فهرست مطالب مسعود زاده باقری

Improvement of growth and flowering with polyamines application has been reported in different plants. So, in this study application of exogenous polyamines on quantitative characteristics, vase life and endogenous hormones and polyamines contents in rose flower was investigated. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments, three replications and two observations in each replication in a hydroponic greenhouse in Yasouj city. Treatments were including foliar application of putricine (Put) at 1, 2 and 3 mM, spermidine (Spd) at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM, spermin (Spm) at 1, 2 and 4 mm and control. The highest and the lowest fresh weight and flower height were obtained in the plants treated with Spd 1.5 mM and control, respectively. Foliar application of polyamines increased the vase life, so that maximum vase life (16 days) was observed in treated flowers with Spm 1 mM as compared to the other treatments. The highest content of IAA, GA3 and zeatin obtained in treated flowers with Spm 4 mM. The highest ABA content was found in treated flowers with Spd 1.5 mM. The use of exogenous polyamine increased the internal Put and Spd contents. So, the final results of this study revealed that exogenous application of 1.5 mM Spd and 4 mM Spm due to increasing of internal hormones and PAS, caused to increase of vegetative properties and vase life of rose cv. Dolcvita.

Through obtaining the information necessary for fruit storage, high quality fruits can be offered to the domestic market for a longer time period. This study was carried out following a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications (20 fruits for each) and several observations. Research treatments included: various concentrations of calcium chloride (0, 250, & 500 ppm) and storage conditions (cold storage 4±2 C & warehouse conventional 15±2 C). After the harvest and washing processes, the fruits were subjected to treatments for two minutes and the treated fruits were kept in conventional and cold storage for 20 days. The percentage of fruit weight loss, firmness, astringency, and calcium was analyzed. The results indicated that the highest degree of firmness and calcium and the lowest percentages of weight loss and astringency belonged to the fruits which were immersed in calcium chloride at a concentration of 500 ppm and were kept in cold storage.

One of the main problems of Shiraz city’s green space is the change of color and visual quality of turf during cold months. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate tall fescue in order to find if it is suitable for replacement. This experiment was in the form of complete random blocks and it was done during two consecutive years. Each treatment had 4 repetitions. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16.0, and the means were compared using t or LSD tests at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that tall fescue was superior to normal sport grass in cold months with respect to its chlorophyll, catalase, protein, prolin, and soluble sugar content, as well as its visual quality and root depth. Prolin fluctuations in tall fescue were very high which showed that these types of grass can increase the plant’s prolin content under stress. Therefore, there is a fivefold increase in the prolin content of the grass in cold months (cold tension) compared to the beginning of spring (best condition for growth). However, this change does not exist in sport grass. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that tall fescue can resist environmental tension, especially coldness, using different mechanisms, and is a good substitute for normal sport grass.

Due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and also the lack of adequate information on the growth responses of ornamental plants to bio-fertilizers and municipal solid waste compost، this investigation was carried out on Zinnia. Therefore، a field experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design with three replications. Fertilizers included municipal solid waste compost، phosphate biofertilizer Barvar-2، nitroxin biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum sp.)، municipal solid waste compost+ nitroxin + phosphate Barvar-2، municipal solid waste compost + nitroxin، nitroxin + phosphate Barvar-2، municipal solid waste compost + phosphate Barvar-2 and control (without using any fertilizer). The results showed that the highest content of potassium، phosphorus and sodium ions، and greatest flower diameter and plant height were associated with municipal solid waste compost + phosphate Barvar-2 treatment. The interaction of different fertilizer treatments at different growth stages showed that municipal solid waste compost + phosphate Barvar-2 treatment had the highest and nitroxin + phosphate Barvar-2 treatment the lowest effects on fresh and dry leaf weight، chlorophyll a، b، total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Moreover، fertilizers had no significant effects on relative water content (RWC) compared to the control. Overall، it was found that municipal solid waste compost + phosphate Barvar-2 treatment is a suitable growing substrate for Zinnia.

Germination and seedling establishment of the major stages in the life cycle of plants is influenced by various environmental factors. This study was designed to investigate the effect of seed priming on germination characteristics of forage maize plant was done. Priming treatments included four levels (zero, 1, 2 and 3 mM), salicylic acid and salinity of 4 concentrations (zero, 1, 2 and 3%) sodium chloride, respectively. Factorial experiments in completely randomized design with three replications at the Research Lab of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz was performed. Priming with salicylic acid improve percentage rate, the germination index. The results showed that the effect of priming with salicylic acid and salinity on the percentage, speed of germination index, see Index Seed, Seedling and rootlet weight was significant. Highest percentage, speed of germination index of seeds by salicylic acid, 1 and 2 mM prim and salinity was free environment. Vigor index of seeds by salicylic acid, 1 and 2 mM prim and salinity conditions were 1% had the maximum value. Salicylic acid concentration increased to 3 mM reduced traits was assessed in this study. Seedling fresh weight of the seeds by the concentration of 2 mM prim and salinity conditions were 2 percent was highest. Interaction among different concentrations of salicylic acid and sodium chloride showed no significant difference in terms of weight rootlet.

In order to study the effect of drought stress on seed yield and some physiological characteristics of different genotypes of red bean، an experiment was performed in split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. The main plot factor was irrigation surfaces (normal and stress) and the sub plot factor was red bean genotypes including KS31169، D81083 and Goli. Samples were taken after drought stress in the 50% flowering stage، and the amounts of soluble sugars، proline content، sodium and potassium، relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index were measured. Grain yield and 100 grain weight traits were also estimated after harvesting. The results of the experiment showed that the concentration of soluble sugars، proline content، leaf chlorophyll index and K+ increased and relative water content decreased under drought stress. Sodium ions revealed no significance different among genotypes under normal and stress conditions. KS31169 genotype had the highest rain yield، 100 grain weight، leaf chlorophyll index and proline content. D81083 genotype had the highest 100 seed weight، relative water content and soluble sugar content. Amount of potassium ions، relative water content and chlorophyll index increased in Goli genotype. The results indicated that the accumulation of excess sugars، chlorophyll، potassium and proline content in beans can make the plant resistant to drought stress.

In order to investigate the effect of different planting dates and application of different sprayed humic acid compounds on physiological and chemical characteristics in different cultivars of grasses Castor (Ricinus communis L.)، an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Agricultural Research Station located in Shiraz Islamic Azad University، Shiraz، Fars، Iran (located at 29°37′N52°32′E and 1486 m altitude elevated from sea level) during spring 2013. The experiment design was laid out entirely in a split–factorial arranged in a randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the present study، two different varieties of Ricinus communis L. named Impala and Local Dameghan cultivars were considered as the main factor، two levels of sprayed humic acid (1500 and 3000kg/ha-1) as the second factor and planting date as the third factor. During these treatments at harvest time stage، the quantitative and qualitative properties، including (seed yield، oil seed، protein content، total chlorophyll content، carotenoid content) were measured and compared with control. Result showed that total chlorophyll content and oil seed percent at 17 June planting date was significant at P <0. 01. The results indicated that the highest seed oil (50. 08%)، chlorophyll a (5. 17 mg/g)، chlorophyll b (5. 35 mg/g) and carotenoid content (59. 17mg/g) were related to the application of 3000kg/ha-1 humic acid treatment. In addition، the results showed that the highest protein content (22. 3%) was related to Local Dameghan cultivar. On the other hand، the highest seed oil (47. 4%) and chlorophyll a (5. 1mg/g) and chlorophyll b (5. 2 mg/g) were recorded for improvement cultivar.

Knowing the time of maturity is important for different reasons such as defining the proper time for harvest. Plums are perishable fruits and they may have commercial life span between 2 to 6 weeks depending on their variety. Therefore, one of the tools for delaying postharvest changes, which eventually spoil the product, is using cold storage. In order to explore the effect of harvest time on storage time and the quantitative and qualitative properties of Santa Rosa plums, a factorial (factor A with three levels, days after full bloom, and factor B with two levels, storage time) experiment was carried out in a complete randomized blocks design with three replications. The quantitative and qualitative features studied and assessed included phenolic compounds, pectin, pH, total solid solution (TSS), potassium, C vitamin, and weight. These features were evaluated at three different harvest times, i.e. at the beginning, the end and during the 40 day storage period. The results indicated that if harvest is done 115 days after full bloom, it can sustain 40 days of storage under lower temperatures and enhance quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Also, as the storage period increased, the phenolic compounds level decreased.

To study the effect of NaCl salinity on the uptake of mineral elements in different organs of eggplant three cultivars including Jahrom landrace، Dezful slim، Indian cottage grown in outdoor conditions، an experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Ten days old seedlings equal in height and stem diameter in crown area were transformed into plastic pots containing 9 kg local field soil and irrigated with tap water for 20 days. Seven salinity levels were used with concentrations of 0، 10، 20، 40، 60، 80 and 100 mM NaCl. Different amounts of NaCl were added to tap water with electrical conductivity of 219 μS. cm-1 and salinity stress followed for five months. The results showed that the salinity caused increasing Na+ concentration in root، shoot، and leaf and Ca2+ in roots. Moreover، the salinity decreased the root potassium، leaf calcium، and the ratio of K+/Na+ in root، stem and leaf. No significant changes were recorded in the accumulation of potassium in leaf and stem calcium in stem and nitrate in leaf. Among studied cultivars based on measuring the accumulation of excess ions، the Jahromi landrace were evaluated as a higher tolerance genotype in comparison with Dezful slim cultivar which showing the highest sensitivity to NaCl salinity.

In order to evaluate the competitiveness of different varieties of beans and different levels of nitrogen on weed control, a factorial experiment arrangement base on randomized complete block design(RCBD) with three replications was done at Shiraz Azad university The first factor including four varieties of beans (Naz, Goli, Shazand and D801G) and the second factor consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg /ha urea 46. forme the urea nitrogen resource). Analysis of variance showed the effect of bean cultivars for number of pods, seed 1000 weight, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and seed yield were significant at one percent statically level and for the pod length was not significant. The effect of fertilizer levels in all treatments were significant at at one precent statically level. The interaction between fertilizer levels and different bean cultivar were significant for all traits measured Exception for leave total Chlorophyll. The results showed that bean varieties responded differently to different levels of nitrogen. Naz cultivar responded to 40 kg/ha of fertilizer and the highest of grain yield obtained in 40 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer whereas in Goli and Shazand the highest of grain yield obtained to 80 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer. D801G cultivar compared to the 120 kg/ha of fertilizer had the highest grain yield. Minimum of dry weed were related to both Shazand and D801G cultivar and maximum dry weed were related to both Naz and Goli cultivars. Overall results showed that the reaction of bean cultivars to different fertilizer levels and the presence of weeds should be considered fertilizer management in cording to capacity of bean cultivar than nitrogen fertilizer.

For preserving the quality of fruit and consumer preferences as well as managing the market, it is necessary to keep them into cold storage. Pear is a sensitive fruit whose quality and physical features are largely influenced by storage environment. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of polyamines and salicylic acid on preserving quality, nutritional traits, and market preference of pears. Fruits were treated for 5 minutes with two types of polyamine (espermine and espermidine), each with concentrations of 1 and 1.5 milimolar, and the salicylic acid hormone, with concentrations of 4 and 8 milimolar, following the drowning method. They were then put into storage at 0.5 degrees centigrade and the relative humidity of 85%. Samples were taken 8, 18 and 20 weeks after storage and features such as tissue density, humidity, dry weight, vitamin C, TSS, TA, PH, and fruit rot were measured. The results indicated that the polyamine treatment preserved humidity in comparison to the fruits in the control group. During the storage period, fruits in the control group were more rotten compared to the other treatments. The salicylic acid and polyamines treatments were influential in keeping the firmness of fruits and preserving vitamin C.

Bachground and In order to study the antifungal (inhibitory) effect of herbal essences on prevention from growth of Aspergillus Flavus fungus and Aflatoxins، herbal essences، include thyme، mint، eucalyptus، fennel، galbanum، rosemary، and satureja were studied. factorial test was applied in basic completely randomized design. Solid and liquid environments were used for analyzing mycelium fungus. thyme and fennel essences exhibited maximal inhibitory effect. Results suggested that the effects of essence type and essence concentration caused significant differences on A. Flavus colonization percent and AFB1. Also، interaction effects (cultivar*essence concentration) was significant on colonization percentage of this fungus in 5% level. Concentrations of 800and 1000 of fennel (0. 213، 0. 584 ppb) and thyme (0. 215، 0. 452 ppb) had the most inhibitory effects on AFB1 respectively.

Use of biofertilizers is very important in medicinal plants production under a sustainable agriculture aiming to omit or suppress the use of chemical materials. In order to investigate the effect of planting date and Mycorrhiza fungi on the physiological characteristics and active compounds of fennel varieties (Yekta, Vahshi and Barzak), an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design as split-split testing with three replications at 3 different times (5th February=T1, 3rd April=T2 and 4th May=T3) at Semnan agricultural research center in 2010-2011. The main plot was planting date (5th February, 3rd April and 4th May), the sub plot was cultivar (Yekta, Vahshi and Barzak) and the sub-sub plot was Mycorrhiza fungi (0 and 3 kg/ha). The essential oil yield, the contents of protein, carotenoids, chlorophyll a and b were determined. Results showed that, the planting date affected all studied characteristics at P=0.01. Also, the cultivar affected chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids at P=0.01. The maximum seed protein content was observed in 3rd April. Mycorrhiza fungi affected and improved the studied characteristics. Considering that the maximum seed and essential oil yield was obtained from the samples planted in 3rd April, the best time for sowing fennel in Damghan is 3rd April.

Cyanide is a colorless, harmful, and dangerous substance with a smell similar to bitter almond. Cyanide forms a stable compound with iron and magnesium and interferes with cell activity by interfering with respiration, carbon stabilization and nitrate revival. In order to evaluate cyanide metabolism in Fuji and Abassi Mashhad apples, a factorial experiment was conducted as split plot based on a complete randomized block design in 4 replications. The fruits were randomly divided into four separate parts and were stored at four different temperatures (-2, 0, 2, and 4C) in a normal cold storage (under refrigerator conditions), with a relative humidity of 85%±2 for a period of four months. The cyanide accumulation amount and Beta-CAS enzyme activity analysis were evaluated after removal of the samples from the storage for a period of thirteen days. Beta-CAS enzyme activity was assessed using colorimetric method based on the production of H2S. The result showed that the highest cyanide accumulation was at -2C and the lowest was at 4C in both cultivars. It seems that higher temperatures were more effective in the decomposition and metabolization of cyanide. Beta-CAS enzyme activity in Abassi Mashhad cultivar was more than fuji cultivar and different storage temperatures, had different effects on the enzyme's activity. Activity of the enzyme increased daily up to 12 days but decreased on day 13.

Today, use of biological products such as biostimulants were taken into consideration by the agricultural researchers. These products are in consistent with environment and contain nutrients required by the plants and free amino acids. These substances can be effective on recovering of damaged tissues, controlling leaf stomata, preparation of organic materials needed at the flowering by the plant, increase the quality and quantity of yield and accelerate leaf formation and development. This experiment was conducted to determine effects of different concentrations and various application methods of four commercial biostimulants (Fosnutren®, Kadostim®, AminolForte®, HumiForte®) on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of almond cv. Mamaei. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (CRBD) with three replications. Variables such as contents of proline, soluble sugar, yield of fruits, percentage of shelling, percentage of the initial and final fruit sets and fruit drops were measured. Results showed that the use of biostimulant compounds increased leaf area, internal proline content, final fruit formation, decreased fruit drop and incraesed yield of the almond. Application of biostimulants did not significantly affect the initial fruit sets, percentage of shelled kernel and soluble sugar. Aapplication of biostimulants also significantly affected leaf chlorophyll content.