. They are not only valuable from aesthetic perspective, continuation of collective memory and urban identification; but also they are places of housing and livelihood of millions of people. Nonetheless, these textures have some negative features such as: confused appearance, lack of roper access, shortage of urban installations and facilities, chaos in economical, social structure, and skeletal – structural worn out buildings - which have made many people leave these textures. The present research aims at identifying and analyzing the problems of historical texture of Ardakan (a city in Yazd province) in terms of managerial, economical, social, and skeletal areas. The methodology used here is an analytical method. Also, the documentary, field technique and data collectionvia questionnaire have been used and conducted. Using statistical methods and existing data by (in particular the data of public population and housing census) by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software, the problems were identified and necessary analyses and strategies were presented for renovation of the texture. The results indicate the lack of using proper opportunites in the texture as a result of lack of planning and weak management. On the other hand, with the establishment of marginal satellite cities and irregular horizontal expansion of the city (in particular in the west south wing), establishment of main infrastructure and installations in the satellite cities), and the gradual move of offices from city centers, the condition has led to the intensificationof cracks in the texture too. It is such that after the implementation of the mentionedmodel and technique, 51/7 percent of approaches prescribe to maintain the old texture against destruction. However, with the destructive trend of texture and lack of attention of managers, in future, the approach of destruction of the texture will overcome the approach to maintaint it.

The performance of housing and construction sector indicates the importance of this part in the national economy. The activities of this sector not only help with meeting peoples’ vital and humanistic needs, but also, play an important role in respect of creation of jobs for the growing population. The main goal of studying the housing characteristics is to identify its past and present in the historical texture in order to be able to portray an ideal future. The present research is of the type of descriptive - surveying research which has been performed in the method of random sampling without substitution. The results of this research show that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of housing in the historical texture in comparison with the whole city are different. Also, the dimension of household, density and per capita in the historical texture is at a level lower than the whole city. The units made of sun-dried bricks and mud with a 60 years of age andolder, destroying units and tenants units have a higher percentage.

Recognizing the revival-oriented and identiy-oriented trends in the architecture of Post-Islamic Revolution era, offers an opportunity to rethink about the Iranian contemporary architecture. This article is an attempt to analyze the works designed after the Islamic Revoution impartially and far from judging the value of the works. The result of the research is supported by two hundered primary samples from the architectural works of contemporary Iran in the years after the victory of Islamic Revolution. Out of the above-mentioend samples, fifty samples have been studied in details in a contextual-analystic approach. The theoretical framework of research has been drawn based on specizlied literature. In accordance with the researches conducted in the area of Iranian contemporary architecture, first the works have been analyzed based on five general parameters:. The principles of plan cohesion, the concepts of spatial structures, the shape and form of the unit, – the materials in the unit andthe relationship with the surrounding environment.Studies conducted indicate that the revival-oriented trends can be considered among the mostimportant trends in the Iranian contemporary architecture. Tendency to revive the Islamic Iranianidentity is one of the most important goals of this trend which have been performed with an emphasizeon different techniques and methods of architectural design.

In the late decades of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, ustainability has been one of the most prominent discussions in all areas especially in the architectural and urban spaces. This can be balanced by putting together 3 economic, environmental and society elements. Economic aspect is typically respected because of financial and profiting reasons by investors. Even though, in most cases, it is exteremly noticed and may give rise to some problems. Environmental subjects also have certain regulations and are noticed, but what is neglected is the social aspect of development. In the present research and article, the principles of sustainability of residential complexes are studied from the social dimension including: justice, aestheticism, comfort, welfare, security and children’s growth, social identity and other similar issues in Islamic-Iranian cities. In line with this idea, the social sustainability of residential complexes is surveyed from the viewpoint of Iranian experts and authorities to record and combine their valuableacademic and professional experiences on one hand, and their life experiences in residential complexes on the other hand. Then through analyzing the resulting ideas, effective factors in sustainability bases of residential complexes are extracted. This is a research of an exploratory survey type which is performed on the basis of analysis, description and extraction of questionnaires’ outcomes and discovery of sustainability bases and relations among them from the viewpoint, of authorities and social scientists to determine sustainable theoretical bases of residential complexes. In the next stage, comparing it with external facts, it will be possible to obtain scientific principles and architectural solutions. This purpose will be accomplished through regional research and organizing questionnaire among the inhabitants of complexes. These matters willcome under consideration later.