فهرست مطالب mohammad naderi

As a form of narration characterized by various writing techniques, the novel can be analyzed from different critical perspectives. Gérard Genette, drawing on several theorists, studies the function of time in the novel by presenting a salient structural model that can be used to examine its presentation in a given literary text. This study examines the structure of time in Fazl Mokhadar’s Eskandarone based on Genette’s framework. Throughout the novel, the author employs a standard speed of time by creating dialogue between the narrator-protagonist and minor characters. The writer also fills the gap in time by using analepsis in connecting the events and the minor heroes. However, it is possible to observe anachrony in the narrative structure as the narrator sometimes narrates the events in terms of analepsis. Moreover, the author speeds up the narration by eliminating/summarizing events and slows the narration through pauses. This study finds that Eskandarone enjoys a regular and ordered temporal structure which is created by the narrator. The most important aspect of the narrative is its open-ended form as the narrator ends the novel by prolepsis. The novel, accordingly, oscillates between standard and negative narrative speed.

 Job satisfaction is used to measure how content an employee is with the job. Human resources are vital for delivering health services, and health systems cannot function effectively without sufficient numbers of skilled, motivated, and well-supported health workers. Job satisfaction of health workers is important for motivation and efficiency, as higher job satisfaction improves both employee performance and patient satisfaction.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the factors associating with the job satisfaction among Health care personnel.

  In this systematic review, the databases of Embase, Magiran, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched during the years 2000-2022 with the keywords Health care personnel., job satisfaction , physicians, nurses, Family medicine, and Ministry of Health.

 In general, the results of this study showed that various factors such as job promotion, mutual respect, job security, receiving salaries and benefits affect the job satisfaction of Health care personnel and as a result increase people's loyalty to the organization and their work efficiency.

 Considering the scope and diversity of the tasks and goals of the Ministry of Health, treatment and medical education and considering the importance of job satisfaction in providing, maintaining and advancing these goals, the job motivation of professors can be increased by removing and reducing the factors that cause dissatisfaction of these people.

From a geopolitical and geostrategic point of view, Iraq is located in a bottleneck and faces unique geographic restrictions in accessing open waters and international rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates are the main source of water needs of this country, which originate from Turkey. The Tigris and Euphrates watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the Middle East.
The dispute over the manner and amount of exploitation of the three coastal countries (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) which resulted from the disintegration of the Ottoman government, has a long history.
Turkey has built 14 large dams on the Euphrates tributaries and 8 large dams on the Tigris tributaries by implementing the Gap project. Following Turkey's exploitation of the Atatürk Dam (Turkey's largest dam) in 1992, the issue of "environmental security" has been one of the most important concerns of affected countries, especially Iraq.
Following the exploitation of this big dam and 13 other dams, as well as the construction of three dams by Syria, the Euphrates flow to Iraq has decreased by about 90% in recent years.
Ilisu Dam (Turkey's second largest dam) is built on the Tigris River, and if the capacity of this dam is fully utilized, the natural flow of the Tigris to Iraq will decrease by 56%.
With the completion of the Gap project, Turkey will be able to control more than the average annual flow of natural flows in the Tigris and Euphrates in this country. Turkey's dam constructions have led to widespread problems in various dimensions in the region and affected countries, especially Iraq, due to its location in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates watershed and the environment.
The purpose of the research is to explain the effects of Turkey's dam construction on Iraq's national security.This research is important because after Iraq and Syria, Iran is the third country affected by Turkey's dam construction because internal and external factors affecting Iraq's national security for reasons such as long border, cultural, historical, religious commonalities, economic exchanges and significant commercial and political and security interests have similar and extensive effects on Iran's national security.
Iran has vital interests in Iraq, and no country is as influential as Iraq in terms of securing Iran's interests and national security, therefore, a threat to Iraq's vital interests is a threat to Iran's vital interests.
The research has tried to answer the main question that Turkey's dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have had on Iraq's national security and the hypothesis of the research is based on this axis that Turkey has controlled the sources of power production through extensive dams on the branches of the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates and developed policies with the aim of strengthening and perpetuating the "geopolitical position" in the course of interaction and conflict with beneficiary countries of Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq, should use economic, political and security issues as a means of pressure in negotiations and the manner and extent of exploitation of the mentioned rivers. Turkey's dam building policy on Tigris and Euphrates is considered as an independent variable and Iraq's national security is considered as a dependent variable.
This research is of a qualitative type, which analyzed the data and explained the topic with a descriptive-analytical method and applied approach. Information gathering has been collected using library resources and scanning documents, books, articles, media and electronic resources.
The lack, change and destruction of environmental elements are among the most important factors that threaten the life and survival of human societies and governments. Mastery over water resources is mastery of an element that has a vital and strategic role.
Water has a significant role and importance in the environment, sustainable economic development, cultural-social development, political-security stability and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Therefore, the competition of the governments to acquire, exploit and dominate the common water resources due to the vital role and strategic importance of water has created the ground for conflict and conflict between the stakeholders. Since the 1960s and following Turkey's extensive dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates, water leverage has been used as a tool to exert pressure against Iraq.
The problems caused by the water shortage crisis in combination with factors such as the decrease in precipitation due to climate change, the destruction of vegetation and forests, soil erosion due to the decrease in humidity, air pollution due to the change and destruction of environmental elements, and the devastating consequences of three wars in the last four decades. , Iraqis' indiscriminate exploitation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the agricultural, industrial and urban sectors, pollution of water resources and exhaustion of the water storage and transmission network, the process of destruction of natural ecosystems and the destruction of environmental elements of this country, accelerating and has intensified and the health, livelihood and security of the residents of the affected area have been jeopardized to a significant extent. The location of this country in the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates is a geopolitical bottleneck and a factor for threatening this country.
Turkey, Syria and Iran have superior geopolitical advantages over this country due to being located upstream of the rivers entering Iraq. Environmental elements have a transboundary nature, therefore, managing and controlling challenges requires bilateral, regional and international cooperation. Environmental security is related to water security, food security, job security, sustainable economic development and in the macro dimension with the interests and national security of countries and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Considering the five parts of Bozan's theory, the military, political, economic, social and environmental power of Turkey has increased against the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq. Based on Homer Dixon's theory, three factors: environmental destruction, population increase and unequal social distribution of resources due to lack and change of environmental resources and six factors: climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases, destruction of Ozone layer, destruction and reduction of agricultural lands, destruction of  forests, reduction and pollution of fresh water sources and reduction of fishing due to destruction of fisheries following widespread climate change, the possibility of conflicts turning into violent conflicts between Turkey and the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates with this country, between each other, especially Iraq and Turkey, has been strengthened in case of lack of understanding, agreement and constructive interaction. According to Mackinder's theory, the use of power generation resources using natural (energy resources), human and environmental factors (dam construction) has achieved the goal of Turkish hegemony to a significant extent. Based on Ratzel's theory, Turkey has strengthened its national and regional power and vital space against the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates, especially in the face of Iraq. Blocking the natural flow of the international channels of the Tigris and Euphrates is an existential threat, and the demand for Iraq's natural and historical water rights in order to preserve survival, manage and reduce the harmful consequences of this threat is that the emergency measures of the policy makers of this country, regional countries, regional and international organizations and Institutions defending human rights and environmental rights and the United Nations are effective.

Turkey's construction of dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has intensified the process of environmental degradation in large parts of the Middle East, especially Iraq and Syria.The full operation of the Ilisu Dam will further reduce the inflow of stagnant water from the Tigris, Euphrates and Arvand to the country and destroy the environment in the wider Middle East. Environmental damage due to the spread of dust emissions in large areas of Iran, especially in the west and southwest of the country is a serious threat to Iran's national security. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer the question: What effects does the construction of the Turkish dam on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have on Iran's national security? The research findings indicate that the problems imposed on Iraq due to having a long border and common interests in different dimensions, have similar and wide-ranging effects on Iran's national security. It is necessary for Iran and Iraq to adopt the same position towards Turkey due to having large-scale barriers, attracting the attention of other interested countries, and to persuade this country to respect the water rights of the affected countries on the manner and amount of use of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey has taken maximum advantage of these rivers in the absence of the collective will of the beneficiary countries.

Exhausted CD8+ T-cells over-express immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs), which interact with their ligands on malignant cells. However, some ICRs have been reported to be expressed on both T-cells and tumor cells, including V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), Galectin-9, and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3). We aimed to evaluate the mRNA expression of VISTA, Galectin-9, and TIM-3 on CD8+ T-cells and leukemic cells in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Samples were obtained from 26 untreated B-ALL patients and 25 control subjects. CD8+ T-cells were isolated using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS). Relative gene expression was then evaluated by qRT-PCR with specific primers for VISTA, Galectin-9, and TIM-3. Also, the mRNA expression profile and clinical data of 154 B-ALL patients were obtained from the TARGET. mRNA expression of Galectin-9 on CD8+ T-cells in B-ALL patients was significantly lower than those in the control group (P=0.043), while VISTA expression was not significantly different between the two study groups (P=0.259). Besides, TIM-3 expression was significantly higher in B-ALL patients than in the control group (P<0.001). Also, data obtained from TARGET showed that the relapse incidence was not significantly different between patients with high and low expression of Galectin-9 and TIM-3 in leukemic cells (P=0.360 and P=0.655, respectively). Collectively, gene expression results suggest an important role for TIM-3, but not VISTA and Galectin-9, in B-ALL and it seems that TIM-3 could be a candidate for immune checkpoint therapy.

Turkey, with its upstream position in the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, has built 14 dams on the Euphrates and 8 dams on the Tigris. Since the main tributaries of these rivers originate in Turkey, these dams have the ability to control almost all the annual flows of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the country. The construction of dams in Turkey has provided the ground for conflict between the countries affected by the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates with this country and among each other. The aim of this study is to explain the consequences of Turkish dams on the national security of the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates. This research tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method What implications has the construction of Turkish dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had on the national security of the countries affected by these rivers? Findings show that Turkish dam construction has weakened natural ecosystems by drying up large parts of the Mesopotamian wetlands and destroying the environment of the affected area by forming foci of dust formation, increasing disease, unemployment, smuggling, insecurity and expanding migration. Using its geopolitical position, Turkey has pursued its unilateralist and expansionist policies by controlling the vital and strategic resources of the Tigris and Euphrates basins, operating and playing a hydro-hegemonic role. Turkish dams have endangered the national security of countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Data collection was done by library method and with the tool of recording documents, books, media, articles and electronic sources

Investigation of ecological, hydrological and habitat suitability status of aquatic communities is one of the key elements in river ecosystem management. In this regard, in the present study, the determination of the minimum environmental flow of Liqvanchay River using hydrological method of Tennant based on hydrological Information and estimation of ecologically optimal water requirement using Habitat Simulation Model as well as hydromorphocological analysis and habitat suitability of index fish Salmo trutta L.1758 were investigated. For this purpose, mesohabitat simulation based on curves habitat suitability index were performed by field studies and sampling of hydraulic (depth, velocity and bed index) and ecological parameters and accordingly, a new method of classifying the ecological flow regime according to the echohydraulic indices of habitat suitability (water depth, flow velocity and bed) was considered. First, the geometry of the Liqvanchay River model and cross sections was created using the topography map of Liqvanchay River and Arc-GIS software. Then the hydraulic simulation of the river was performed with HEC-RAS software. In the next step, hydromorphocological and habitat simulation were performed in MesoHABSIM model. In this Echohydraulic Model, the relationship between the hydraulic flow and the habitat needs of the species Salmo trutta was established by Weighted Usable Area, and the discharge- habitat suitability curves of the target species were extracted in different discharges in both adult and juvenile life stages. By extracting the discharge- habitat suitability curve, the desirability of the river in terms of quantity and location was investigated. The results showed that the optimal ecological flow velocity should be in the range between 0.27 to 0.76 m/s and the ecological water depth should be in the range between 0.3 to 0.7 m in different seasons and parts of the river.

Since man has two material and spiritual realms, in order to achieve perfection in each of these dimensions, precise and appropriate tools are needed. Undoubtedly, one of the most important tools for spiritual growth in human beings is the divine teachings that have been fully provided to human beings in the Qur'an. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the role of spiritual excellence in improving the efficiency of law enforcement personnel, based on scientific data only, away from value prejudices. The framework for presenting and analyzing the data is such that first a topic is selected and then it is explained by quoting verses and some narrations.

This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library documents and field studies in Amin Police University.

The findings of this study show that among the effects of spiritual excellence are: increasing public trust in the police force, bestowing material and spiritual blessings in the light of security, gaining dignity and honor, laying the groundwork for the realization of the utopia, the legitimacy of Islamic justice and the expansion of justice in various social matters. The excellence of the level of spirituality in man is associated with epistemological, moral and social growth. Based on this, it can be concluded that the spiritual excellence of I. R. I. Police employees is a necessity to achieve an excellent organization and Islamic society.

Regarding the major determinant of Anastomosis angle in the efficiency of fistula for dialysis, obtuse angle Anastomosises are designed and simulated with angles of90,120,135and145 degree and the obtained results are evaluated from standpoint of flow patterns at the region of the Anastomosis and shear stress in the fistula wall. In this study, in order to compare obtained results in fistula, two Newtonian and carreau non-Newtonian blood models are used at maximum flow rate of blood pulsation curve (flow rate at the time of0.2and0.4seconds respectively). At angle of 90degrees, the formed vortices dimensions, due to the separation of the flow during passing through the region of the Anastomosis, significantly larger than obtuse angles. Consequently, the probability of deposition in the region of the flow increases sharply. from the standpoint of flow pattern, the 90degree angles are inappropriate Anastomosis angle for fistula. At the obtuse angles, the dimensions of these vortexes become much smaller, and then the obtuse angles are considered a better choice. From the standpoint of maximum shear-stress, Anastomosis with obtuse angles in comparison with the Anastomosis angle of 90degrees, has lower maximum shear stress values and the range involved in the maximum shear stress in Anastomosis with 90degree is much wider than the range of Anastomosis with the obtuse. Hence, the probability of manifestation of thrombosis (the main factor of fistula failure) is much higher. In this simulation, the results related to the Newtonian and non-Newtonian models are very close, and the non-Newtonian model predicts shear stress slightly more.

A good understanding of the river natural flow regime plays an important role in many hydrological studies. Such studies also quantify the environmental flow, the basis for the conservation of river fish habitats and aquatic ecosystems, and need to be recognized in the policies and decisions of water resource development plans and their inclusion in watershed management plans. In the present study were calculated and evaluated hydrological methods such as Tennant, Aquatic Base Flow, Arkansas and Range of Variability Approach (RVA) to estimate the minimum ecological flow and Habitat Simulation model to preserve the ecological potential of the Jajroud River. In this regard, based on the research framework, after hydrological analysis and field observations, a habitat suitability model was developed for the target species and finally, habitat simulation was performed by combining ecohydraulic and hydrological indices of flow and analysis of flow - habitat physics time series using suitability curves. Based on the results, to maintain optimal conditions and protect the ecosystem components and habitat of biological communities, using the River2D model range of flow regime required to provide habitat ecological potential Squalius namak, it should be located along the Jajroud River between 1.24 to 18.55 m3/s, with mean annual flow 5.91 m3/s (86.7 Percent Mean Annual Flow). It is noteworthy that the Tennant methods should be used with caution in summer because this method offers between 9 and 96 percent of the mean annual flow. Finally, it was concluded that other methods of providing environmental flow provide values above 25% of the mean annual flow, which provide better protection of the stream for aquatic habitats. In contrast, the River2D ecohydraulic model can provide a general idea of habitat suitability across different river basins with respect to changes in natural flow regimes and the achievement of ideal and optimal flow conditions.

Due to the increasing deterioration of river life systems because of human intervention, droughts and climate change, the recognition of the environmental flow in planning water resources development studies to maintain the health of it is necessary. The main objective of in this research is to implementation and assessment the methods of Tennant, Flow Duration Curve, Eco deficit, Aquatic Base Flow, Flow Duration Curve shifting (FDC Shifting) and Desktop Reserve Model (DRM) in estimating the environmental flow of Gharasoo River in different months of the year in the range of studies of Siahab hydrometry station to entrance to Gorgan Gulf in order to conservation and restoring of the above river. In the present study by comparing the results of suggested values of environmental flow in Gharasoo River were determined to be estimate Tennant method 0.57 m3/s for April to September and 0.19 m3/s for October to March, Flow Duration Curve method in conditions of relatively suitable (Q90) and suitable (Q75) was respectively 0.17 and 0.393  m3/s, Aquatic Base Flow method 0.57 m3/s, FDC Shifting method in relatively modest conditions with an annual average of 0.94 m3/s, Eco deficit method 0.88 m3/s and in class B DRM model 0.69 m3/s. Accordingly, by providing the ecological regime of the Gharasoo River, it is possible to maintain proper conditions for maintaining the ecosystem health using FDC Shifting method in C management class (48.5 percent of natural stream of the river).

Hydrological regimes play a major role in restructuring and operating ecological processes, wetlands and river ecosystems. Hydrological regimes of rivers flowing due to the construction of significant changes in the dam cause spatial and temporal heterogeneity of river systems and degradation of natural ecosystem services and threat to biodiversity. In this regard, effective management of the river ecosystem needs to describe the parameters of the hydrological regime of the natural flow and determine the degree of changes in the two statistical periods before dam construction and altered flow regime (after dam construction). In this study using IHA software, 33 hydrological parameters as indicators of hydrological change, in five statistical groups at Molasani and Ahvaz Hydrometric stations, to evaluate changes in Karun River downstream of Gotvand Dam from 1983 to 2018 in two periods Statistical normal flow regime and modified flow regime were used. According to the results, the hydrological indices at the Molasani and Ahvaz hydrometry stations changed significantly during the changed flow regime, so that the mean discharge values significant decrease in most months. Also, the percentage of hydrological change of 23 parameters in Molasani Hydrometry Station high, and 11 other parameters were low, and in Ahwaz Hydrometry Station, 24 parameter medium to high, and 12 other their changes were low. This indicates the high degree of hydrological changes in the Karun River Basin. The results of maximum daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly flows show that the construction of the dam has a negative effect on the Karun River discharge. The results of the study on the variability of the river variability approach also showed that the appropriate range of monthly discharge values at Molasani Hydrometric Station for the first six months of the water year, provided river life goals proportional to 2231.4 to 532.3 m3/s and for the second six months of the year this range was between 345.5 to 1235.4 m3/s, while at Ahvaz Hydrometric Station, for the first six months of the year, the appropriate range of monthly discharge ranges between 272.7 to 562.8 m3/s and for the second six months of the year this range was between 314.2 to 1255.6 m3/s. Finally, up to the annual values of each hydrological index of the river after the dam construction as far as possible in equilibrium with the flow domain reported inof the range of variability approach, in order to maintain optimal ecological conditions and integrity of the Karun River ecosystem water resources management (Regulatory role of Gotvand dam on flow regime).

A good understanding of the river natural flow regime plays an important role in many hydrological studies. In integrated water resources management, it is necessary to determine the environmental flow in river systems that affect the health of river habitats, water-dependent systems and aquatic life. In the present study were calculated and evaluated hydrological methods (Tennant, Q50 and Q90, Esmakhtin, flow duration curve shifting (FDC Shifting), Texas and Water Quality) and hydraulic (Wetted Primer) estimating the environmental flow of the Qarasoo River in different months of the year. Based on the results of this study, for the protection of the Qarasoo River in the minimum acceptable environmental conditions, FDC Shifting method in management class C with a flow of 0.96 m3/s (53 Percent Mean Annual Flow) in this study due to the consideration of biodiversity management classes and the proper adaptation of the pattern changes within the year of environmental flow and the mean annual flow and its flexibility with respect to changes in the monthly flows river under study. On the other hand, the efficacy, flexibility and effectiveness of the Tenntant, Q90 and Smakhtin methods are not sufficient to protect the river habitat under study due to an inappropriate estimate environmental flow. Also, comparison of water allocation for environmental flow with Wetted Primer and Tennant methods in the studied river showed that shortage of flow is observed in summer and winter seasons (river flow is less than environmental flow). Finally, it was concluded that other environmental flow methods provide values above 20% of the mean annual flow, which provide better flow protection for the river habitat. It is noteworthy that the Wetted Primer and Tennant methods, with assigning a more portion of the river flow regime to the environmental segment, should be used with caution in summer. The optimal environmental flow regime will be effective when released and provided in the river at the appropriate time to continue bio-activities, river habitat performance and the preservation of the river bed morphological conditions.

Water resources management in the basin area is increasingly associated with the allocation of environmental flows as a tool for improving the quality of ecosystem habitats in river conservation and restortion projects. In order to facilitate the estimation of the environmental flow of the Gharasoo River in Golestan province, based on the research framework after the hydrological analysis and field studies and observations, the Habitat Suitability model of the C.Capoeta gracilis species was developed and in the next step, of the flow was performed hydrodynamic modeling of the hydraulic parameters, and Finally habitat simulation and modeling with the integration of ecological and hydrodynamic studies of the flow and extracted the ecological flow regime. Based on the results of this study, C.Capoeta gracilis species in various stages of life has shown a response to changes in hydraulic parameters (depth and velocity) and flow rate, and to conservation of the ecosystem of the Gharasoo river using River2D model and variables of Habitat physics and Habitat Suitability Index of based Weighted Usable Area, Minimum and Maximum Environmental Flows are proposed to be 0.47 m3/s for the month of September and 3.03 m3/s for month of May. Results of this study showed the use of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for modeling the habitat desirability of the target species can recommended a tool for improving the performance of modeling in habitat simulation and implementation of the ecological river regime in river engineering projects conservation and restoration.

Perpetrators of drugs use methods that make it difficult to arrest them. This issue has made it difficult for the police and the judiciary to find out the cause of the crime. For this reason, in some cases the police inevitably use covert operations to detect and prove a crime. On the other hand, the legality of reasoning is legally necessary. In this regard, this research intends to examine the legal status and dimensions of the operations covered by drug offenses. Research This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is an analytic research. The data were collected and analyzed in a documentary manner, a library of legal sources, journals, dissertations. In this research, the existing documentation on the legal aspects of resorting to covert operations in drug discovery in the Islamic Republic of Iran is discussed. The findings of the investigation indicate that the legislator is substantially silent about the possibility of resorting to covert operations, but given the rules such as the substantive rule in paragraph b of Article 158 of the Islamic Penal Code, it is permissible to apply it to drug offenses. According to legal rules, when two rights are in conflict and the preservation of one requires the deterioration of the other, legally less valuable right is not taken into account. Furthermore, important in this debate is the protection of community safety, but this is not a denial of police responsibility for violating legal regulations. Therefore, resorting to covert operations is legally necessary and defensible under the jurisdiction of the competent judicial officer.

The apostasy of the Companions has been one of the doubts that since past to now have been attributed to Shia. One of the sources of this doubt is the hadith of " " ارتد الناس بعد النبی الا ثلاثه [after Prophet, all of people became apostates, except three]. The dignity of Companions and their place in the Quran and traditions, make it necessary to discussion about this hadith. The present writing tries to use the sources, texts and documents in the hadith books; firstly, in order to evaluate this hadith based on issuance, and then in order to explain the meaning of the hadith words and to express the views of the Sunni and Shia scholars. This writing, for the first time, validates the above-mentioned hadith and its implication it, and analyzes it with a narrative - literary method, and by using the textbooks and Quranic - Hadithic implications, would explain the types of apostasy and offers a proportionate meaning to this hadith.

Drug offenses are being committed in a number of new and varied ways. This has put police and judicial authorities into some problems in the process of crime detection and its reasons, and has urged criminal justice and police officers to employ methods such as covered operations to discover and prove the crime. Given the silence of the law on the legitimacy of such acts, the purpose of this article is to examine the legal status and scope of covered operations in the criminalistics of drug offenses.

In terms of its objectives this research is of an applied study and of a qualitative type and in terms of its methodology it is descriptive-analytical. The data have been extracted and analyzed in a documentary and library studies on legal and Islamic books. Findings and

The findings of this study showed that according to the existing legal rules, including the rule of emergency, the rule of dispossession to corrupt, the principle of conflict and the rule of law, the covered operation in the discovery of narcotic crimes is permissible from the legal point of view.

.The targeted 75 patients with a score of 45- 55 imagery and had no history of basketball free throw were selected and were divided in 5 groups, each of 15; control, mental imagery PETTLEP Constant, group mental imagery PETTLEP Constant combined with physical exercise Constant, group imagery PETTLEP of the variable, group mental imagery PETTLEP variable combined with physical exercise variables. To collect data was used in the Movement Imagery Questionnaire – Revised (MIQ-R).At first of all groups were taken pre-test of basketball free throw. Exercise protocol, eight sessions were conducted for eight days. At the end, taken post-test. After Data normality and equality of variances, The result have been surveyed by analysis of variance, Tukey test and also the 16 version of SPSS in P value of P

Disposable Plastic Containers (DPCs) are widely in use in our daily life in many locations and times. Despite their great advantages including low cost, easy access, convenient transferring and no need to clean up, the indiscriminate use of them can be a concern, if they are not applied in the correct way of usage. This study aimed to assess the student's knowledge, and behavior regarding the correct use of DPCs. A questionnaire was designed using scientific literatures and health expert consultation. The resulting 26-item scale which included questions for sample characteristics (N=4), knowledge (N=19), and behavior (N=3) was approved in terms of reliability regarding Cronbach's alpha score of 0.8. Developed instrument was administered to a cross section of 200 students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in mid-2016. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results indicated that 59.3% of the individuals had used DPCs more than once. Only 5.8% of the respondents were familiar with safety codes on the bottom of DPCs. The differences in the mean score of knowledge were not statistically significant in terms of gender, marriage status, level of education, and college. Considering total knowledge score of 18 on the designed scale, the maximum score of knowledge was observed in men (5.88±2.26), in married ones (6.11±2.55), in PhD students (6.5±2.39), and in dental college (6.31±2.65). According to the results, the students’ knowledge regarding the safe use of DPCs was very low (less than one third of the ideal knowledge) and their usage behavior was also relatively false.

This study was designed to find out the impact of the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFRSF1B) on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) risk in an Iranian population. This case-control study was done on 159 PTB patients and 158 healthy subjects. Bi-allelic TNFRSF1B VNTR was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association between TNFRSF1B VNTR and PTB risk (P>0.05). Our findings proposed that TNFRSF1B VNTR polymorphism is unlikely to confer susceptibility to PTB.

Interleukine-12 (IL-12) induced interferon-γ (IFN- γ) production and development of T cells into Th1 cells, which has a critical role in immunity to intracellular pathogens..
The current study aimed to evaluate the possible association between IL12A rs568408, IL12B rs3212227 as well as IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) rs383483 polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)..
This case-control study was conducted on 174 confirmed PTB patients and 177 healthy subjects in a sample of southeast Iranian population. Genotyping was performed by the tetra amplification refractory mutation system- polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) method..
The frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes of IL12A rs568408 variant in cases and controls were 58.9%, 38.5%, 1.7% and 61.6%, 37.3%, 1.1%, respectively. Regarding rs3212227 variant, the frequencies of AA, AC and CC genotypes in cases and controls were 47.1%, 54.4%, 7.5% and 50.8%, 43.5%, 5.7%, respectively. Concerning IL12R rs383483 polymorphism, the frequencies of AA, AG and GG in cases and controls were 39.1%, 31.4%, 29.5% and 40.2%, 25.3%, 34.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in allele and genotype frequency of IL12A rs568408, IL12B rs3212227 and IL-12R rs383483 polymorphisms between patients with PTB and control groups (P > 0.05)..
The findings of the current study show that neither IL12A rs568408 and IL12B rs3212227 nor IL-12R rs383483 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of PTB in our population. Further studies with larger sample sizes and various ethnicities are needed to certify our findings..

Analyzing the problem of happiness, its essence, norm, degrees and objective components are to be studied. With analysis of the components, Tusi`s model of happiness and his value pyramid of degrees of happiness would be made clear. For Tusi, happiness consists in comprehensive pleasure and attaining perfections. On the basis of gradual nature of perfection and pleasure, happiness would be gradual also and longitudinal pyramid of values for the degrees of happiness would appear in mind. As is understood by Tusi,hapiness in Aristotlian theory has not been limited to the perfection of rational soul`s accidental powers; rather, he theorize on such a high level of happiness that includes other degrees. Objective and bodily perfections, deliverance from vilenesses, attaining perfections, justice and knowledge are, for him, longitudinal components of happiness actualization; though their effects in its actualization are not of the same level.

There are conflicting results concerning DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR VNTR polymorphisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible association between DC-SIGN as well as DC-SIGNR VNTR polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample of Iranian population. This case-control study was done on 171 PTB and 161 healthy subjects. The variants were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DC-SIGNR VNTR genotypes in cases were 12.7% for 5/5, 2.4% for 6/5, 32.7% for 7/7, 38.2% for 7/5, 5.5% for 7/6, 1.2% for /5, 0.6% for 9/6, 6.7% for 9/7 in PTB patients and 19.7% for 5/5, 2.0% for 6/5, 31.6% for 7/7, 37.5% for 7/5, 5.7% for 7/6, 0.0% for 9/5, 0.7% for 9/6, 2.6% for 9/7 in controls. The findings showed no significant association between DC-SIGNR VNTR polymorphism and PTB. All subjects in cases and controls were 7/7 genotype regarding DC-SIGN VNTR polymorphism. Our data propose that DC-SIGNR VNTR, as well as DC-SIGN VNTR, were not associated with the risk of PTB in a sample of Iranian population.

TAP1 and TAP2 genes encode heterodimeric molecule involved in endogenous antigen processing. The present study was undertaken to find out the possible association between TAP1 and TAP2 polymorphisms and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample of Iranian population. Polymorphisms of TAP1 (rs1057141, rs1135216) and TAP2 (rs2228396, rs241447, rs67511411, rs141555015) were determined in 173 PTB patients and 164 healthy subjects. Our findings showed that rs1135216 AG, GG and AG+GG genotypes increased the risk of PTB in comparison with AA (OR=2.36, 95%CI=1.47-3.79, p<0.001; OR=19.13, 95%CI=2.47-148.2, p<0.001 and OR=2.77, 95%CI=1.74-4.39, p<0.001, respectively). The rs1135216 G allele was associated with increased risk of PTB (OR=2.65, 95%CI=1.784-3.969, p<0.001). TAP2 rs241447 AG and AG+GG genotypes decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.41, 95%CI=0.26-0.65, p<0.001; OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.35-0.85, respectively). No significant association was found between TAP1 (rs1057141), TAP2 (rs2228396, rs67511411, rs141555015) variants and PTB. In conclusion, our findings proposed that TAP gene polymorphisms might be associated with PTB susceptibility among patients in Zahedan, southeast Iran.

Chitotriosidase (CHIT1), the major chitinase in human airways, is expressed by pulmonary macrophage. Variation in the coding region with 24 bp duplication allele results in reduced CHIT1 activity.. The present study was designed to assess the impact of 24 bp duplication in exon 10 of human CHIT1 gene on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) risk..Patients and This case-control study was performed on 173 PTB patients and 164 healthy subjects in Zahedan, southeast Iran. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the variant.. Homozygous wild type, heterozygous and homozygous mutant frequencies of CHIT1 24 bp duplication polymorphism were 43.9%, 43.9% and 12.2% in controls and 42.8%, 45.1% and 12.1% in PTB patients. We found the mutant allele frequency of 34.2% and 34.7% in controls and cases, respectively. Chi-square comparison of PTB and control subjects and logistic regression analysis revealed no association between CHIT1 24 bp duplication and PTB.. In conclusion, CHIT1 24 bp duplication might not be a candidate gene for susceptibility to PTB. Larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings in various populations..