مجله روانشناسی ورزش
سال دوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1389)

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence, group cohesion and aggressiveness among soccer players.

The subjects were included 95 athletics (ages 18- 32) that had been selected by cluster sampling method from II division soccer teams of Tehran. Data were collecting by using Sheering EI standardized questionnaire, Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (CAAS). Data were analyzed, using Pearson's correlation coefficient and statistical regression tests at the significant level of p
0.05.

The findings of the study showed that there is positive and significant relationship between EI and team cohesion, negative and significant relationship between EI and aggressiveness (p<0.01). Emotional intelligence also significantly predicted group cohesion (Adjusted R2 = 0.53), and aggressiveness (Adjusted R2 = 0.36).

Regarding the finding of this study, it seems that paying attention to EI is very effective and valuable for improving mental health and eventually improving performance of soccer players.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of perfectionism, taskoriented and competitive anxiety with athletic performance.

The research sample consisted of 165 men who were selected through random sampling method in tecwando. To collect the data, Sport Dimensional Perfectionism Scale, Goal Orientation Scale, Competitive Anxiety Scale and Checklist of Sport Performance were used. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses.

The results showed that perfectionism (r =-0.45) and competitive anxiety(r =-0.28) were negatively related to sport performance, and task-oriented was positively related to sport performance (r =0.42, P<0.01). The results showed that perfectionism and task-oriented wererespectively the best predictors for sport performance. Also, components of perceived coach pressure and perceived parent pressure of perfectionism explained 29 percent of variance of sport performance.

This results that fairly in keeping with other findings, are important implications about mental health in athletics.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of dispositional flow with social goals, perceived competence and motivational climate in physical education classes.

For this purpose, 779 students, 12 to 16 years old, were asked to complete four questionnaires: perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2; social goal scale physical education; sport competence factor of the Physical Self-Perception Profile; and dispositional flow scale-2 (DFS-2). Data analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation model.

The results of the structural equation model showed that the task-involving climate positively predicted students’ social goals (= 0.60) as well as their perceived competence (= 0.41). Also, social goals (= 0.23) and perceived competence (= 0.58) positively predicted their dispositional flow. The ego-involving climate positively predicted dispositional flow through perceived competence (= 0.40).

The results highlight the ability of the teacher to create a high degree of motivation for the students so as to help them achieve optimal psychological states and continue to participate in physical activity.

The general psychological literature suggests that males are typically more aggressive than females. In the sport domain, however, results concerning the existence of gender differences in judgment about moral behavior have been equivocal. Based on problem, this study was to compare athletic aggressive tendencies in youth basketball girls and boys.

123 athletes (65 male & 58 female) who were member of different teams in a youth basketball league of Tehran, aged 13-19 years (M=16.46_+2.3), were selected and subjected in a random manner. These athletes completed in order three – section questionnaire in the rest time which including demographic, JAMBYSQ (judgment about Moral Behavior in youth Questionnaire), information about how strong the team norms and how athletes’ self – described likelihood to aggress has been collected, and TNQ (Team Norm Questionnaire), information about teammates and coach norms for violate a rule and aggressive. All data were analyzed by chi square and Pearson correlation (p<0.05). Internal consistency of the JAMBYSQ scenarios was established. Also, assessing reliability of both TNQ and JAMBYSQ Questionnaires were determined that those are reliable.

The results indicate that male players have more aggressive Tendencies than female players. In particular, male players perceived that most players would cheat rather than lose an important game more than the female players.

The results obtained based on social learning theory and structural developmental theory. Gender differences in aggression have frequently been reported, such that males show more aggression than females that it can to result of different society expects for males and females.

The purpose of this study was investigating the effect ofdifferent instructions of focus of attention on learning Badminton high Service.

For this reason, 55 female students of Shahid Beheshti University aging from 18 to 25 participated in this study. They were divided into five similar groups based on their pre-test results.The first group got no instruction(self focus). The second group instructed to focus on hands (internal focus). The next three groups were instructed to focus on racket, trajectory of ball and rope respectively (external focus in different distances).The aim was to dotests on acquisition, retention, transfer and transfer under pressure in Badminton High Service (Scott-Fox test). Participants performed 300 acquisition trails for two weeks. Then after 48 hours, 15 retention trails were carried out, after a while 15 transfer trails also performed in different situations.The obtained data was analysed by one-way ANOVA, ANOVA with repeated measurements and Bonferronitest.

The result indicated significant improvement in performance for all groups in acquisition phase. However, there were no significant difference among groups in acquisition and retention phase. The results of transfer phase demonstrated significant difference among focus of attention on rope group in compare with focus on racket for the benefit of racket and there were no significant differences among other groups. Also, self-focus group and focus of attention on rope group indicatedto drop from pre-test and retention to transfer test. These results showed that focus instructions are beneficial to movement learning.For focusattention, it’s better to concentrate on factors which are directly related to movement and paying attention to external unrelated factors(e.g. rope in this investigation) may have weaker results.

The findings suggest that instructions of focus attention are beneficial for motor skill learning and specially those that are directly connected with movement. Also, increased distance external focus attention (rope in this study) hadnt got more benefits for motor skill learning in Badminton high service.Therefore, wulf, prinz(2001) based on optimal distance of focus of attention is confirmed.

The present study was designed to determine the direction and rate of errors in bilateral transfer of dart throwing skill.

Bilateral transfer was determined according to the performance, variable error (VE), constant error (CE), radial error, and total variability (E). Forty four right handed volunteer university students with no previous experience in dart throwing skill took part in the study. After being trained in throwing dart, they were divided with random assignment method in two dominant and non-dominant groups, who practiced with their dominant and non-dominant hand respectively. In pre-test, Participants had 10 throws toward target with each of their hands, then in acquisition stage, each Participant performed the total of 30 attempts (6 session each seasion:5 blocks; each block 10 trials), and finally after 24 houres, they Participated in a post-test. Data were analysed using multi-variable analysis of variance (MANOVA) method, dependent t-student test, and multiple regression analysis.

Results demonstrated that Meanof radial error is the only variable that predicted performance. More transfer occurred from nondominant hand to dominant hand. That may be due to higher speed in transfer of data from right hemisphere to left hemisphere in right-handers.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks stretch and resistance training on balance and reaction time in inactive elderly men.

Thirty one old men (62.5±7 years old, 67.5±9 kg weight & 169±5cm height) of Kahrizak institution who were healthy and they were able to participate in exercise program were selected. They didn’t do any exercise or physical activity priviously. They participated in this experiment voluntarily. This research involved two experimental groups and one control group. Participations divided into resistance training (n=10), stretch training (n=10) and control group (n=11). Experimental groups did exercise for 8 weeks and 3 times a week. But the control group did their routine activities. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t and dependent t tests (level of significant was 0.05) and SPSS11.5 was used.

The results showed that resistance training for 8 weeks resulted in significant increase in static and dynamic balance for inactive men also their simple and selective reaction time decreased. The stretch training for 8 weeks resulted in significant increase in dynamic balance and decreased their reaction time.

Since two kinds of strength and resistance training cause to be improve different factors to preventing fall, Results of this study suggest that elderly can to use both resistance and stretch training for improve their dynamic and static balance and reaction time and decrease fall risks.

The purpose of this study was to compare general health in active and non active elder's women and it's relationship with psychosocial development.

142 elder’s women (71 active elders and 71 non active elders) aged 60 - 85 years, from Tehran city availability selected as statistical sample. All elders were complete the Psychosocial Development Questionnaire (MPD) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).

The results showed that active elder's women had better scores in general health and psychosocial development than non active women elders (P<0/05). There was significant relationship between depression and psychosocial development characteristics in active women elders and depression, disorder in social efficacy and psychosocial development characteristics in non active women elders. Also the result of step wise regression showed that depression component in active women elders and depression and disorder in social efficacy components in non active women elders have linear relation with the criteria variant (psychosocial development) and deserve the prediction of psychosocial development.

According to finding present research could conclude that physical activity is effective to improve the general health and psychosocial development in women elders.