فهرست مطالب mohammadreyaz raeisi

Cultural materialism is one of the main subfields of cultural studies in literature. From the point of view of cultural materialists, ideology, no matter how powerful, is never completely dominant; poets and writers can engage in activism and cultural resistance in opposition to the prevailing cultural and political hegemony. The dominant culture, therefore, does not fully achieve its goals. The most prominent components of cultural materialism are: 1. connection of the literary text with its historical context. 2. vulnerability of the dominant ideology and adoption of resisting approaches. 3. discourse creation or strengthening of discourses in literary texts. The present study investigates the reasons of Atâ-Malek Joveyni’s resistance against the Mongol rule through the lens of cultural materialism with a descriptive-analytical method. Findings show that as a writer and a cultural-political activist, Joveyni, despite his cooperation with the Mongols, is not limited to the cultural-political discourse of Mongols and enjoys independent thinking. He is not alone in adopting such an approach and shares the same discourse with Saadi, Saif Farghani, Khwaju Kermani and Ubayd Zakani. The most important reasons for Joveyni’s activism and his resistance against Mongol power are: 1. Mongol reliance on hard power in contrast to Iran's cultural-literary soft power. 2. internal contradictions and gaps in Mongol ideology and the necessity of adopting a resisting approach. 3. survival of the discourse of anti-tyranny and patriotism throughout the history of Persian literature.

Shirin and Haani in the poems of Khosrow and Shirin Nizami and the Balochi poems of Haani and Shaimrid have many similarities. Both characters are in a male-controlled space and firstly, men treat them as a thing (object). In the beginning, Khosrow and Chaakar try to capture Shirin and Haani as an object. The present research compares the characters of Shirin and Haani and their female activism and activity with a descriptive-analytical method and answers these questions: Are Shirin and Haani agents in these two stories? How do they achieve female activism in a patriarchal context? The results of this research show that Shirin and Haani are not passive, but have action. The female intervention of Shirin and Haani in these two stories finally overcomes the patriarchal approach. In encountering the patriarchal discourse, they are finally promoted to the position of subjectivity with the agency. Shirin does not remain passive in the face of Khosrow and Shaapur's demands, and after a while, she overcomes their masculinity and wins over Khosrow with her activism. Haani is not passive against male hegemony and overcomes the patriarchal view of Chaakar and Shaimorid; finally, with his activism, she releases the chaakar and acquires Shaimorid. In this way, Shirin and Haani not only free themselves from the control of male hegemonic discourse by presenting a female counter-discourse but also they elevate the character of Khosrow and Shaimorid at the end.

The Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra” by Reza Ghasemi is one of the most significant postmodern stories in Persian literature. It tells the life of a group of Iranian immigrants and exiles living in France who are still struggling with their original culture and beliefs. Chaos theory, which is one of the well-known and widely used theories in physics and meteorology, is reflected in this story. Since this story is a piece of metafiction, the author/narrator consciously refers to the chaos theory and in particular to the butterfly effect. This study, after introducing the most characteristic features of chaos theory, reads “The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra” in light of this theory. It uses a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the effect of chaos theory on the postmodern aspects of this fiction and on the lives and destinies of the characters. We seek to show how the manifestation of a scientific theory in the story reinforces its postmodern aspects. Chaos theory is used in various sciences. It talks about nonlinear events and processes based on uncertainty. The manifestation of chaos theory in this story distinguishes it from others. According to this theory, complex and turbulent phenomena and events are the result of multiple causes and constantly affect each other. These kinds of phenomena are sensitive to their initial conditions and their various components, based on the butterfly effect, self-similarity, dynamic adaptation, and strange attractors, show a kind of order in disorder or a quasi-chaotic situation. The results of this study show that the chaos theory, through disturbing and unfamiliar propositions, highlights the postmodern aspects of the story and at the same time justifies the confusion of the characters while coordinating the form and content. This theory describes the intertwined and complex lives and fates of the characters in a postmodern way and shows the effects of small variables on large events and the fates of the characters.