جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهادت » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The literature of martyrdom and sacrifice represents the trials of a generation engaged in jihad and struggle for the liberation of their land, religion, culture, and traditions from the claws of invaders and oppressors, portraying in firm poetic and literary expressions the sanctity of national and human values for future generations. Many contemporary poets have addressed this theme in their works. Ahmad Moharram is an Egyptian poet who the resistance of the Egyptian people has led to the manifestation and reflection of the culture of martyrdom and selflessness in his. Moharram has embedded a love for the homeland within himself and, to better depict the defense of the homeland, has used the pen to illustrate the role of martyrs and martyrdom. This research, using an analytical-descriptive method, examines the position of the martyr and his role in the awakening of the people. The results indicate that Moharram has created beautiful images of the strong determination and sincere intentions of the martyrs. He views martyrs as eternal leaders and models of resistance and jihad in society, where martyrdom, like a crown upon their heads, always shines brightly and illuminates the path of their compatriots. Reflecting concepts of respect and appreciation for martyrs, emulation, encouragement for striving, and action against injustice and oppression are among the most important objectives found in the poet's works. He believes that the fragrance of martyrdom and the memory of martyrs' sacrifices will always serve as a reminder for our behavior, actions, and words in this transient world

Contemplating death and discussing it are common themes in the literature of every nation. The impossible act of creating something from nothing, akin to the presence of life in death, is the contradiction that serves as the essence of creating a work of art. In the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine," one of the most prominent works of the holy defense literature, there are two contrasting attitudes portrayed by the negative characters, such as the engineer, and the Basiji character, who serves as the narrator. Each of them views the events through a different lens. For this reason, the author aims to introduce the types of death narration and differentiate them from martyrdom. Additionally, the author seeks to explore how Ahmadzadeh was able to elucidate death and martyrdom in his novel from both materialist and spiritualist perspectives. He paid attention to the narrative ways of addressing profound themes of death and martyrdom in this novel. According to this essay, the culture stemming from the concept of martyrdom has consistently been reflected in the portrayal of the characters Musa, Parviz, and Commander. This culture is founded on the values of endurance, steadfastness, and self-sacrifice to the utmost limit. The plot of the story conveys the message that besides reinforcing one's heartfelt beliefs, one should also exhibit humane behavior in line with the values of holy defense. One should always be prepared for any form of martyrdom and sacrifice to uphold the principles of their religion.

Sustainability literature has wide and varied themes, one of the most significant of which is martyrdom. Martyr and martyrdom is a category that is mentioned in most of the holy battles, and many poets speak of the arena of resistance against them. In the religion of Islam, this issue is also given great importance, and Islam does not consider those who sacrifice and lose their lives alive in the way of God. Rather, they are the living who rest in the presence of their God. Commemorating and honoring the martyrs of the country who sacrificed their lives to protect the country and religion is also one of the themes of the poetry of Bisandari.This research aims at a comparative study of the concept of martyr and martyrdom in the poems of Iranian and Arab poets. The results of the research show that Iranian and Arab contemporary revolutionary poets have greatly benefited from this concept in their poems, and their poems contain themes related to the martyr and martyrdom, including: praising the status of a martyr, avenging the blood of a martyr, writing a eulogy for him. and the use of symbols.

Entering the field of religious studies, hermeneutic phenomenology encloses the authority of the sacred texts as a normative guide with specific and defined patterns in brackets. This suspension opens up the field of non-descriptive poetic reference to the world. The events recounted in the Holy Book, regarded as historical events, now enjoy a textual existence which has distanced itself from its previous origins. Their current meanings are the product of their registration within a network of texts that consecutively support and displace each other in an intertextual whole. Accordingly, the Holy Book is above all a discourse that the general theory of the text recognizes as a link in a chain of communication. Paul Ricoeur, in compiling her hermeneutic arc, by emphasizing the stage of critical explanation (literary criticism), enables the transition from the initial superficial and biased interpretation to a deep reading that stands against the confrontation with objectivity. In this article, taking into account Ricoeur's views, we examine the concepts of “revelation and testimony” in Goran's holy texts; then by analyzing the poetry and discourse of “Nowruz Sorani” in this context, we try to demonstrate the objective pattern of these concepts in the sacred texts of Goran (Yarsan/Ahl-e-Haq). This suspension causes the revelation to be comprehended according to the unique features of discourses and, at the same time, through their mutual relationships. Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology, emphasizing the stage of critical explanation, enables the Holy Book to move away from the culturally dependent mental interpretations as well as fundamentalist interpretations and continues to be a point of reference and utilization in today's modern world.

The Jungle Uprising, following the failure of the Constitutional Revolution, occurred in the last years of the thirteenth century AH, led by Mirza Kuchak Khan, with the aim of fighting the Shah's dictatorship and overthrowing the Russian and British occupiers from the north and supporting the oppressed people against the courtiers. Corrupt, oppressive landlords and wealthy merchants were formed. The life of this movement was very short due to internal and external attacks. The common people’s support and human goals of the movement caused its incredible influence among farmers and artisans, and at the same time had a profound effect on political, social and cultural institutions and paved the way for a kind of resistance literature in Iran in the form of poetry and literature. The data of this research are provided by documentary method and are analyzed and described using content analysis tools and qualitative methods. The most important achievement of this research is that, firstly, the government and its affiliates have not hesitated to stop killing people in order to protect their interests, and secondly, the emotional impact on the movement's data on the people has been more than its historical impact.

The martyrdom of Imam Hussein is the main axis of the poem " Rock and dew " by Sheikh Ja'far. In this poem, the contemporary Arab poet recreates the martyrdom of that Imam based on internal symbols and revelations, in pieces that are the dominant element of dialogue and narration, using dramatic techniques. The necessity of writing the present article is a structural-semantic analysis of a poem which, while expressing lyrical sorrow by using narrative patterns, shows the martyrdom of Imam Hussein as a resurrection against oppression, in connection with the present age. In this article, the authors intend to examine the three categories of "tense", "mood" and "voice" of narrative in the mentioned poem by analytical-descriptive method from the perspective of Gerard Genet's narratology, which is one of the most comprehensive frameworks of narrative texts analysis. The purpose of writing this article is to assess the poet's use of narrative principles in emphasizing the social capacities of the personality and martyrdom of Imam Hussein. The final approach of this article states that " Rock and dew " is in accordance with the theory of Genet narrative, a polyphonic narrative with a single time and frequency and has two types of external and internal focalization and three constant, positive and negative accelerations; It also explains that these narrative techniques have not damaged the essence of the poem and the narrative elements have served to convey meaning.

Death is an experience that does not fall into the realm of human experience. For this reason, humans have reacted differently and sometimes contradictory to it and have made different judgments about it. Persian poetry in all its forms has been the narrator of feelings and thoughts that Persian poets have had and still have in the face of life and death. In this research, the views, perceptions and encounters of 9 contemporary poets (Shahriyar, Fereydoun Tolli, Shamloo, Siavash Kasraei, Nosrat Rahmani, Nader Naderpour, Shafiei Kadkani, Hossein Manzavi, and Qaisar Aminpour) on death are analyzed.

This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and based on library data retrieval.

The research findings show that the components of mortality in the poems of these poets are mortality and aversion to death, mortality and mortality, romantic perception of death, mourning, longing for the instability of life and the passage of life, desire for immortality, and political symbolic use of death.

The most evidence and examples of poetry among these seven categories belong to the category of mortality and mortality. The main reasons for mortality in these poems are liberation from worldly attachments, martyrdom, submission to death, liberation from the sorrows and problems of life, and the futility of life. Also, there is the most connection between love and death in the works of Shahriyar, NosratRahmani, Naderpour and Manzavi, among which Manzavi is prominent. In the poems of these poets, wherever death has a positive face and is praised, it is associated with the sacred concept of martyrdom, or that there are spiritual and religious reasons such as abandoning worldly belongings. Part of the positive face of death in the eyes of these poets, especially Tully and Rahmani, is because of the futility and lack of value in life and a way to get rid of the many problems of the time. Also, the main reason for presenting a negative image of death is fear of it and regret for the instability of life.

Discourse is a type of language application in a specific field and the study of social and cultural developments affecting the language structure. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis is the integration of text and society with the structure of language. Discourses are different representations of social life that place social actors in different situations and represent social life in different ways to creatively create a regular world through everyday methods. The analysis of each discourse has three perspectives;Analyzing the forms and structures of syntax that represent the author's point of view, the use of literary arts that is a big step in the personalization of language, and the analysis of the nature of literary speech that is a great way of communication in the service of society. Hosseini connects the melodious words to the symbol of zeal and the anti-tyranny nation and removes the objective veils from this great event. In his Ashura poem "Safarnameh Khaizran", he depicts the oppressed martyrdom of Alamdar of Karbala with an epic and strong tone in the form of Nimai's poetry. The upcoming research with descriptive and Analytical metod looking for answer to this question that what is the use of language and discourse in this poem?

The proportion of Quranic verses to each other is one of the most valuable topics in Quranic sciences that has long been considered by scholars of the Islamic world; In the modern era, the principle of purposeful and proportional structure based on the wisdom of the verses in the suras has found its place in the intellectual system of many prominent contemporary commentators such as Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. The subjects of epic and martyrdom are also among necessary and valuable topics for all societies. Accordingly, the present article, applying documentary-analytical method and using library resources, seeks to answer this question: “How is proportionality and its types in the verses related to martyrdom and epic in Tafsir Tasnim?” It is concluded that despite the dispersion of verses in different surahs, there is a strong relationship and one can see different types of proportions in it. However, the proportion among them is mostly verbal (hidden).

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such issues as sacrifice and martyrdom, and the attitude of warriors towards such issues as represented in Persian prominent war novels have been analyzed. The results of the study revealed that the interdiscursivity of Persian war novels is composed of religious teachings and defense strategies. Furthermore, it was found that the Islamic Revolution discourse has articulated a religious semantic system based on Islamic ideological signifiers such as Jihad, sacrifice, martyrdom etc., and that it has consolidated the meaning of discursive signifiers by modeling the ‘eventof Ashoura’ , reference to the Quran, and utilising positive comments about martyrdom and consecration of that, thus facilitating the hegemonization of this discourse.

Samih Al-Qasim and Hossein Israfili are prominent poets of the Palestinian and Iranian resistance who have common themes in their resistance poems; Both have written many poems about their homeland and have used myths, symbols and codes in their resistance poems. Israfili and Al-Qasim have used the myth of Angha in their poems and both of them have considered themselves obliged to perform their duty in the field of resistance well. Using descriptive-analytical method and using the American school of comparative literature, the authors of the present article have compared the poems of the resistance of the two poets and examined the commonalities between the two poets. The two poets consider the stone to be a symbol of the Palestinian resistance, and both have used this symbol in their poems. The poem of the resistance of the two poets invites to strength and endurance and cohesion of ranks and mobilization of national and world forces against the evil enemy and the declaration of his crime; Writer that by stability against the conspiracy of the evil enemy and non-acceptance of defeat to the last detail considered struggle against oppression and corruption as their task.

Palestine's issue is known as the tragedy of today's world undoubtedly is now considered as one of the most important subjects in international meetings and governmental organizations. In addition, the Algerian colonization by the French and their crimes against the Algerians and their liberation revolution have been widely reflected in the two nations' literature. Women, as a part of society, were also influenced by its political, social and cultural developments, and played their part with all their might. Therefore, in this research, the poetry of Palestinian and Algerian women during the resistance has been studied by descriptive – analytical method and concepts as patriotism, call to fight, accusation of leaders and blaming Balfour Declaration on their poetries are surveyed.

Cognitive Linguistics Studies have found that conceptual metaphor is an active process of cognitive system which has an influential role in the construction and organization of cultural network in mind, language, and behavior of humans, so that many categorizations and understandings are based on this mechanism. Moreover, the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, introduced by Lakoff and Johnson, (1980) claims that there is a significant correlation between biological and environmental experiences of humans and their metaphorical conceptualizations, which can be represented in the language including the language of poetry and literary discourse. Literary discourse and poetry have the same linguistic rules. In this view, there is a relationship between the basis of conceptual metaphors and literature, since in a specific language there are mappings between target and source domains which are invoked by experiential correlations, perceived structural similarities and the existence of source domain in their literature. 

On the other hand, Eco criticism focuses on the relation of human and nature and their reflection in literature. In this approach, what is emphasized on is the reflection of the relationship between humans and their environment in literature. The crossroad of these two semantic and literary approaches can be a framework in which we can study the cognitive link between the poet and his ecology and its manifestation in his work. The language of poetry is influenced by ecological experiences of its poet. Until now, no study has been performed to analyze the relationship between nature, poet and language of poetry from this eclectic approach. Therefore, this paper tries to study the influence of environmental experiences of Salman Harati, who is a famous Persian contemporary poet, on the social-religious conceptualizations reflected in his poetry. In his poems, an obvious relationship between ecological elements and concepts and the poets conceptualizations is reflected. The emergence of political and social beliefs and interpretations in Harati's poetry is the most outstanding property of his poetic language which is portrayed with the help of the concepts existing in the nature of the north of Iran.  This research has used an eclectic method of both Conceptual Metaphor Theory-specially the principles on the basis of metaphor- and Eco criticism. It has used the cognitive mechanism of conceptual metaphor to explain the effects of experiential concepts of nature and the poet's direct observations of it on his poetic conceptualizations. The metaphors have been limited to those with the target domain of Martyrdom and Imamah because the essence of Harati's poetry is religion. The authors seek to answer the following questions: 1.how the natural environment has affected these metaphors? And 2.Which environmental and natural concepts have been used as the source domains for the conceptualization of social and cultural concepts- Martyrdom and Imamah?-. From another perspective, 3. What role or roles the ecology or nature has/have in the meaning construction in literature. To do so, the metaphors involving the target domains of Martyrdom and Imamah have been extracted. Then, on the basis of Cognitive Metaphor Theory, the role of the poet's natural environment as well as its components on his poetic conceptualizations have been explained. The results of this study showed that ‘Salman ecological and cultural experience have great influences on forming his poetic discourse and on the interaction between emotional and cognitive spaces in his poetry. Harati has used three target domains of nature including light, plant and, water and their relevant concepts to highlight some aspects of martyrdom and Imamah. There is a metaphor martyrdom / martyr and Imamah/ Imam is nature underlying all of these conceptualizations. Knowledge, monotheism, love, resistance, waiting and other meaning components relevant to martyrdom and Imamah culture are highlighted through these ecological metaphors.

Resistance literature is composed of concepts like martyrdom, dedication, Jihad, resistance, and the like, the meaning formation of which has never been analyzed from the semantic aspect of language. In the other hand, cognitive semantics has been used as a framework for many studies of language and literature. Conceptual Blending is a cognitive theory proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to explain blended conceptual areas and their role in the creation of meaning and coherence. It is a useful tool in determining how meanings are created in resistance literature. The main question is what the function of Conceptual Blending is in the creation of the concept of martyrdom in poetry. Several verses belonging to Resistance Literature and conveying the concept of martyrdom have been discussed here. The results show that in many cases, the poets uses multi-area conceptualizations and blends them, instead of using double-area conceptualizations and writing from the source area to the target area, in order to create an area in which some of the concepts of input spaces are raised in an uncommon way, and to create the conceptual area of martyrdom in poem. The findings indicate that in the poetic conceptualization of martyrdom, the input space of martyrdom is has an overlap with the input space of flight, sunset, growth, and falling of leaves. These four input spaces, blended with the space of martyrdom create impossible blended spaces in real world, and refer to life after death, exaltation, and the eternality of martyr. In general, this study shows that by applying the Conceptual Blending theory, the creation of complicated, multi-area, and multi-component concepts of resistance literature can be clarified.

Death as an absolute necessity, bound to happen, is unique and belongs to human beings. Whatever we know of death is assured, or at least seems to be the most absolute knowledge of us as human beings. It is an inescapable reality that all creatures will experience it later or sooner. The humankind worldview of death is based on his attitudes towards life. Some people believe that it is attractive and fascinating, while others find it horrible and disgusting. It is clear that the way people try to believe in death has roots in their lifestyles and attitudes towards life. Hossein Monzavi, aka “The King of Ghazal”, the famous poet of 1960s and 1970s, could revive ghazal and made it enthralling and romantic. Some of Monzavi’s ghazals are about death, and he attempts to reveal his attitudes towards the concept of death as a bound to happen. He sometimes believes in death doubtlessly, and sometimes fights it. Despite some contradictions in some of his ghazals about death, he doesn’t believe in death as something absurd and conjectural. This paper aims, through an analytical- descriptive method and by investigating Monzavi’s ghazals, to study his worldview and understanding of death.

Suhrawardi (549?-587 AH) is one of the most influential mystical and philosophical figures in the history of Iranian and the Islamic world as well as the founder of the Suhrawardi School of thought (Spiritual Enlightenment). According to Suhrawardi, being aware of the absolute loneliness of human in this world and his desire to return to his primordial homeland is of much importance. This theme is very beautifully projected in his mystical works; especially in Qissat al-Ghorbat al-Gharbiyya (A Narrative of Western Solitary). In this study, an analytical and critical approach is employed to analyze a poem by Taqi Pournamdarian titled "Ay Shauq-e Wasl va Shoor-e Shahadat" (Thou, Ecstasy of Reunion and Passion for Martyrdom) taken from his poetry collection named "Rahrowan-e Bibarg" (Wayfarers of the Desert) 2003. The overall theme of this poetry is martyrdom. The subject matter of this poetry is more or less similar to that of Suhrwardi's mystical work mentioned above. The results of this study indicate Taqi Purnamdarian's deep knowledge of the mystical philosophy of Suhrawardi and his “Qissat al-Ghorbat al-Gharbiyya” which is the primary source for Purnamdarian’s above mentioned poem, composed with an atmosphere of "life and death", specially a chosen death (shahadat) based on the philosophy of enlightenment.