نشریه سلامت و آموزش در اوان کودکی
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1399)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of passing preschool period (based on educational and emotional factors) on the emotional intelligence of primary students.

The research method is descriptive, comparative casual one within two groups of students. The statistical population of the study included students in District 1 of Karaj and the research sample size according to ochran formula were 261 that were selected by using stratified random sampling. The data gathered by Schutte and et.al (1999) Standard Emotional Intelligence Test. The results were analyzed by using the descriptive and inferential statistics obtained from Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Levene’s Test, Independent T-Test and (ANOVA) with SPSS 23-v software.

Findings of the research showed that the mean emotional intelligence of students who passed pre-primary courses had a significant difference with the emotional intelligence of students who had not completed those courses. Meanwhile there was no significant difference between emotional intelligence of male and female students and students of different educational backgrounds.

Note that children who had passed the pre-school period in kindergartens received much more attention, education, proper nutrition, aesthetic point of view, physical health care, emotional care, and had more parent-educator relationships and communication with nature and animals. The results showed that preschool education had an effect on emotional intelligence and its components (that is emotional regulation, emotional expression and emotional exploitation) and had increased students' emotional intelligence.

Family as a first center of socialization for children has an important impact on development, especially on development of children's personality, in this regard, parenting styles are considered as an important factor in child development. Accordingly, children's painting is one of the methods of identifying mental health and personality development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between children's personality traits and parenting styles of parents through the symbolic meanings of family drawing of preschool children in Tehran province.

The statistical population of this study is all pre-school children in District 20 of Tehran province. A sample of 103 children was selected through cluster sampling. In this research, Baumrind's (1973) parenting styles questionnaire was completed and Kremen Family Drawing (1951) was used to analyze the coded meaning of children’s painting. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, charts and tables) and inferential statistics (Test-2, Fisher test, and Follow-up tests) were used.

The research showed that there was a relationship between the dimensions of breadth, distance and matching the maturity with the parenting styles. Also, there was a significant difference between the families with authoritative parenting style and the families with permissive parenting style in the breadth index. There was a meaningful difference between families with authoritarian parenting style and those with permissive parenting style in the Parent Matching Responses of painting parents. There was a key difference between the families with authoritative parenting style and the families with authoritarian parenting style in painting distance responses. There is also a significant difference between the responses to painting distance between the families with authoritative parenting style and the families with permissive parenting style.

In sum, the findings of this study showed that children's drawings could reflect the anxieties and concerns of children who had grown with different parenting styles and these styles might play an important role in the development of children.

The continuous increase in the prevalence of developmental disabilities reminds families and society an important need for appropriate interventions for people with developmental disabilities. In addition, some research has shown that due to a disability, child's mood may influence the development of attachment. One of the treatments for attachment problems is theraplay. Theraplay is a short-term therapeutic approach that uses elements of play therapy to help children build healthier attachment relationships with others. The main purpose of this article is to review the studies that have examined the effectiveness of theraplay in childhood problems.

This research is a review study and its information has been collected by studying articles, books and treatises related to this topic.

53 out of 56 studies that has been examined reported positive results and 3 of them did not report positive results.

According to the results of the researches, it seems that theraplay is effective in treating childhood problems, especially parent-child relationship problems, adoption and attachment problems and autism spectrum disorders. However, there is a gap in studies that have examined the effectiveness of this treatment in Iran. Therefore, it is suggested to study the effectiveness of theraplay in different populations thus its results can be used to help children with disabilities.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is recognized as the most common developmental disorder and affects one in 88 people(Carter and Scherer, 2013). The presence of an autistic child in the family, for various reasons and the existence of a diverse range of language, communication and behavioral abnormalities and disorders, can impose various psychological pressures on parents and siblings (Be Pajooh 2012). The aim of this study was to compare the lifestyle of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder with emphasis on the severity of their disorder with parents of healthy children.

The statistical population of the study included all parents of children with severe, moderate and mild autism and parents of healthy children in District 5 of Tehran in 2019. From the community of parents of children with autism, 60 people (3 groups of 20 people) from the severe, moderate and mild spectrum and 20 parents of healthy children were selected by purposive sampling from those who referred to social welfare centers in the fifth district of Tehran which were investigated by Causal-comparative methods. In this study, Gilliam Autism Diagnosis Questionnaires and Miller and Smith (1992) Lifestyle Questionnaire were used to grade the severity of autism in children and the level of lifestyle respectively.

Data were analyzed by Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Findings showed a meaningful difference between the lifestyle of parents with children with severe autism and the other two groups with the healthy group.

Therefore, it can be concluded that parents' lifestyle is affected by the severity of their children's disorder.

Child abuse is a phenomenon which occurs more or less in different societies. Various factors such as family play roles in occurrence of this issue. Based on Mothers’ role in expansion of child abuse and its negative consequences, the purpose of this study was settled on examination of child abuse based on religious believes and self-esteem of Mothers of children in 3-6 years of old.

The research approach was quantitative, non-experimental, and correlational-comparative casual one. Sample population of this study was preschool children of Tehran Province. Using multi-stage cluster sampling, the sample size was determined by Cochran formula 225 children (130 girls and 95 boys) in age category of 3-6 years of old. Coopersmith Self-esteem Scale, Glock-Stark Religiosity Questionnaire, and Child Abuse Questionnaire were used in current study. The data was analyzed by Multi-regression with SPSS 23-v.

Results of this study showed that there was a meaningful and negative correlation between mental child abuse and religious believes. Also, there was a significant and negative relationship between total religiosity and child abuse. In addition, the result of multi-variate regression analysis indicated that occurrence of child abuse can be predicted by the level of self-esteem.

Based on findings of the research child abuse is predictable. When selfesteem is strengthened in Mothers, child abuse decreases relatively, therefore; increasing self-esteem in Mothers by appropriate training may prevent child abuse. Moreover, stabilization of religiosity in different dimensions can prevent mental child abuse.

In recent years, the importance of early childhood development in lifelong learning and growth has led to pay more attention to professionalization of early childhood educators, including higher standards for their education and training. Today, kindergarten teachers play a vital role in educating children in these centers, and their knowledge and competency are associated with positive short-term and longterm consequences. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop and standardize the method of multiple short interviews to assess the health and knowledge adequacy of educators.

Participants in this study were 62 kindergarten teachers in Tehran province. By taking into account the criteria of age, education, work experience, fields of study and scores of SADAMAK knowledge test (2016) sampling of these participants was performed purposefully. The mean age of participants was 34.26 with a standard deviation of 7.26. These participants were selected from Rey (1 person), Shemiranat (12 people), Vardavard (6 people) and Tehran (43 people).

A score of 14 was considered on the SADAMAK test to enter the interview, and then kindergarten teachers were evaluated by performing four short interview stations (MMI) that included mental health, resume, knowledge adequacy, and administrative rules.

The results showed that the structure of short interviews can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of educators in relation to professional competence.