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فهرست مطالب mohammadreza eslami

  • سمیه حیدری*، محمدرضا اسلامی، علی قهرمانی، مهین حاجی زاده
    بنا بر یافته های زبان شناسی شناختی ، بدن انسان و تجربه های فیزیکی او نقش مهمی در معماری شناختی وی دارد؛ موضوعی که تحت عنوان «شناخت بدنمند» از محوری ترین اصول نگرش شناختی به زبان است. یکی از نمود های این اصل، استفاده از بدن واژه ها در توصیف مفاهیم انتزاعی است؛ پدیده ای که در همه زبان ها یافت می شود و بستری مناسب برای مطالعه مفهوم پردازی های ذهنی و به تبع آن فرهنگی هر قومی است. پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، نام اندام «عین» را به عنوان پربسامدترین اندام واژه در فرهنگ سه جلدی «المعجم الموسوعی للتعبیر الاصطلاحی فی اللغه العربیه» اثر «محمد محمد داود» مورد واکاوی قرار داده است تا مشخص نماید عرب زبانان چگونه و در مفهوم سازی چه حوزه هایی از آن استفاده کرده اند؟ بررسی داده ها حاکی از آن است که نام اندام «عین» در این زبان ابزاری شناختی است که مفهوم پرداز حوزه های مقصد متعددی است که بیشتر آن ها حوزه های انتزاعی هستند و با حوزه های مقصد متداولی که «کووچش» (1946) معرفی کرده است همخوانی دارند؛ «حالت ها و کنش های روان شناختی و ذهنی»، «تجربه ها» و «فرآیندهای اجتماعی» ازجمله آن هاست که در این میان، بسامد «حوزه های عملکردهای روان شناختی و ذهنی» قابل تامل است. تحلیل شناختی این اصطلاحات با سازوکار های شناختی استعاره مفهومی، مجاز مفهومی و دانش متعارف قابل انطباق است که نگاشت های استعاری «چشم، ظرف است»، «چشم، انسان است» و مجاز «ابزار به جای کنش»، از بیشترین فراوانی برخوردار است.
    کلید واژگان: زبان شناسی شناختی, شناخت بدنمند, مفهوم سازی, نام اندام «_ عین»}
    Somayye Heydari *, Mohammadreza Eslami, Ali Ghahramani, Mahin Hajizadeh
    Cognitive linguistics research has revealed that the human body and its physical experiences are integral components of cognitive architecture. The concept of "embodied cognition" is a fundamental principle within the Cognitive linguistics. The utilization of linguistic expressions to depict abstract notions is a manifestation of a fundamental principle. This phenomenon is ubiquitous across all languages and presents a viable avenue for investigating the cognitive and cultural conceptualizations of various ethnic groups. Utilizing the descriptive-analytical approach, the current study has examined the term "Ayn" in the three-volume work of "Al-Maajm al-Musaoi Lal-Tabir al-Istalahi fi Al-Lagha Al-Arabiya" authored by Mohammed Mohammad Dawood. The objective of this investigation was to ascertain how Arabic speakers have employed this term in conceptualization and to identify the specific regions where it is most frequently used. The findings of the data analysis suggested that the term "Ayn" in this language serves as a cognitive instrument that conceptualizes multiple target domains, many of which pertain to abstract domains. These target domains align with the ones introduced by Kovecses (1946), including "psychological and mental states and actions," "experiences," and "social processes." Notably, the frequency of the "psychological and mental performance domains" is noteworthy among these domains. The cognitive examination of these concepts can be customized to the cognitive processes of conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, and conventional knowledge. The metaphorical mappings "eye is a container," "eye is a person," and metonymy of "a tool instead of an action" is noted to be among the most prevalent.
    Keywords: Cognitivelinguistics, Embodiment Conceptualization, Body Part, Eye}
  • آیت شوکتی*، محمدرضا اسلامی، سهیلا کاظم علیلو

    قرآن کریم، همواره یکی از سرچشمه های غنی و لایزالی است که شاعران و نویسندگان مسلمان از آن بهره برده اند. پیشینه بهره گیری از قرآن کریم در شعر فارسی، عمری به درازای اسلام ایرانیان دارد. تناص (بینامتنیت) یکی از نظریه های نقدی ادبی جدید است که در نیمه دوم قرن بیستم میلادی توسط ژولیا کریستوا مطرح شد. در حقیقت، تناص، اصطلاحی جدید است که دارای مفاهیمی قدیمی در ادبیات است. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است با استفاده از روش توصیفی - تحلیلی به بررسی انواع بینامتنی در قصاید فرید اصفهانی، یکی از شاعران کمتر شناخته شده هم عصر سعدی، بپردازد. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که وی بیشترین بهره را از بینامتنی جزیی برده که در قالب کلمات، جملات و عبارات قرآنی رخ نمایانده است. نیز می توان بینامتنی اشاره ای (تلمیحی) را یکی دیگر از پرکاربردترین انواع بینامتنی در شعر وی دانست که در قالب فراخوانی داستان ها و شخصیت های قرآنی نمایان شده است. شاعر به ندرت از بینامتنی الهامی و مفهومی بهره گرفته است.

    کلید واژگان: قرآن کریم, شعر فارسی, بینامتنی, فرید اصفهانی}
    Ayat Shokati *, Mohammadreza Eslami, Soheila Kazem Alilou

    The Holy Quran is always one of the rich and timeless sources that Muslim poets and writers have used. The history of using the Holy Quran in Persian poetry is as long as Iranian Islam. Tanas (intertextuality) is one of the new literary criticism theories that was proposed by Julia Kristeva in the second half of the 20th century. In fact, Tanas is a new term that has old concepts in literature. The present study aims to investigate intertextual types in the poems of Farid Esfahani, one of the lesser-known poets of Saadi's age, using the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that he benefited the most from partial intertextuality that appeared in the form of Quranic words, sentences and phrases. It is also possible to consider indicative intertextuality as one of the most widely used types of intertextuality in his poetry, which is shown in the form of invoking Quranic stories and characters. The poet has rarely used inspirational and conceptual intertextuality.

    Keywords: Holy Quran, Persian poetry, intertextuality, Farid Isfahani}
  • عبادالله جهان آبادی، سید نعمت الله موسوی*، محمدهاشم موسوی حقیقی، محمدرضا اسلامی

    در این مطالعه با استفاده از رویکرد دیمتیل فازی ارتباطات علی بین عوامل و معیارهای مدیریت زنجیره تامین پایدار گوشت مرغ از سه دیدگاه خوشبینانه، بدبینانه و میانه ارزیابی شد. برای این هدف گروهی از متخصصان برای پاسخ های ذهنی به این تاثیرات در قالب پرسشنامه های مقایسه زوجی در نظر گرفته شد. در این راستا، 16 عامل یا معیار موثر بر زنجیره تامین پایدار گوشت مرغ از طریق مرور ادبیات موضوع در این زمینه و همچنین نظرات کارشناسان استخراج شد. این عوامل در چهار دسته بحرانی، تاثیرگذار، وابسته و حذفی تقسیم بندی شدند. نتایج ارزیابی علیت نشان داد که در دیدگاه خوشبینانه بیشتر این عوامل بحرانی و در دیدگاه بدبینانه بیشتر عوامل از نوع حذفی می باشند. نتایج نشان داد رشد سود حاصل از اجرای زنجیره تامین پایدار، هزینه بازیافت مواد در فرایند زنجیره تامین پایدار و سرمایه گذاری محافظت زیست محیطی در فرایند زنجیره تامین پایدار سه عاملی هستند که در هر سه دیدگاه خوشبینانه، بدبینانه و میانه جزء عوامل بحرانی محسوب می شوند. بازیافت منابع استفاده شده در فرایند زنجیره تامین پایدار نیز از جمله متغیرهای تاثیرگذار بر سایر عوامل است. بر این اساس، حمایت دولت از گسترش فناوری ها و تکنولوژی های نوین، توسعه زیرساخت های لجستیکی و افزایش بهره وری مصرف انرژی و آب در طول زنجیره تامین گوشت مرغ می تواند ضمن افزایش سود به کاهش هزینه بازیافت مواد و گسترش سرمایه گذاری محیط زیستی نیز کمک کند.

    کلید واژگان: گوشت مرغ, ارتباط علی, زنجیره تامین پایدار, دیمتیل فازی}
    Ebad Allah Jahanabadi, Seyed Nematolla Mousavi *, MohammadHashem Moosavihaghighi, MohammadReza Eslami

    In this study, using the fuzzy DEMATEL approach, causal relationships between factors and criteria for sustainable chicken meat supply chain management were evaluated from three perspectives: optimistic, pessimistic and moderate. For this purpose, a group of experts was considered for mental responses to these effects in the form of paired comparison questionnaires. In this regard, 16 factors or criteria affecting the sustainable supply chain of chicken meat were extracted by reviewing the literature in this field as well as the opinions of experts. These factors were divided into four categories: critical, effective, dependent and elimination. The results of causal evaluation showed that in the optimistic view most of these factors are critical and in the pessimistic view most of the factors are elimination type. The results showed that the growth of profits from the implementation of sustainable supply chain, the cost of material recycling in the process of sustainable supply chain and investment of environmental protection in the process of sustainable supply chain are three factors that are critical in all three perspectives: optimistic, pessimistic and moderate. Recycling of resources used in the sustainable supply chain process is also one of the variables affecting other factors. Accordingly, government support for the development of new technologies, the development of logistics infrastructure and increasing energy and water productivity along the chicken supply chain not only can increase profits, but also reduce recycling costs and expand environmental investment.

    Keywords: Chicken meat, Causal Relationship, Sustainable Supply Chain, Fuzzy DEMATEL}
  • بررسی رابطه نگرش های مذهبی با اضطراب اجتماعی در دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه یزد
    بهاره ابوالقاسمی نسب*، ابراهیم نعیمی، محمدرضا اسلامی

    پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه نگرش های مذهبی با اضطراب اجتماعی در دانشجویان دختردانشگاه یزد انجام شد. روش این پژوهش از لحاظ ماهیت کاربردی و از لحاظ نوع، پژوهش های کمی می باشد که از روش کمی همبستگی برای تعیین رابطه بین متغیرها استفاده گردید. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه یزد بود که در سال 98-97 در این دانشگاه مشغول به تحصیل بوده اند. نمونه پژوهش تعداد 150 نفر بود که به صورت روش نمونه گیری تصادفی از میان جامعه آماری انتخاب شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده در این پژوهش پرسشنامه سنجش نگرش های مذهبی سراج زاده (1378) و پرسشنامه اضطراب اجتماعی کانور(2000) بود. برای تعیین رابطه بین متغیرها از روش همبستگی پیرسون و همچنین برای تعیین مقدار واریانس پیش بینی شده از تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که نگرش مذهبی با اضطراب اجتماعی رابطه معنی دار و معکوس دارد. در رابطه با ابعاد نگرش مذهبی هم تنها بعد تجربه ای نگرش مذهبی با اضطراب اجتماعی ارتباط معنی دار نداشت. بعد پیامدی نگرش مذهبی با اضطراب اجتماعی ارتباط معنی دار و مستقیم داشت؛ در حالی که بعد اعتقادی و بعد مناسکی نگرش مذهبی با اضطراب اجتماعی ارتباط معنی دار و معکوس داشت.

    کلید واژگان: نگرش مذهبی, اضطراب اجتماعی, اضطراب}
    The relationship between religious attitudes and social anxiety of female students of Yazd university
    Bahareh Abolghaseminasab*, Ebrahim Naeimi, Mohammad Reza Eslami

    The current research aims at the investigating the relationship between religious attitudes and social anxiety of female students of Yazd university. The research is categorized as quantitative and applied in which correlation is used in order to determine the relation between variables. The population was all the female students of Yazd University in 2018, 150 of which was chosen through random sampling. The research tools were Seraj Zadeh’s religious attitudes questionnaire and social phobia inventory of connor. Pearson was used to determine the relation between variables and multiple linear regression was used to determine the predicted variance. The results showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship between religious attitudes and social anxiety. All of the dimentions of religious attitudes were in significant relation with social anxiety but the experimental one. The consequential dimension was in significant and direct relation with social anxiety while the belief and ritualistic dimensions are in significant and inverse relation with social anxiety. The analysis of data showed that religious attitude can predict 15 percent of variance of social anxiety.

    Keywords: religious attitude, social anxiety, anxiety}
  • Hossein Kamali Ghasemabadi, Mahdi Ganji, Mohammadreza Eslami, Alireza Karimpour Vazifehkhorani
  • Ayat Jafarzadeh, Afshin Taghvaie Pour *, MohammadReza Eslami

    This paper aims at developing a new cylindrical shell element, called shell superelement. The element is defined based on the classical shell theory, and it consists of eight nodes each with six degree-of-freedoms (dofs). In this element, the trigonometric shape functions are incorporated along the angular direction of element while polynomials were used in other two directions. Therefore, there is no need for meshing a shell structure with cylindrical geometry through the angular direction. This property helps an engineer to deal with complicated analyses on cylindrical shell structures with less number of dofs. At the end, the defined element is used in the stress analysis of two different classical shell problems and the results are compared with the ones reported in the literature, and obtained by means of shell elements in a commercial software package.

    Keywords: Cylindrical Shell element, Superelement, Trigonometric shape functions, Structural analysis}
  • بیژن پیرنیا، راحله مسعودی، کامبیز پیرنیا، مینا جلالی، محمدرضا اسلامی، پرستو ملکان مهر، فریبرز پیرنیا، لادن آجری*
    Bijan Pirnia, Raheleh Masoudi, Kambiz Pirnia, Mina Jalali, Mohammad Reza Eslami, Parastoo Malekanmehr, Fariborz Pirnia, Ladan Ajori *
    Background

    Adding magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) to opioid receptor agonists increases the opioid analgesiceffects via blocking this receptor. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding MgSO4 totincture of opium (TOP) and buprenorphine (BUP) on pain and quality of life (QOL).

    Methods

    In prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, one hundred andsixty-three women with secondary dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis were selected using a respondentdriven sampling (RDS) and assigned into six groups using block randomization. Patients received 50 mg/kgMgSO4 in 100 ml saline by micro set in six monthly menstrual periods and completed the visual analoguescale (VAS) and QOL Questionnaire (QOLQ). Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA) and hierarchical regression.

    Findings

    The primary outcomes showed that pain scores in magnesium (MAG) + opium tincture (OT)[F = 5.7(1,162), P = 0.004] and MAG+ BUP [F = 4.5(1,162), P = 0.006] groups showed a significant decreasecompared with control group. Also, QOL scores in MAG + OT [F = 4.8(1,162), P = 0.005] and MAG + BUP[F = 5.9(1,162), P = 0.003] showed a significant increase. However, there was no significant differencebetween the two groups (P = 0.140) and the changes did not persist until follow-up (P = 0.810). Secondaryoutcomes indicated that the low scores of the two components of QOL including physical and psychologicalcomponents were predictors of pain (P = 0.011, Beta > 3.09).

    Conclusion

    Simultaneous use of MAG with opioids is associated with pain reduction and the improvement ofQOL. However, this hypothesis requires careful handling in a randomized controlled trial.

    Keywords: Dysmenorrhea, Endometriosis, Pain, magnesium sulfate, Buprenorphine}
  • مریم بخشی*، محمدرضا اسلامی، حسرت اومویی میلان، محمد پاشایی

    علم معناشناسی در پی یافتن معنا، ارتباط عمیقی با علم ترجمه دارد و یکی از روش های بررسی و نقد ترجمه است. مقاله حاضر در چهارچوب نظریه معناشناسی قالبی چارلز فیلمور، تلاشی است برای بررسی قالب های معنایی فعل «ابصر» در آیات قرآن کریم و بررسی ترجمه فارسی آن (انصاریان، فولادوند، خرمشاهی و مکارم شیرازی). در نمونه های قرآنی بررسی شده، فعل «ابصر» دارای یک قالب معنایی دیداری - ادراکی به عنوان قالب معنایی مرکزی و شش قالب شناختی دیدن، نگریستن، درک کردن، اندیشیدن، روشنایی بخشیدن و بصیرت یافتن است که پایه ابتدایی آن، همان دیدن ظاهری با چشم سر است. نتایج این بررسی نشان می دهند مترجمان در سه قالب معنایی (دیدن، روشنایی بخشیدن، نگریستن) اتفاق نظر داشته اند و به بافت آیه ای توجه داشته اند که فعل مدنظر در آن به کار رفته است؛ اما درباره قالب معنایی «درک کردن» و «بصیرت یافتن»، هیچ کدام به بافت آیه دقت نظر نداشته اند و درباره قالب معنایی اندیشیدن، فقط خرمشاهی براساس بحث هم نشینی الفاظ، ترجمه صحیحی ارایه کرده است.

    کلید واژگان: قرآن کریم, نقد ترجمه, معناشناسی قالبی چارلز فیلمور, فعل ابصر}
    Maryam Bakhshi *, MohammadReza Eslami, Hasrat Omoyi, Mohammad Pashaei

    Semantic science in the search for meaning has a profound relationship with translation science and is one of the methods to review and criticize translation. The present article is an attempt to study the semantic frames of the verb “Absara” (beholding) in the Quranic verses of the Holy Quran and their Persian translation according to the Fillmore's semantic meanings theory (Ansarian, Fooladvand, Khorramshahi & Makarem shirazi). In the Quranic examples under research, the verb “Absara” (beholding) has a visual-perceptual semantic frame as the central semantic frame and six cognitive formats of seeing, looking, understanding, thinking, illuminating, and discerning that its primary basis is seeing with eyes on the head. The outcome of the research shows that the translators were unanimous in three semantic formats (seeing, illuminating & looking) and paid attention to the context of the verse in which the verb is used. But in the semantic format of "understanding" and "discerning," none of them carefully considered the context of the verse. And only Khorramshahi translated correctly the semantic form of thinking based on Syntagmatic Relationships.

    Keywords: Holy Quran, translation criticism, Charles Fillmore's the Semantic Meaning Theory, The verb (Absara)}
  • Mohammad Reza Eslami, Ali Akbar Baghestany*
    Background

    One of the most fundamental objectives of the macroeconomic policies is to realize the relationship between economic growth and inflation. According to some monetary policy advisors, inflation reflects erosion in consumer’s purchasing power. Inflation as an important economic variable, affect the economic growth and its impact on economic growth has been proposed in various theories. Agriculture plays an important role in providing the food security in Iran.

    Methods

    A Bivariate GARCH model was employed to investigate the relationship between inflation uncertainty and agricultural growth.

    Results

    The Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron tests indicated all variables were stationary. Estimated models were utilized to generate the conditional variances of inflation and agriculture growth as proxies of inflation and growth variability. During the entire period 1990-2012, Bivariate Granger Causality test indicated that inflation uncertainty was the cause of growth in agriculture. This finding was in line with the hypothesis presented by (Logue and Sweeney, 1981).

    Conclusion

    Due to the causality relation of inflation uncertainty and growth in agriculture, macro policy decision-makers are recommended to consider the price policies for improving agricultural production.

    Keywords: Bivariate GARCH process, Inflation Uncertainty, Agriculture, Iran}
  • مریم بخشی، پرویز احمدزاده، محمد پاشایی، محمدرضا اسلامی*

    شعر مدرن را شعر تصویر می نامند؛ زیرا یکی از جلوه های هنر شاعری در عصر معاصر، تخیل بدیع و خلق تصاویر نو همراه با کشف رابطه ای جدید بین پدیده هاست. واکاوی تصویر، جهان کوچکی از دنیای بزرگ شاعر است و پرده برداری از آن، پرده برداشتن از ذات و وجود هنرمند است و شیوه تعامل او را با این جهان نشان می دهد. تخیل عرصه وسیعی برای تصویر است چون در لحظه ای کوتاه، زمانی بیکران و در مکانی محدود، سرزمینی پهناور را به تصویر می کشد. در پژوهش حاضر، به علت بعضی تمایلات خاصی که خلیل حاوی، شاعر معاصر لبنانی، در تصویر گری داشته و خصوصیات تصویرهای دقیق و ملموس و عینی او را با رویکرد تحلیلی - توصیفی مورد بررسی قرار خواهیم داد تا با واکاوی مهم ترین علل این ابداع شاعرانه و سازه های اصلی شکل دهنده آن، بتوانیم با فضایی که بازنمود جهان بینی و نگرش خاص این شاعر تصویرگراست، آشنا شویم. بررسی این خصیصه و کارکرد آن در شعر حاوی به عنوان یکی از بن مایه های شناختی در شعر عربی، انتقال دهنده مفاهیمی چون فلسفه زدگی، ابهام، اضطراب و سرگشتگی به مخاطب است، مسلما کشف و بیان این شاخصه ها در فهم بهتر مضامین ژرف فلسفی شعر این شاعر تاثیر زیادی دارد. نیز به کارگیری تصویر در شعر او که اغلب نمادین و رمزآلود است، به عنوان محوری اصلی برای بیان بزرگ ترین تجربه های حسی و ذهنی شاعر مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد.

    کلید واژگان: تصویر, تخیل, اشارات معنایی, خلیل حاوی}
    Mohammad Reza Eslami*, Maryam Bakhshi Bakhshi, Parviz Ahmadzade, Mohammad Pashaie
    Introduction

    The literary images indicate entrance to various imaginary domains and enrichment of the language via different styles using simile (the simile that has no external scope), metaphor or allegory and generally by including the expression of figurative aspects. An artistic image is a kind of subjective image that reflects the external reality in the light of its affective reflection. The role of poetic imagery in conveying experiences (thoughts and feelings) and reflecting on its elements is a reflection of the poet's worldview. The poet can reflect on his poetry through his image, any knowledge of the universe and life. “Khalil Havi” is a prominent poet who has imagines the profound ideological themes in his poems. His poem includes philosophical references and symbols, so that his existentialistic and mystical contemplation distinguishes his poems from other poems. Image in poetry makes the job of the poet difficult, since he should imagine his experiences by his subjective processes and transfer them to the reader by new solutions The researcher must also have a deep understanding of the nature of each image and to know how the thought and emotion move in the representation of that structure; On the other hand, the broadness of poet’s imagery domain and his great cultural background and innovation in poetry show his genus and greatness of his work. For this reason, examining the profoundness of poetry becomes difficult. But the best way to visualize the poet's experience and the way of conveying it to the audience is the best result that can be gained from this study.


    Review of Literature

    The research focuses on new researches that have been studied in the literary criticism and particularly, the criticism of image. This research investigates the issue of image from aesthetic, technical, and critical perspectives. Since, this study examines the description and artistic imagination of a known poet, the generalities have been avoided and only some issues including tradition, myths, and symbols have been mentioned.
    Khalil is one of the most innovative Lebanese poets who has published many articles and books on his life and works.
    Imagery is the basic concept of aesthetic theory, and art cannot overlook imagery because it is its essential spirit and essence. The image is directly related to the imagination, and some consider the imagination one because they are both literal and idiomatic; so it is not limited to visual representations. The artist uses the power of imagination to create metaphors, similes, and … (dastgheyb, 1994: 174)
    Image is to create harmony and proportion between thought and style, or language and senseIt is by imagery that a subjective and abstract concept can be explained to the audience, so the examination of any literary text must be in the context of the relationships that the language of the text constructs in terms of structure, images, and codes. The media's role in the literary context of the image is more than other elements and the function of the image in the context of meaning making.(Seyyedi,2011 : 347)
    Among the poets of the late nineteenth century, Khalil Al-Hawi is distinguished by his distinctive tendencies for image because of his particular tendencies in image-painting, which distinguishes him from his contemporaries. He is the only poet who deals with the deep themes of thought in poetry and his poetry is full of deep symbols and philosophical vocabulary.(Asvar, 2006: 355))

    Method

    This research is descriptive-analytical. At first, the content of image has been studied in general and then a brief biography of Khalil Havi and also being influenced by the western poets have been cited. The content of his poems and illustration in these poems have been considered and at the end, the constituents of a poetical image and the visual content of these poems and also the criticism of image as the main pivot of this research have been investigated.

    Results and Discussion

    In general, imagination and imagery occur when an incident occurs in rational logic and in the general sense of the word and somehow permits its place (Soltani, 2005). In this way, the constituent elements of an imagination or image in the word must be sought beyond the general truth and rational logic of the word that represented as simile, identification, combination of contrasts, unity and sensation and etc. The poetical images according to their contents are real images, movable images, symbols and codes, partial codes and general codes and obnoxiousness includes explicitness, direct references and emphasis on sensual similes.

    Conclusion

    It can be concluded by examining the image in the context of the present study that Khalil Havi with his formal and varied imagination, through his illustrations in poetry, has been able to realize the aesthetic and literary aesthetic benefits of his poetry. In that way, he avoids direct addressing by using high-profile images, making his poetry more effective and persuasive. He has also been able to change the poetry by With boldness and insight and Concise expression of contemporary concerns. Certainly, in his poems, image is a direct reflection of the social reality of the poet’s era. He has represented desires, fears, and horrors through myths, religions, traditions, and beliefs in an obvious way. Images in his poems are mostly symbolic and mysterious. They have been used as a main pivot for expressing the most important sensual and subjective experiences of the poet. He has expressed briefly the philosophical and abstract concepts and themes in the form of subjective and objective images, so he could have effect on the reader by the technique of description. Also, in image examining of these poems, it can be stated that substitution as using image instead of common and simple words in the poetical text, depicts the genus for application of the new language. He has done more in his poetry through metaphorical and symbolic substitution in a way that with one sensory or emotional action or several sensory or emotional actions can be substituted for images that sit on the poet's own history or life experience. Most of Khalil's tales are based on the same act of visual substitution. He would throw a flick through the laws of linear sentence, linear time, linear location, moving it, time to time, space to space.

    Keywords: Image, Imagination, Semantic references, Khalil Havi}
  • مجید صفار اول*، محمدرضا اسلامی، نوید زهتابیان رضایی، محمدحسین نهاوندیان

    در این مقاله وضعیت کنونی پژوهش در ایران در حوزه فنی مهندسی و با تمرکز بر رشته مهندسی مکانیک ترسیم شده است. برای نیل به این هدف تلاش شده است که کمیت و کیفیت پژوهش در کشور به روایت پایگاه های اطلاعاتی معتبر گزارش شده و با نتایج کشورهای توسعه یافته و درحال توسعه مقایسه شود. تعداد مدرک های علمی منتشرشده به عنوان اصلی ترین شاخص کمی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و برای سنجش کیفیت پژوهش ها، شاخص های کیفی مانند تعداد ارجاع ها، نسبت ارجاع بر مدرک، شاخص h، همایش های علمی و پژوهشگران برتر کشور مورد بررسی قرار گرفته اند. نتایج این بررسی نشان می دهد که کمیت انتشارات پژوهشی کشور وضعیت مطلوبی دارد. از نظر کمیت تولیدهای علمی در زمینه مهندسی مکانیک، ایران در پایان سال 2017 میلادی در جایگاه 14 جهان قرار داشته و رتبه کشور از نظر شاخص h که یک شاخص کیفی تولیدهای علمی است، مناسب بوده است؛ در حالیکه با نگاه به شاخص کیفی دیگر که تعداد ارجاع بر مدرک پژوهشی است، رتبه کشور در میان سایر کشورها قابل دفاع نبوده و نامناسب است. در این مقاله آسیب شناسی وضعیت کنونی پژوهش به ویژه در زمینه مدرک های پژوهشی انجام شده و پیشنهادهایی به منظور بهبود کیفیت پژوهش ها ارایه شده است.

    کلید واژگان: تولید علم, عملکرد پژوهشی, مدرک پژوهشی, کیفیت مقالات علمی, مهندسی مکانیک}
    Majid Saffar Avval *, Mohammad Reza Eslami, Navid Zehtabiyan, Rezaie, Mohammad Hossein Nahavandian

    In this article, the status of research in Iran has been evaluated with a focus on the field of engineering and especially mechanical engineering. To achieve this goal, the quantity and quality of research have been studied and compared with developed and developing countries. The number of scientific publications has been used as the main quantitative index. In order to assess the quality of research, qualitative indicators such as the number of citations, the ratio of citation per document, the h-index, the scientific conferences and the top researchers have been analyzed. The results indicate that the quantity of the publications is favorable. In terms of the quantity of publications in the field of mechanical engineering, Iran ranked 14th in the world, and the ranking of the country is suitable for the h-index, which is a qualitative indicator of scientific production, while looking at the other qualitative index, which refers to the number of citation per document, the rank of Iran among the other countries is not suitable. In this article, suggestions have been made to improve the quality of research.

    Keywords: Scientific productivity, research performance, Scientific publication, research quality, mechanical engineering}
  • محمدرضا اسلامی، محمد پاشایی، پرویز احمدزاده *

    إن الخطاب عن العدل والحریه إحدی القضایا التی طرحتها روایات محفوظ، وعلی هذا اساس استطاعت روایاته ان تنفذ إلی اعماق المجتمع من حوله فتعکس ابرز همومه وآماله وانکساراته الداخلیه والخارجیه، فصورت الروایتان قضایا کالحریات الاجتماعیه وصراع المراه من اجل الحریه والمساواه، فاظهرت المراه إما مهزومه امام الوسائل المستخدمه لاستعبادها وتقییدها - وهی الجنس والفقر والجهل - او ثائره علی ها؛ باللجوء إلی التعلیم والعمل، ومحاربه نظره الرجل الجنسیه الخالصه لها.تناولت هذه الدراسه موضوع الحریه السیاسیه والعداله الاجتماعیه فی روایتین"ملحمه الحرافیش، واولاد حارتنا" لنجیب محفوظ، ولوحظ انها لم تحظ بدراسات نقدیه تهتم بهذه القضیه الإشکالیه، مع انها استطاعت تجسیدها، ووضع تصور لحل مثالی لها.اعتمدت هذه الدراسه علی المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، وذلک من خلال النظر فی احداث تلک الروایات ووصفها، ثم بحث وسائل تصویرها، وتحلیل تقنیات السرد المتبعه فی ها. عرض نجیب محفوظ قضیه العداله السیاسیه والمراه، وطالب بتحریرها وتعلیمها، وکان لها ملامحها وخصوصیتها، واستطاع ان یجسد احلامه من خلال إصراره علی تفاصیل الحیاه الاجتماعیه، فصور شخصیات ذات ابعاد إنسانیه بقوتها وضعفها، وخوفها وانکسارها فی المجتمع المصری، وعرضت اشکالا عدیده لانهزام المثقفین، مقابل اشکال ثوراتهم بهدف الحصول علی ها، وعرضت لسبل استغلال الدین من قبل السلطات الحاکمه؛ بهدف تضلیل وعی الجماهیر، والتکتیم علی الفساد والظلم.

    کلید واژگان: نجیب محفوظ, حقوق المراه, العداله, الاجتماع}
    Mohammadreza Eslami, Parviz Ahmadzadeh*, Mohammad Pashaye

    This article investigates the social and political freedom in Najib Mahfuz novel. It should be pointed that no critical analysis has been conducted on this topic until now. However, some researchers researched on his visualization and ideal embodiment in his novels since his thoughts and ideas are rooted in Islam and he believes in religious freedom, democracy and man and woman equality.This article reveals that Najib novels are real visualization of social justice and women in the society, and he refers to woman as political and social criticism tool. Sense of determinism and obedience of divine destiny is one of the outstanding characteristics reflected in his novels. He believes that the clear judgment is divine decree not human desires and demands. It is always seen that his novels narrate absolute despotism that there is no hope and he considers everything is divine decree.Najib Mahfuz has visualized woman fighting for liberty and equality, the woman who is the slave of sex, poverty and ignorance and makes effort to educate, work and fights against sexual violence. Najib Mahfuz employs exemplars of the failure of the scholars before revolution for fulfilling his goals. The rulers use religion as a tool for concealing their corruption and tyranny and he visualizes these images elegantly.

    Keywords: Najib Mahfuz novels, social justice, woman}
  • Isa Karimzadeh *, Mohammadreza Eslami, Vahid Moghaddam
    Development of a facile synthesis rout for preparation of polymer coted, metal ion doped magnetic nanoparticles, which have proper magnetic and physicochemical properties for bio-medical uses, is one of the most active research areas in advanced magnetic nano-materials. In this work, we demonstrate an easy electrochemical method for fabrication of PEG-coated Zn2+ or Gd3+ doped magnetic iron oxides (i.e. PEG/Zn-MIOs and PEG/Gd-MIOs). Characterization of the synthesized MIOs was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field-emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. The XRD and EDAX analyses proved that the electro-synthesized MIOs were magnetite (Fe3O4) doped with 8.6% Zn2+ and/or 19.7% Gd3+. The PEG layer on the Zn-MIOs and/or Gd-MIOs surface was evidenced by FT-IR. FE-SEM showed a spherical morphology with average diameters of 20 nm and 25 nm for PEG/Zn-MIOs and PEG/Gd-MIOs, respectively. TGA data demonstrated that the PEG content of Gd-MIOs was about 10% by weight. Superparamagnetic nature of both prepared magnetic powders was verified by VSM measurements. In final, the analyses results supported that the prepared magnetic nano-particles have suitable size, crystal phase, surface layer and magnetism for bio-medical uses.
    Keywords: Magnetic materials, Gd doping, Nanoparticles, Electrochemical synthesis, Dextran}
  • Mohammad Reza Eslami, Fatmeh Tanha
    The prominent personality of the holy prophet (peace be upon him) has been always focused for conceptualization and visualization by the poets and writers such as Shahriyar and Heydar Heli as the contemporary Iranian and Iraqi poets. These poets have expressed the prophet’ personality by influence of Quran and literary genres. This descriptive-analytical research has been conducted based on American literary principles of comparative literature. It has tried to analyze these poets’ ideas and representation of the personality of the holy prophet (peace be upon him) in their poems and study the contents and some poetical structures, rhetorical points, artistic images and commonalities and differences between these poets. Both poets have visualized the events of the prophet life including ascension and the story of Mubahala (cursing) and etc. under the influence of Quran and noble hadiths in the best way. The words of Seyyed Hydar in the praise of the holy prophet (peace be upon him) personality are sophisticated and epical which introduce him as an epical poet. In contrary, the Turkish and Persian poems of Shahriyar include inner emotions and romantic affections that have been combined by his honest feelings and offered musical aspects to his poems using soft and simple vocabularies.
    Keywords: Shia poetry, holy prophet (peace be upon him) personality, Seyyed Hydar Heli, Shahriyar, literary genres}
  • زهرا اسدزاده *، محمدرضا اسلامی
    خواص پوسته از رابطه کسر حجمی به دست آمده، وابستگی حرارتی از رابطه تولوکیان لحاظ شده است. بارگذاری متقارن محوری میباشد. سطح سرامیکی در دمای ثابت و سطح دیگر در دمای پایینتر (یا عایق) است. توزیع دما از معادله گذرای غیرخطی غیرکوپل انتقال حرارت محاسبه میشود. از تئوری مرتبه اول پوسته و روابط کرنش-تغییرمکان فون-کارمن برای استخراج معادلات استفاده گردیده، معادلات دینامیکی از اصل همیلتون و روش ریتز بدست آمده و بوسیله روش های نیومارک و نیوتن-رافسون حل شدهاست. معادله انتقال حرارت با روش تفاضل محدود و کرنک-نیکلسون حل شده است. اثر توزیع خواص، نوع بار حرارتی و هندسه در پاسخ بررسی شدهاست.
    کلید واژگان: مواد هدفمند, پوسته کروی, ارتعاشات واداشته از حرارت, ترموالاستیسیته غیرکوپل}
    Zahra Asadzadeh *, Mohammad Reza Eslami
    In this study, thermally induced vibrations of a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) Spherical Cap discussed. Distribution of shell properties in the direction of thickness is calculated from volume fraction relationship. Dependency to temperature is expressed based on the Touloukian formula. Thermal loading on the shell is axisymmetric and the response of the shell have been considered axially symmetric. Ceramic rich surface of the shell is subjected to temperature rise, whereas the metal rich surface of the shell is kept at reference temperature or thermally insulated. Temporal evolution of temperature profile across the shell thickness is obtained through solution of one-dimensional heat conduction equation. This equation is originally nonlinear since temperature dependency of thermal conductivity is taken into account.
    The first-order shear theory and Von-Karman compatibility relations has been used for deriving the equation. Dynamics equations are derived using Hamilton's principle with the application of Ritz method has become a set of nonlinear time-dependent algebraic equations. Solving this set of equations is done with Newmark integral method help with numerical method Newton-Raphson. Solution of the transient one dimensional heat conduction equation with the arbitrary type of time-dependent boundary conditions is carried out employing the central finite difference method combined with the Crank–Nicolson time marching scheme. After validating the developed computer code, some parametric studies are accomplished to show the influences of various involved parameters. It is shown that temperature dependency, geometrical non-linearity, shell thickness, power law index, and the type of thermal loading, all affect the temporal evolution of plate characteristics.
    Keywords: Functionally graded material, Spherical Cap, Thermally Induced Vibration, Uncoupled Thermoelasticity}
  • داود محمدی*، محمدرضا اسلامی
    گرچه سابقه نگارش کتب بلاغی و معرفی صنایع ادبی در زبان فارسی، به حدود هزار سال می رسد، از طبقه بندی علمی عناصر زیبایی سخن در آثار کهن چندان خبری نیست. در دهه های اخیر متناسب با نگاه متاثر از جریان های ادبی جدید و رشد زبان شناسی، پژوهش هایی در این زمینه رخ نموده است. با این حال به دلیل روشن نشدن روابط متقابل صنایع، مبهم بودن ارزش زیبایی شناسی آن ها و دیده نشدن جایگاه هر عنصر ادبی در نظام اندام وار اثر، این طبقه بندی ها هنوز توقع اهل ادب را برآورده نکرده است.
    در این مقاله بعد از بررسی و تحلیل متون قدیم و جدید بلاغی، شیوه «معماری زبان» برای طبقه بندی صنایع ادبی پیشنهاد می شود. این شیوه با محوریت تداعی شکل می گیرد. معماری زبان، صنایع ادبی را در چهار سطح لفظی، معنایی، دیداری و وزنی طبقه بندی می کند. در این شیوه به جامعیت طبقه بندی، ارزش زیبایی شناختی صنایع و نقش آن ها در ساختار و محورهای افقی و عمودی شعر و شکل گرفتن نظام زبان و هندسه ذهنی خاص هر شاعر توجه شده است. نتایج این پژوهش گامی کوچک در مسیر تبیین معماری زبان و تداعی پژوهی در عرصه ادب فارسی به ویژه شعر، محسوب می شود.
    کلید واژگان: معماری زبان, تداعی, طبقه بندی فنون ادبی, محور عمودی, محور افقی}
    Davood Mohammadi, Mohammad reza Eslami
    Although the history of the writing of rhetorical books and the introduction of literary industries in Farsi language is about a thousand years old, the scientific classification of the elements of the beauty of speech in ancient works is not so much known. Researches have been conducted in recent decades in accordance with the view of the new literary currents and the growth of linguistics. However, due to the lack of clarity of the mutual relations between industries, the vagueness of their aesthetic value and the observance of the position of each literary element in the system of the organ like of the work, these classifications have not yet met the expectations of the literary people. In this article, after reviewing and analyzing the old and new rhetoric texts, the "language architecture" approach is proposed for classifying literary industries. This method is based on the association of associate. The language architecture is classified the literary industry in four levels: verbal, semantic, visual, and weight. In this style, you are considering the categorical comprehensiveness, the aesthetic value of the industries, and their role in the structure and axis of the horizontal and vertical poetry and the formation of the language system and the specific mental geometry of each poet. The results of this research are a small step in explaining the architecture of language and the association study in the field of Persian literature, especially poetry.
    Keywords: language architecture, association, classification of literary techniques, vertical axis, horizontal axis}
  • Vahid Falahi, Hossein Mahbadi *, Mohammad Reza Eslami
    In this paper, ratcheting behavior of beams subjected to mechanical cyclic loads at elevated temperature, using the rate dependent Chaboche unified viscoplastic model with combined kinematic and isotropic hardening theory of plasticity, is investigated. A precise and general numerical scheme, using the incremental method of solution, is developed to obtain the cyclic inelastic creep and plastic strains. Applying the numerical method to the governing equations obtained based on the mentioned unified model, cyclic behavior of the beam due to the combined plastic and creep strains are obtained. Effect of loading rate, creep time, and mean load on ratcheting response and stress amplitude of the beam due to the combination of axial and bending moments at elevated temperatures are obtained. It is shown that increasing the loading rate, results into decrease in ratcheting rate and increase in stress amplitude. Also, the ratcheting strain increases with increasing the creep time while the stress amplitude decreases. The results obtained using the applied method in this paper is verified with the experimental data given in the literature search.
    Keywords: Cyclic loading, Rate dependent plasticity, Viscoplasticity, Load controlled, Strain controlled}
  • میترا ژاله رجبی *، رضا مقدسی، محمدرضا اسلامی
    مطالعه حاضر با توجه به التزام مدیریت تجارت، به اندازه گیری هزینه های تجارت دو جانبه و شناسایی عوامل موثر بر آن در تجارت دو جانبه ایران و شرکای عمده در دو گروه کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه پرداخته است. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده میانگین موزون هزینه های تجارت دو جانبه ایران و شرکای عمده توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه طی دوره 2010-1995 به ترتیب با کاهش 1 و 30 درصدی مواجه بوده است. در این میان هزینه های تجارت با ترکیه و چین از گروه کشورهای در حال توسعه و ژاپن و اسپانیا از گروه کشورهای توسعه یافته کمترین سطح هزینه ها را داشته اند. بر اساس نتایج رگرسیون برآورد شده، هزینه های تجارت دو جانبه در هر دو گروه کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه با متغیرهای فاصله، نرخ تعرفه های دو جانبه و هزینه های تجارت متناظر در دوره قبل رابطه مستقیم و با همجواری و جزیره بودن رابطه عکس دارد. در پایان بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده پیشنهاد می شود در تنظیم روابط تجاری به عامل هزینه های تجارت توجه خاص مبذول گردد.
    کلید واژگان: هزینه های تجارت دو جانبه, جاذبه, داده های ترکیبی, ایران}
    Mitra Jalerajabi *, Reza Moghaddasi, Mohammadreza Eslami
    This study is concerned with calculation of Iran's bilateral trade costs and the major factors affecting them. What is targetted, indeed, is the bilateral trade of the country with developed and developing countries. The results indicate that, over the period of 1995-2010, the weighted average of the trade costs with developed and developing partners declined for 1% and 30% respectively.This reduction, however, was greater for China and Turkey, among developing countries, and for Japan and Spain, among developed countries. Based on the estimated regression, such variables as the bilateral trade costs with distance, the bilateral tariff rate and the lag of bilateral trade tariffs are positively related whereas island and adjacency variables have opposite effects on Iran's bilateral trade costs. Finally, based on the results, it is sugggested that, when planning economic ties, special attention should be paid to trade costs as a significant factor.
    Keywords: Bilateral trade costs, Gravity, Panel data, Iran}
  • Hirad Eghbalian, Mohammad Reza Eslami *
    The generalized coupled thermo-viscoelasticity of hollow sphere subjected to thermal symmetric shock load is presented in this paper. To overcome the infinite speed of thermal wave propagation, the Lord-Shulman theory is considered. Two coupled equations, namely, the radial equation of motion and the energy equation of a hollow sphere are obtained in dimensionless form. Resulting equations are transformed into the Laplace domain using the Laplace transformation and discretized by means of the finite element method along the radius. Week's method is employed to obtain the unknowns in the time domain. The numerical results are provided to examine the propagation of thermal and mechanical waves. The results presented visually as temporal, radial and stress-strain plots to shown wave front of various field variables.
    Keywords: Thermo-viscoelasticity, Lord-Shulman model, Kelvin-Voigt model, Finite element model, Numerical Laplace inverse transformation}
  • Mohsen Jabbari *, Masoud Rezaei, Arvin Mojahedin, Mohammad Reza Eslami
    In this study buckling analysis of solid rectangular plate made of porous material in undrained condition is investigated. The mechanical properties of plate are assumed to vary through the thickness direction. Distributing of the pores through the plate thickness are assumed to be the nonlinear nonsymmetric, nonlinear symmetric, and monotonous distribution. The effect of pores and pores distribution on critical buckling load of porous plate are studied. Effect of fluid compressibility on critical buckling load is investigated in the undrained condition. Also, effect of temperature on fluid compressibility for symmetric porous material plate, choosing a linear function, is examined. A Direct and analytical method is used for solving governing equations usin Fourier expansion method. The results obtained for porous plates are verified with the known data in literature.
    Keywords: Buckling analysis, Rectangular plate, Functionally graded plate, Porous material}
  • بهنام داودی *، محمدرضا اسلامی
    کاربرد گسترده فرآیند ماشین کاری در تولید قطعات صنعتی، بهینه سازی این فرآیند را مورد توجه محققان قرار داده است. در این بین استفاده از شبیه سازی المان محدود بیشتر مورد توجه واقع شده است. اما میزان دقت و قابلیت اعتماد نتایج پیش بینی شده عمدتا به انتخاب معادله بنیادی که تنش سیلان ماده را تحت شرایط برش (کرنش، نرخ کرنش و دما) بیان می نماید، وابسته است. یکی از دقیق ترین و کاربردی ترین معادلات ارائه شده به منظور بررسی رفتار دینامیکی مواد مختلف، معادله ی بنیادی جانسون–کوک است. به منظور مدل سازی رفتار مواد با استفاده از معادلات بنیادی، نیاز به تعیین ضرایب معادلات برای هر ماده می باشد. به منظور محاسبه ضرایب معادله جانسون–کوک در بیان رفتار دینامیکی آلومینیوم آلیاژی 5083، از ترکیب اطلاعات تنش سیلان تست های فشردن در نرخ کرنش پایین و تست های ماشین کاری متعامد با نرخ کرنش بالا، استفاده شده است. پس از تعیین ضرایب معادله، به منظور تعیین صحت آن، فرآیند ماشین کاری با استفاده از کد تجاری آباکوس به روش اجزاء محدود شبیه سازی و نتایج حاصل از آن با نتایج تجربی مقایسه شده است. بررسی ها نشان دهنده صحت ضرایب بدست آمده و معادله برقرار شده برای آلومینیوم آلیاژی فوق می باشد. بنابر این با استفاده از این معادله می توان رفتار آلیاژ انتخابی را در سایر فرآیند های ماشین کاری و شکل دهی مدل و از نتایج آن استفاده کرد.
    کلید واژگان: ماشینکاری, شبیه سازی اجزاء محدود, رفتار دینامیکی, معادله جانسون - کوک}
    Behnam Davoodi*, Mohammad Reza Eslami
    Widespread use in the machining procedures in producing industrial pieces, optimization of this procedure is one of most subjects that attract researchers interest. Finite element analysis based techniques are available to simulate cutting processes. Success and reliability of numerical models are heavily dependent upon work material flow stress models in function of strain, strain rate and temperatures. One of the most accurate and most useful equations are presented, the fundamental equation Johnson-Cook is. The basic equations for modeling the behavior of each material, is needed to determine the equation coefficients.The model parameters are determined by fitting the data from both quasi-static compression tests at law strain rates and machining tests at high strain rates. After getting result from the equation, its accuracy being checked either in compression tests or in machining tests by simulation with Abaqus software and its results are compared with the results of machining tests. Studies show the correctness of the equation in determining the dynamic behavior of 5083 alloy is established. Therefore, this equation can be used for modeling the behavior of the selected alloy in other shaping processes, and can be used its results.
    Keywords: Machining, Finite Element Method, Dynamic Behavior, Johnson, Cook Equation}
  • Maryam Eslami, Seyed Hasan Moghadamneya, Mohammad Reza Eslami, Mohammad Hossein Ayati, Mohammad Naser Shafiee Jafarabad
    Background
    The perspective of scientific authority in Iran, by the year 1435, requires a growing strong generation with a sense of self-esteem, academic endeavor and responsible in today's competitive world. Strategic planning of human resources and education of youth with talent, commitment, vitality and hope requires a national will along with adequate resources.
    The aim of this study was to gain a deep understanding of the challenges and solutions for achieving scientific authority in Iran by the next fifty years.
    Methods
    In this narrative review, the following items were surveyed: The strategies for scientific authority stated by our Supreme Leader (since Mordad 85 to 94), The study of governmental documents such as the perspective by the year 1404 (since77 to 82.), a comprehensive scientific map for health system (since 89 to 93.), the general policy of "science and technology" (since 86 to 87), and the comments given by health authorities, faculty members and students.
    Results
    access to the scientific authority requires a national commitment and the development of human resources proportional to the aims. The pathology of health activities requires a good understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and threats to define priorities and establishing structures for our goals. In this study the challenges were investigated and the possible solutions have been proposed.
    Conclusions
    Spanning foresight in the field of health in Iran and the world demands the cooperation of our professors with the young innovative scientists. Standardization not only promotes the quality of research projects but also increases the exploitative activities.
    Keywords: Authority, Science, Health, Research}
  • Behnam Davoodi*, Mohammad Reza Eslami
    Cutting forces that affects the cutting tool during machining are one of the important parameters must be known to select the economical cutting conditions and mount the workpiece on machine tools, securely. In this paper, the effects of the feed rate in machining of aluminum alloy 5083, used in lightweight structural application in automotive, shipbuilding and aerospace industries, on the cutting tool stresses have been investigated. Cutting forces were measured by a series of experimental measurements while stress distributions on the cutting tool were analyzed using a commercial finite element method (FEM) (ABAQUS). The results showed that the feed rate is the most relevant cutting parameter affecting cutting tool stresses.
    Keywords: AA5083, Cutting Tool Stresses, Feed Rate, Finite Element Method}
  • Naghmeh Ghorashi *, Abbas Alavi Rad, Mohammad Reza Eslami
    Introduction
    Economic development and public welfare are some of macroeconomic goals for any country. Health economy is one of the parameters as criterion for action in evaluation of this important subject. The present study has been intended to investigate into the relationship among factors of health economy including total health expenditures (some percent of Gross Domestic Product GDP), life expectancy, Infant mortality rate, and Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population on Iranian economic growth minus petroleum.
    Materials And Methods
    In order to estimate this ratio, the needed study has been carried out by the aid of a econometric model based on Aggregated Growth Theories and according to indices of healthcare economy within time interval 1996:1-2010:4 and by means of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS).
    Conclusion
    The results of the estimations suggest that among four factors of in the field of health economy in this survey, two factors, i.e total health expenditures (as some percent of GDP) and Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population have been positively and significantly affected on Iranian economic growth during career of study. Although, other known variables in economic growth models such as financial development and foreign commercial parameters like exportations and importations have also affected on Iranian economic growth minus petroleum positively and significantly in accordance with the existing expectations and theories.
    Results
    Thus, it seems that the authorities and policy- makers in the field of healthcare of this country may prepare the ground for boosting economic growth of this country through increasing healthcare and medical costs by orientation of development and deepening the healthcare infrastructures and system in the future.
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