جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Cluster Analysis » در نشریات گروه « بیوتکنولوژی و ژنتیک گیاهی »

This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of tomato’s cultivars in Iran. Moreover, the efficiency and the application of ISSR molecular markers in evaluating tomato diversity were assessed.

Ninety-nine tomato cultivars, including previously popular, prevalent and cultivars under study for cultivation in Iran were evaluated. Accordingly, 20 ISSR primers were practiced. DNA isolation were carried out using the fresh leaf samples and then determined the quantity and quality of extracted DNA. After PCR, the amplicons were separated by horizontal electrophoresis. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide and visualized in a UV transilluminator for subsequent analysis in digitalized images. The obtained information was analyzed via statistical software.

Amongst 20 primers were applied, the 17 primers were polymorphic. They have made 275 polymorphic amplicons which size's varied from 250 to 3000 base pair (bp). The average polymorphism rate was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. Having high polymorphic information content, marker index, effective multiplex ratio, and resolution power, UBC 879 primer was properly effective in differentiating the cultivars. The mean Jaccard similarity coefficient was 0.41. The highest genetic similarity was observed between cv. H1423 and cv. Kimia while the lowest genetic similarity was between cv. Lina and cv. Pil ZTP1; 0.96 and 0.13 respectively. The UPGMA algorithm was applied in cluster analysis based on Jaccard similarity coefficient. This analysis grouped cultivars into five clusters. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), the distinction between the formed groups was significant. In this study about 35% of the data variation was explained by the first and second components. The overall grouping pattern of clustering corresponds with principal component analysis. The cultivars were divided into five groups. By providing spatial representation of relative genetic distances among individuals, PCA analysis determined the consistency of differentiation among cultivars. cv. Lina and cv. ZTP8 were placed in one group alone and have the greatest genetic distance from other varieties.

This research claimed that Iranian tomato cultivars to some extent have high genetic diversity. In addition, it has been shown that ISSR molecular markers are appropriate for investigating the genetic diversity amongst tomato genotypes due to generation of high level of polymorphism. Thus, these markers have substantial efficiency in distinguishing tomato genotypes.

Genetic diversity of coriander is very important for future breeding programs and genetic resource conservation. To evaluate genetic diversity and population structures, 20 populations of coriander collected from different regions of Iran were assessed using 10 ISSR markers. The markers generated a total of 111 bands in the studied populations of which 80 bands were polymorphic. The average polymorphism ranged from 0.2 to 0.35 per primer. To determine the efficiency of ISSR markers, their polymorphic information content (PIC) and polymorphic percentage were calculated. The average polymorphism was 72.2 percent among the assessed population. Primers P2 showed the best marker parameters and were identified as the most effective primers for assessing genetic diversity in Iranian coriander populations. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard coefficient by UPGMA classified populations into three groups. According to the results, there is a high genetic diversity among Iranian coriander and ISSR can effectively differentiate the populations. This genetic diversity could be employed by the plant breeders in further breeding programs to introduce new varieties and improve conservation strategies as well.

Knowledge of genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding and various aspects such as ‎selection of cross parents, protection of germplasm and prevention of genetic erosion are important. The ‎purpose of this research is to evaluate the genetic diversity and investigate the genetic relationships in ‎the native ecotypes of marigold in Iran in order to be used in breeding projects and to protect the ‎genetic reserves of this plant. ‎‎ ‎

In this research, after extracting DNA from young leaves by CTAB method, ‎the molecular diversity of 18 ecotypes of three species of marshmallow bud was investigated using 10 ‎ISSR primers. ‎‎ ‎

The total number of bands formed by the primers studied in this research varied between 11 ‎and 23 for each primer. The number of polymorphic bands in this research for ‎the primers was at least 7 and at most 21 bands. In this research, the PIC ranged between 0.19 and 0.42 ‎and its average was 0.29. The highest PIC was related to the ISSR2 marker and the lowest PIC was ‎related to the ISSR4 marker. Cluster analysis showed that at the similarity level of 65%, the ecotypes ‎related to each species were in one group and the ecotypes related to different species were placed in ‎separate groups, so that the ecotypes of Qazvin, Taft, Yazd, Sari, Kerman and Shiraz which All of them ‎belonged to the Althaea Rosea species and were placed in one group. In the second group, the ecotypes ‎belonging to the Althaea Ficifolia species, which included Behshahr, Gorgan, Bam, Rafsanjan, ‎Hamadan and Mashhad, were placed.The results of molecular variance analysis showed that 28% of the variation is within the ‎species and 72% of the variation is Among the studied species. The results of analysis to main ‎coordinates also confirmed the results of cluster analysis. ‎‎ ‎

Conclusion:

According to the obtained results, the ISSR marker and the primers investigated in this ‎experiment have the necessary efficiency to distinguish the ecotypes and the species of khatami ‎flowers, and on the other hand, due to the genetic diversity of the ecotypes studied in this experiment, ‎it can be The title of the parents was used in the breeding projects of this plant, and in order to preserve ‎the germplasm and prevent genetic erosion, it is suggested to keep the ecotypes studied in this research ‎in plant gene bank ‎.

This study was aimed to assess genetic variation and characterize 50 selected genotypes of Agropyron desertorum Fisch. ex Link. using agro-morphological traits and forage yield. Each genotype was clonally propagated into four clones and they were space planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications on the research farm of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of the Northwest and West regions, Tabriz, Iran. Data collected from March 2017 for two years. The results of the variance analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for most of the traits (P<0.01), which indicated high variation among the studied genotypes for all the traits. Based on the mean comparison of annual forage dry matter yield over two years, the 14 genotypes with higher annual forage production (more than 350 g/plant equal to 9.8 t.h-1) and also higher seed yield (more than 40 g/plant equal to 1.12 t.h-1) were selected as the superior genotypes. Based on the cluster analysis, the 50 genotypes were divided into four clusters. The results indicated that there were significant variation and considerable distance for forage, seed yield and other traits among the studied genotypes. Thus, these genotypes could be suitable genetic sources for selecting superior parental genotypes to improve breeding composite varieties.

Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. is one of the important medicinal plant species that is naturally grown in the Southern highlands of Hormozgan and Sistan & Baluchestan provinces, Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of some morpho-physiological traits of different populations of T. stocksianum collected from natural habitats. The results showed significant differences among the populations for all the morpho-physiological traits. Plant height was positively correlated with plant height and width. Shoot dry weight was also positively correlated with root dry weight. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first five components accounted for 84.15% of the total variation. In the first component, the inflorescence length, plant height, root dry weight, plant width, and stem dry weight were important traits (%31). Cluster analysis divided the populations into three groups and showed that the cluster analysis using morpho-physiological did not correspond to the geographical diversity. Based on the results, the populations of the second group due to having higher values for desirable traits such as large diameter, small diameter and plant length, stem and root dry weight, main stem diameter and the weight of 1,000 seeds, were introduced to breeding improved varieties.

The camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) is one of the compatible plant species with arid and semi-arid regions that is important for forage production, soil protection and medicine. This research was carried out in order to investigate the genetic diversity of camelthorn ecotypes, to determine the similarities and differences between ecotypes and to recognize the genetic structure of different camelthorn ecotypes using ISSR and SCoT markers.
 
The 22 ecotypes from different regions of North, Razavi and South Khorasan provinces were studied. The DNA was extracted by the CTAB method. The 12 ISSR and 18 SCoT primers were used in the molecular analysis.
 
The polymorphism percentages in the two markers were 99.42% and 95.42%, respectively. In the ISSR and SCoT markers, the IS5, IS8, IS10 and S2, S4, S6, S7, and S10 primers amplified the highest number of bands, respectively, and the IS1, IS2, IS3, IS6 and S1 amplified the lowest bands, respectively. In the ISSR and SCoT markers, the IS6 (0.44) and S12 (0.44) primers had the highest PIC value, respectively, and the IS4 (0.09) and S1(0.04) primers had the lowest PIC value. In the ISSR marker, the IS6 primer had the highest and the IS2, and IS10 primers had the lowest Nei genetic diversity index and Shannon information index, respectively. In the SCoT marker, the S14 primer had the highest, and the S1 primer had the lowest Nei genetic diversity index and Shannon information index, respectively. The cluster analysis classified the ecotypes into three groups. The molecular analysis of variance showed that the 9%, 14% and 91%, 86% of the total genetic variation were related to the within and between groups in ISSR and SCoT markers, respectively.
 
This study demonstrated the accuracy of the ISSR and SCoT markers in identifying high levels of polymorphism and was appropriate for investigating the genetic diversity amongst camelthorn ecotypes. The IS6 and S12, and S14 primers were recognized as the best primers in this study, and it is suggested that these primers be considered in future studies. In total, the results showed that the diversity within populations was higher than the diversity between populations, which indicates that the geographical distribution does not follow of genetic diversity in the camelthorn plant.

Sesame is an important crop plant for harsh environmental conditions because it is relatively resistance to drought stress. Evaluation of different genotypes in different climate condition plays a fundamental role in selection of the best genotypes before the commercial release of a variety and helping in identify plant traits that should be monitored during breeding experiments. In the present study, 10 promising lines obtained from the preliminary yield test were investigated to evaluate the yield compatibility along with 6 local cultivars in a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications in two cropping years (2018 and 2019) in Dashtestan climate condition in Bushehr province. During the growing season, phenology traits, grain yield components and grain yield were measured. Based on the results of ANOVA, statistically significant difference was observed between different genotypes for plant height, height of the first sub branch, height of the first capsule, number of sub branches, number of capsules per plant, length of capsule, length of capsule bearing zone, number of seeds in capsule and grain yield. Based on the mean comparison and biplot analysis the genotype 12 (Local Dashtestan), 2 (SES97-103), 7 (SES97-110) and 15 (Local Jiroft), were identified as superior genotypes for grain yield. Genotype 5 (SES97-105) and genotypes 14 (SES97-124) with 104.5 days and 4 (Local Darab1) with 111 showed the highest and lowest number of days to maturity, respectively. First capsule height showed the highest positive and significant phenotype (0.56) and genetic (0.78) correlation with grain yield. Days to the end of flowering and days to physiological maturity traits showed a negative genetic correlation with yield. Cluster analysis separated 16 sesame genotypes into four separate groups. Based on regression analysis, the height of the first capsule was identified as the most sensitive trait in predicting the yield of sesame genotypes in Dashtestan region in Bushehr province, which seems it can be considered during breeding programs.

In this study, ISSR marker was employed to measure the genetic diversity within and among 29 accessions of Ziziphora specie from different regions of Iran including Z. tenuior, Z. persica and Z. capitata from 19, 5 and 5 geographical region, respectively. A total of 154 bands were amplified, and 86.67%, 81.13% and 84% were polymorphic in Z. tenuior, Z. persica and Z. capitata, correspondingly. Average number of amplified bands for each primer in 29 accessions was 10.26, while average number of amplified bands for each primer in Z. tenuior, Z. persica and Z.capitata was 3.8, 7.6 and 6.8, respectively. The most Polymorphic information content among tenuior, persica and capitata species belonged to UBC-805 (0.46), UBC-811 (0.35) and UBC-824 (0.37) primers respectively. The results of cluster analysis indicated that the ISSR marker could easily separate the tenuior species from the other two species, persica and capitata, although it was unable to separate the latter two species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that there is a significant differences within the samples. Indeed, 38% of the observed genetic diversity is related to genetic diversity between populations and 62% is related to genetic diversity within populations. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) demonstrated that the first two vectors explained an 80.3% of the total variance, which shows the high correlation of the selected primers. Therefore, with a smaller number of primers and, as a result, the cost, it is possible to separate the tenuior species from the other two species. Considering that the primers UBC-805, UBC-811 and UBC-812 in the tenuior species contained the most polymorphic information and marker index and also showed 100% polymorphism, they can be used as efficient primers to investigate genetic diversity in this species. Overall, high genetic diversity in the Ziziphora sp. plants were identified in this study, which can be useful in the management and maintenance of the germplasm of this plant.

This experiment was conducted in order to assess genetic variation and determination of the best genetic structure and the grouping of safflower genotypes using ISSR and retrotransposon markers and different agricultural traits. In this study, 28 safflower genotypes were evaluated using 7 ISSR markers, 3 retrotransposon markers and 12 combined ISSR and retrotransposon markers, as well as eight different morphological traits with different statistical methods. From 22 primers, 117 polymorphic bands were created. The primers, primer-of UBC-827 and TOS-1 with 13 band maximum number of bands, and primer UBC-811 and UBC-822 in combination with 5-band TOS-1 with the lowest band for ISSR primers and Retrotransposons. The average percent polymorphism obtained in this study for markers ISSR, Retrotransposons and primer combinations was from 38.46 to 88.88 percent ISSR and Retrotransposons is variable and the mean percentage of polymorphic for this is equal to 62. High standards of straw gene diversity, Shannon index, the PIC and the number of effective allele primer UBC-810, UBC-811 and primer combination TOS-2 + HB-12, TOS-1 + HB12 and TOS-1+ UBC822 show performance Primers on the assessment of genetic diversity in this article. The morphological traits of 28 genotypes by UPGMA and Euclidean distance criteria were divided into 4 groups. Grouping results of cluster analysis by linear discriminant analysis using Fisher's focal 82.1 percent for morphological traits were confirmed. Principal component analysis showed that the main vectors of the first and second respectively are 8.22 and 6.84 and the 10 first components validated 63.47 percent of total variance. Mantel test the relationship between molecular and morphological data matrix equivalent 0.214 that show little correlation between the two data. Overall, the results showed that there is a considerable genetic variation in safflower germplasm that can be used to select parents and desirable genotypes in safflower breeding programs.

Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products and iran has the richest germplasm of pistachio in the world. The presence of this genetic resources will be an appropriate opportunity for use in breeding purposes. Knowledge of genetic relationships among pistachio genotypes has important role in it’s breeding programs. Molecular markers are one of the powerful tools for studying plant phylogenetic relationships. Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) technique is one of the molecular systems that used to assess the genetic relationship among different plant species and cultivars. This study was performed in order to evaluate the genetic relationships between a numbers of Pistacia species and cultivars using SCoT molecular markers and to assess the usefulness of this markers in differentiating this genus.

Plant materials of this study are included 29 genotypes of domestic and wild species of genus Pistacia. A total of 25 SCoT primers were used to evaluate the genetic relationships. Genomic DNA were extracted from leaf samples using CTAB method with minor modifications. The quantity and quality of the extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity matrix and complete linkage algorithm and Principal coordinate analysis were performed using NTSYSpc 2.02e software.

In total, 449 DNA fragments were amplified by primers out of which 433 bands (96/43%) were polymorphic. The average number of amplified fragments for each primer was 17.96 bands with a mean of 17.32 polymorphic bands per primer. A number of species-spicific marker were detected in some Genotypes. The average of polymorphism information content values varied from 0/18 to 0/38. Also, the values of marker indices ranged from 0/56 to 4/36. The range of similarity coefficients of genotypes varied between 25% to 68%. Cluster analysis divided Genotypes into two main cluster including vera (domestic) and wild species. Principal coordinate analysis separated vera cultivars and genotypes from wild species and confirmed the results of cluster analysis.

The results of this study demonstrated that SCoT molecular markers detected high polymorphism among pistachio species and cultivars and differentiated the studid genotypes. Therefore, SCoT Marker is a useful tool for studying phylogenetic relationships in genus Pistacia.

The yarrow (Achillea spp. L) is one of the most important medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases and food industry. However, there are still limited reports on the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of yarrow species in the country. Therefore, the recent study was performed in order to (1) evaluate the genetic diversity between and within species of some Achillea species in Sanandaj and heir suburbs using SSR molecular markers and (2) to evaluate the efficiency and potential of microsatellite markers (SSR) in the separation and differentiation of the studied species and accessions of yarrow genus. Genetic diversity was assessed in 28 yarrow accessions belonging to seven vehicle species using 16 pairs of SSR markers. Genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB method from fresh and soft leaves of two to three week plantlets obtained from accessions seed culture as bulk. The products of PCR amplification were seperated by 2.5% metaphor agarose gel electrophoresis and photographed with a document gel apparatus. The PopGene, GenAlEx 6.2, DARwin 5, PASTv3.18 softwares were used to calculate genetic parameters, molecular variance analysis, similarity matrix, cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Twelve pairs of SSR primers set identified 56 alleles among yarrow species. The average percentage of polymorphs and the number of polymorphic alleles were 82.56% and 3.92, respectively. The average of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.324. Based on molecular analysis of variance, 64% of the available variance was intra-species and 36% was inter-species. The mean of total similarity coefficients between species and between populations were 0.76 and 0.588, respectively. Cluster analysis separated the populations to a high extent (82%) and also put up the studied species into three separate groups. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) were comparable with the results of cluster analysis and similarity matrix and confirmed them to a large extent. Generally, the studied accessions of yarrow showed a relatively high genetic diversity, so that the highest amount belonged to intra-species diversity. The SSR marker had high efficiency and potential in detecting genetic diversity, separation and differentiation of yarrow populations and species. Therefore, these markers will help identify elite genotypes for domestication and breeding programs of these plants.

In this study, geneti diversity of 28 genotyped of rapeseed using 7 markers ISSR, 3 indicates Retrotransposons and 22 combined markers were evaluated. The results of cluster analysis and molecular evaluation UPGMA with method by criteria simple matching coefficient using data from primer ISSR, Retrotransposons and hybrid primer ISSR and Retrotransposons 28 genotypes studied in 3 groups, the groups were: 14, 9 and 5 genotypes are among the groups, the first group is the largest group, but the morphological traits of 28 genotypes by UPGMA and Euclidean distance criteria were divided into 4 groups. Grouping results of cluster analysis by linear discriminant analysis using Fisher's 100 percent for molecular.

Salinity is considered as complex stress and plants show different reactions to this stress based on their genetic structure. Therefore, it is possible to achieve the salinity-tolerant genotype in plants through creating changes in the genetic structure and breeding activities. Tomato is in the group of plants sensitive to salinity stress. Distinct studies have been explained different indicators for tolerance to salt stress in tomato. Identifying a reliable indicator in the early stages of plant growth under salt stress is necessary to evaluate a large number of samples in plant breeding projects. Based on this, in the current project, 10 tomato genotypes were evaluated under salt stress in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of variance analysis showed a statistically significant difference between genotypes for the stress tolerance index in the traits of root dry weight (RDW), root fresh weight (RFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf fresh weight (LFW), stem fresh weight (SFW), total dry weight (TDW) and total fresh weight (TFW). The results of cluster analysis and GGEbiplot analysis classified the genotypes into four groups. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, the index of stress tolerance with total dry weight (STI-TDW) and total fresh weight (STI-TFW) was recognized as a suitable index for evaluating tolerance to salt stress in tomato genotypes. It seems that these index can be used for the screening of tomato germplasms under salt stress for plant breeding projects.

the first step in understanding a species genome is to study the number and shape of its chromosomes. determining the relationship between species of a genus, traits such as chromosome morphology, absolute chromosome size, diversity in coloring, centromere  position, chromosome base number and number of satellites must be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate cytogenetic diversity and to  determine the relationship between native garlic ecotypes of Iran (Shahroud, Bojnurd, Mashhad, Birjand, Talish) with foreign specimens (originated from Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan) and to prepare genome analysis based on chromosomal information.

From the mitotic cells in the metaphase stage, which were prepared from the terminal meristem of the root and stained with acetoorcein, five suitable metaphase cells were selected and the length of short and long arms and the total length of chromosomes were measured using Karyotype Analysis Software (ver.1.5). including calculated. Data were analyzed by JMP8 statistical software in  an unbalanced completely randomized design. Mean comparisons were performed by Duncantest . To classify ecotypes, based on all chromosomal parameters, cluster analysis was performed using Ward method.

The results showed that the basic number of chromosoms in Turkmenistan and Bojnurd ecotypes was x=7, 2n=2x=14 and in other ecotypes x=8, 2n=2x=16. short arm length, long arm length, total chromosome length was significantly different (P≤0.01) between  ecotypes. Cluster analysis divided the ecotypes in two groups. Minimum Euclidean distance observed between Azerbaijan and Talish ecotypes, the smallest chromosome belonged to Mashhad and the largest chromosomes belonged to Shahroud. The most symmetric karyotype was Azerbaijan and the most asymmetric karyotype was Shahroud ecotype.

The results showed that the differences in the number of chromosomes could be explained by Robertsonian translocations. It seems that the ecotypes with 2n=2x=14 chromosomes had more antiquity, and the ecotypes with 16 chromosomes originated from them. Considering that Bojnourd ecotype with 14 chromosomes this region could be possibly in troduced as the oldest origin or nuclear center of variation for garlic in Iran. Chromosomes also differ in the size and location of the centromere, which is due to chromosomal breakdown and the formation of a new structure in their reconnections. This study revealed which ecotypes are distant among the studied ecotypes, and also showed to produce possible future hybrids, which direction will be more successful.

Investigation of genetic diversity is particularly important in understanding how populations are created over time and geographical locations. In this study, the genetic diversity of 22 populations of Alhagi maurorum was studied using RAPD and SCOT primers during 2018-2019. From a total of 27 RAPD and 24 SCOT primers, 19 and 18 primers showed high polymorphism, respectively. In overall, the RAPD and SCOT primers showed 100% and 95.42% polymorphism, respectively. The R3, R11 (0.42), and S12 (0.44) primers had the highest Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) index, the R10 (17) and S2, S4, S6, S7 and, S10 (13) primers showed the highest Effective Multiple Ratios (EMR) index, the R13 (5.92) and S7 (5.36) primers had the highest Marker Index (MI) and, the R4 (9.54) and S14 (11.7) primers showed the highest Resolving Power (RP. The results of molecular variance analysis were similar and the both markers showed 14% and 86% of the variations between and within the groups, respectively. Cluster analysis based on the RAPD and SCOT markers, classified the populations into three and six clusters, respectively. The analysis of the clusters showed that there was no correlation between the genetic variation and geographical diversity. It was suggested that in future studies, crossing between Tehran population and Gonabad, Tabas, Beshroieh, Sarbisheh, and Nilshahr populations which have a greater genetic distance, could be effective to create superior hybrids.  In this study, all the genetic parameters of both markers were similar and their efficiency was almost the same.

In this study, 44 accessions and cultivars of three species of Pistacia including P. atlantica (15 accessions), P. khinjuk (23 accessions), and P. vera (6 cultivars) collected from different parts of Ilam and Semnan provinces, Iran, were evaluated for leaf and fruit traits. Investigation of morphometric traits revealed that there was a high variability (CVph) in fruit traits compared to leaf traits among species. The results of the principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that the three main components explained 94.04% of the total variation among the accessions. In PCA1, the fruit weight, length, and diameter, kernel and shell weight were predominant in the first component and explained 52% of the total variation. According to the results of cluster analysis, the accessions were divided into three main groups so that, those belonging to each species were placed into separate groups. Also, in the second part of the experiment, genetic diversity among samples was investigated using 12 RAPD primers. A total of 71 alleles were identified and their sizes ranged from 280 to 2500 bp. The number of observed alleles for each locus ranged from 4 (OPA-18 and OPA-16) to 9 (Custom primer) alleles, with an average of 5.91 alleles per locus. The polymorphic index content (PIC) was the highest (0.81) for the OPB-14 locus and the lowest (0.089) for the OPA-13 locus, and was 0.35 among all RAPD loci. The Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.27 to 0.84 among the samples. The obtained results of the current study will help in the classification, preservation, and identification of Pistachio genetic resources and can be effective in breeding improved varieties of this crop.

Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a perennial forage and cross-pollinating grass, has wide genetic distribution in Iran. Although the genus Dactylis has been studied quite well within the past decades, little is known about the genetic diversity and population patterns of natural populations in grassland regions. The aim of this study is to identify the genetic diversity of this species in the East Azerbaijan, Iran.

In this study, seeds of 25 ecotypes of Dactylis glomerata L. were planted in the research farm of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Northwest & West region in Tabriz as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Then 34 selected genotypes (single plant) were examined using 22 ISSR markers.

According to the results of ISSR markers, a total of 424 loci were amplified in the genome, of which 34 loci among all studied genotypes were monomorphic and 390 loci were polymorphic. The mean percentage of polymorphisms for D. glomerata L. in ISSR markers was estimated to be 70.39%. Also, the mean PIC value (polymorphic information content) for ISSR markers was equal to 0.288, the minimum PIC value for ISSR14 marker (0.175) and the maximum PIC value belonged to ISSR22 marker (0.341). Grouping of D. glomerata L. genotypes based on ISSR markers was performed using Mega 4.0.2 and Structure software, which grouped the results of Mega 4.0.2 genotypes into 4 groups, and Structure software grouped the genotypes into 2 groups.

The results indicate that the using of ISSR markers to differentiate close kin populations has a high advantage and plays a significant role in the differentiation of individuals. Also, the high allelic diversity of ISSR markers indicate a large level of diversity in D. glomerata L. populations and it’s a suitable tool for studying the genetic diversity of D. glomerata L.

Date palm is one of the most important trees in arid and tropical regions with very valuable fruit as a good food source. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate allelic diversity, the population structure and genetic diversity of important date palm genotypes using ISSR molecular marker for applying in genomic studies. 

Genomic DNA was extracted from leaf tissue of 68 date palm genotypes by Zhang method. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the extracted DNA was performed by using a spectrophotometer. For qualitative evaluation, DNA samples were visualized on 2% agarose gel. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using 10 ISSR primers. 

In this study, 74 polymorphic bands were created that showed an average of 65.78% polymorphism. Based on the results of this experiment, (AG)8YC', (TC)8C and (GA)8C are suitable markers in the study of genetic diversity of date palm. Structural analysis divided the study population into three sub-structures. The results of analysis of molecular variance between and within the three subpopulations showed that the share of variance within and between subpopulations was 79 and 21% of the total variance, respectively. The principle component analysis based on the Euclidean square distance matrix showed that the first ten components explained 54.57% of the total changes and diagram of the principal component analysis based on the first two principal components divided population into four groups. In addition, cluster analysis based on complete linkage clustering method and the Euclidean distance divided 68 date palm genotypes into four groups. 

The ISSR marker can be useful as a suitable marker for studying the differentiation and structure of the date palm population. High genetic diversity within and between subpopulations makes it possible to select parents for suitable traits in future breeding programs of date palm.

The objective of present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity within 23 genotypes of Freesia hybrida including 6 parents and their 17 F1 hybrids, using 10 ISSR primers in order to utilize such diversity in breeding program of this plant. 

After extraction of genomic DNA from fresh leaves and amplification of marker regions by the PCR, followed by the electrophoresis, a matrix of binary data was created based on scoring of electrophoretic bands. Marker parameters including number of polymorphic loci, polymorphism information content, effective multiple ratio, resolution power index, and marker index as well as genetic variation indices including observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Nei's gene diversity index, and Shannon's information index were calculated by using the ISSR marker data. Principle components analysis based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient with UPGMA algorithm were done followed by the cluster analysis using Dice coefficient and based on Ward’s grouping method. 

Out of 110 amplified loci of the 10 ISSR markers, the mean of polymorphism percentage 94.7% within the used genotypes was estimated. Maker IS-HB11 showed maximum number of polymorphic loci (12), effective multiple ratio (7.93), resolution power index (7.83), and marker index (2.67) as well. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into four clusters, which was confirmed by the result of principle component analysis. 

Relative high value of the polymorphism information content (0.368), showed that the ISSR makers utilized in present study were genetically well informative regarding to the number of identified alleles and their distribution in the genome of Freesia. Based on the gene diversity indices, there was no significant difference between the parental genotypes and the F1 hybrids in terms of genetic variation. However, the level of this variation was acceptable and is capable to be utilized for breeding program in this plant.