فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1393)

The purpose of this study is to assess the transaction cost of borrowing from non-governmental investment development Funds which are established in less than a decade. Transaction costs are considered as significant and limiting factors for micro-borrowers in using formal loans. The required data are provided by the Investment Developing Support’s Parent Company using the stratified random sampling method questionnaire during 1390. In the current study the effective factors of borrowing transaction cost in addition to the estimation of transaction costs of facilities are examined by econometric methods. The results show that transaction costs are controlled during the borrowing of Investment Development Funds and reduced in larger Funds with broader financial flows. Accordingly the rate of transaction cost in Esfahan Fund is calculated as 1.07% and in two smaller funds in Golestn and Qom are 1.27 and 3.29 respectively. The outcomes of econometric patterns indicate the importance of loan terms such as interest, loan amount, and deposit in addition to the borrower’ characteristics such as experience, education, training, criminal history and time used for reduction of transaction costs of facilities. Since the most of identified effective factors are related to the borrower’ characteristics and conditions, transaction costs for facilities can be decreased by focusing on the borrower through enhance his abilities and level of development. Developing the methods of group borrowing, common mechanism in lending investment development funds, can be considered as an effective solution in this regard.

Generally the biggest group of people diet every grain of rice cereal group is the second largest member in some regions. However, unlike other grains such as rice, white beans and cooked completely consumed, Fastidious taste may vary from one region to another. The overall index of consumer tastes more rice grains in appearance, size and shape, manner of cooking, the aroma, the taste of it Measuring the effects of rice quality change on consumer welfare is the main objective of this study. Data were randomly collected by completing questinnare from 350 households in Shiraz from 1389 to1390. The results showed that average monthly household welfare in 5834currency north of downtown and south of the city in 2338currency increased by 4776 currency. Thus, information on average costs 34 percent of rice consumers in the north, center and south of the city, 18 percent to 30 percent decrease. Thus, information about the qualitative characteristics of paddy rice consumer welfare is increased Shiraz. But information alone does not reduce the cost of rice in poor strata of the society is significant. This is due to the high cost of living, many of the low purchasing power of households and lower classes of society.

The aim of this research is to examine individual and professional farmers capabilities concerning the extent of using the activities which would control the drought in Tafresh County. This research is of non- experimental type in terms of goal, function and possibility of controlling variables and from methodological point of view it is of the Descriptive and correlational type and from data processing point of view this research is correlation type. statistics society in the current research consists of the all farmers, who are around 9061 in number, in Tafresh County. According to Cochran’s Formula 300 farmers were estimated to be the research was the questionaires which were completed through personal interviews. The measure of durability used in the research together with general average amount were Cronbach Alpha 0.848 and the legitimacy of the questionaires were approved by guiding professors and advisors Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch and Tehran University. The result of connectivity test proved that there were significant among the rate of applying operations in order to control drought with skill variables, levels of technical knowledge of farmers concerning the control of drought and age and experience of agricultural activities. and at the end the result of Regression multitude analysis showed that first the record of agricultural activities, second age of farmers and third the level of professional farmers and third the level of professional farmers capabilities were three major variables that had the greatest impact on the rate of applying operation so as to control drought

The present study was conducted to investigate and formulate the effects of social capital dimensions on entrepreneurial intentions. The population of this study consisted of all fourth year agricultural students of Yasouj University (N=196), that by using Patten (2002) sampling table, 130 student were selected as the sample using the random simple sampling method. The main instrument of study was questionnaire that included four latent variables: the cognitive social capital, structural social capital, relational social capital and entrepreneurial intentions. In order to investigate the validity, reliability and fitting of latent variables and test of hypothesis, structural equation modeling with LISREL8.54 software was used. Results of Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the validity, reliability and fitness of latent variables. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that relational and cognitive social capital dimensions can predict entrepreneurial intention. But, structural social capital was not recognized as predictor of entrepreneurial intention. Finally, for helping managers, planners and researchers in higher agricultural education system, a number of practicable suggestions were proposed to reinforce entrepreneurial intentions of agricultural students.

Due to the conservational agriculture as a factor of increasing food security and sustainable agriculture, understanding the determinant factors in the farmer's decision making to enhance adoption scale of conservational agriculture, is quite important. Therefore, the current study attempted to investigate the effective factors and barriers to agricultural technology adaption among the wheat farmers in the Fars province have been examined in the context of logistic analysis for the crop year 2013-2012. An estimation of the logit Regression models revealed that number of plot, participation in extension classes, experience in wheat cultivation, crop acreage, yield and water scarcity, are significant effective factors on farmers’ decision in adoption of conservation measures. In addition the results of marginal effect of variables showed that, water scarcity in the region (31 percent) and resolving technical constraints of farmers (28 percent) as key variables, cause to the average 30 percent increase in acceptance probability of no-till technology. Therefore, according to research findings, the necessity to increase the quality and quantity of meetings and training classes holding as the most basic way to encourage the farmers to adopt no-tillage technology is suggested.

Rural sustainable development will be obtained through sound exploitation of environmental resources with an appropriate theoretical emphasis with protection and improvement of them for next generations. Rural people behavior has important role in quality of these resources. This study was designed to develop a model of rural people environmental behavior. This study implemented in the West provinces of the Iran tried to explain the rural people environmental behavioral based on theory of planned behavior (TPB). The main instrument of this descriptive research was questionnaire. Statistical population of this study was consisted of 642,029 households. Appling Cochran formula a sample consisted of 310 households were surveyed. Face validity of questionnaire was approved by faculty members of University of Tehran agricultural extension and education department, and reliability of which was approved by computing Cronbach's Alpha. Results showed that perceived behavioral control and social norms have the most influence in shaping environmental attitudes. Social norms and environmental attitudes respectively had the highest impact on intention of rural people for their environmental behavior. Furthermore, perceived behavioral control, social norms and environmental attitudes and environmental intention respectively had the highest effect on the rural people environmental behavioral.

In rural areas, where water tends to be traded less and is mostly used as an essential farm input, water users association can be as an alternative for water resource management. The purpose of this study was to investigate influence factors on the farmers’ tend to constitute water users associations. Research population was all farmers covered of Feyzabad Irrigation network supply (192 farmers). Samples of 127 farmers were selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Face validity of the questionnaire was obtained through a panel of experts and reliability was obtained through pilot testing. The Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.73 to 0.93. Findings revealed that attitude to water users associations, subjective norm, satisfaction of exploitation company performance, history of water conflicts, social participation, awareness and information about water users association could explain 53.3 percent of changes in dependent variable.

The main purpose of this descriptive-survey study was to investigate the problems of applying cell phone in delivering agricultural consultancy, technical and engineering services. The statistical population of the study consisted of 218 experts working in Agricultural Consulting, Technical and Engineering Service Ventures in Zanjan province. According to the Kjercie and Morgan table, a sample size of 102 was selected using the stratified random sampling technique (n=102). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of faculty members in the universities of Tehran and Zanjan. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. The Cronbach ’s Alpha coefficient for the main scales of the questionnaire was higher than 0.75. The data were analyzed by using the SPSSwin18 software. The results of the factor analysis showed that five factors, namely, financial- networking, psychological, incompatibility of technology with consultancy services, educational-professional and personal- infrastructural explain 61.08 percent of variances of problems of applying cell phone in delivering agricultural consultancy, technical and engineering services in Zanjan province.

The purpose of this descriptive – correlation research was to investigate factors influencing job burnout among Jihad-e Keshavarzi organization specialists in Kurdistan province. The statistical population of the study consisted of all Jihad-e Keshavarzi organization specialists (N=449). Using the Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table and proportional stratified random sampling technique, 220 specialists selected as research sample. Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. The validity of the questionnaire was verified through the judgment of a panel of academic staffs in agricultural extension and education department in Tarbiat Modares University and some specialist of Jihad-e Keshavarzi organization in Kurdistan and Zanjan Provinces. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients calculated for the main scales of the questionnaire (0.81 to 0.91). The data were analyzed using SPSS win software. Using the Maslach’s (2001) scale revealed that experts experienced moderate degrees of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. The findings revealed that among independent variables, age, work experience, job satisfaction, work over load, role ambiguity, Job control and work under load had significant relationship with job burnout. Regression results revealed the effective variables in job burnout including job satisfaction, role ambiguity, work experience, work over load and work under load. These variables could explain about 23 percent of job burnout variances.

This study aimed to identify barriers of hydrothermal fish business in Golestan province. Study was a descriptive survey. ‌‌T‌he statistical population of the study consisted of all 147 aquaculture hydrothermal fish growers and all of them were selected using census method. Information was gathered through a questionnaire which its face validity was confirmed by experts of agricultural extension and fisheries. The reliability analysis was conducted with completing 30 questionnaires outside the geographic research region and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.76. Factor analysis was used to analyze the data. Factor analysis results showed that barriers infrastructure, supportive, health, environmental, policy, legal-economic, financial, health-environmental, economic-policy and educational were preventive in hydrothermal fish business in Golestan province. This study has recommended low interest and enough loans to manufacturers and at the right time, training courses on various topics related to hydrothermal fish business and to solve the legal problems related to ownership and water supply manufacturers.

Unemployment among rural youth and agriculture graduates has increased in recent years and has caused a variety of challenges in social and economic fields and having the entrepreneurial spirit could facilitate the solving problem process. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the development the farmer's entrepreneurial spirit. Statistical population of this research was consisted of farmers under the cover of the center of extension and services of agricultural Jihad of Kermanshah city (N=163397). To collect data, the random systematic sampling method was used. Sample number was calculated 185 person by Using Cochran's formula. The main tool for collecting data was questionnaire made by researcher. Content validity of measurement tools, by experts, and its reliability, by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient was confirmed. Results showed that, there is a significant positive relationship between the development of entrepreneurial spirit and the economical, institutional, environmental factors, also personality, age, number of children and education level. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that four variables (personality, age, economic and environmental) entered the stepwise regression equation and they explained the total of 54/8% of the creation of the entrepreneurial spirit variable variance.

Employment has effective roles in Socio-economic development and process job career is considered as one of important issue. Also, job career is most important decisions that human decides over the life. Overall, students are facing with two options for job career. First option is employed and second option is entrepreneurship. Factors cognition that influencing on job career lead to better understanding of job career and employment. Hence, investigation of influencing factors in job career is the main purpose in this study and is a Correlation Research. At first, models of job career are described and then were investigated influencing factors on job career among the students. The study population were Faculty of Economics and Development, College of Agriculture Natural Resources, Tehran University’s students. Statistical population was 314 people. The method in sampling was convenience method and sample size was selected 107 people by Cochran formula. Questionnaire for data gathering that its validity confirmed by face validity and its reliability was satisfied by Cronbach’s Alpha. Finally, Logistic Regression results showed that attitudes to entrepreneurship, age, entrepreneurial experience are variables which can distinguish two-level job career (entrepreneurial attitude or Not) from each other.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees at Khuzestan Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources. This study is applied and Research method was survey research. population of the study has been staff of Khuzestan Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources)N= 210). The sample was identified in regards to the table of Morgan (n=134) and selected randomly. The level of job satisfaction and of organizational commitment were measured using the Job Description Index (JDI) and Meyer and Allen scales. For determine the level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees was usd (ISDM) method. Results revealed that the total degree of job satisfaction and organizational commitment was average. Whereas the degree of job satisfaction among employees was the highest average(33/13) in regards to colleague relationship, it was the lowest average(5/57) level in regards to salary. The findings showed, Among the individual characteristics Only Work Experience was a positive and significant correlation (p=0/01) between employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The findings also showed that there was a positive and significant correlation (p=0/01) between employees’ job satisfaction and their organizational commitment.

Abyaneh village with a variety of natural, historical - cultural, architectural and religious attractions is one of well-known tourist villages not only in Iran but also in all of the world. It seems to be crucial to investigate the quality of services to tourists according to potential of this village in different levels, due to rural tourism has a lot to do with resources, services and various kinds of attractions. The main aim of this paper is analyzing some deficiencies in tourist services that play a striking role in tourist's satisfaction and sustainable development of rural tourism. To achive this goal, after determining validity and reliability, 110 questionnaires were completed by tourists. Then 5 factors derived from factor analysis, detected a cumulative variance of 69.95%. The first factor indicating 20.32% of total variance, "deficiency of introducing of natural attractions", was called the most crucial one and the other ones were "deficiency of welfare services", "deficiency of accommodation services", "deficiency of introducing of cultural and traditional attractions" and the last, deficiency of security, respectively.

An Investigation of science and technology parks in technology development in different countries show a positive impact on development is technology. Factors influencing on the development of technology parks can be considerable help in the creation of parks may be appropriate.The study purpose is identified strategies for improving agricultural technology development in science and technology parks. In terms of research paradigms, quantitative and in terms of direction and purpose, is applied Research. The statistical population is Agriculture and Natural Resources faculty members of Tehran University (200) and experts in Tehran University Science and Technology Park of (170). Using the Cochran formula, 90 faculty members and 60 experts estimated as sample size, and were selected using random sampling. Research instrument was two questionnaires, validity by a panel of Tehran university member’s were established. Reliability was established by Cronbach coefficient, the reliability of the faculty members questionnaire is 0.83 and for experts questionnaire is 0.92. Data by Spss software was both descriptive and inferential analysis. The results showed that the five key strategies to develop agricultural technologies in the Park is Administrative mechanisms to improve the park and support the development of innovative companies and individuals,Long-term policies and strategies to develop agricultural technologies, Development of agricultural markets, Foundation of knowledge and regional development agencies operating in the parks.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of intelligence beliefs and achievement motivation on learning strategies and academic performance of agricultural students. This research was descriptive - correlation with data collected using questionnaire. The statistical population included students in Colleges of agriculture at Universities of Tehran, BouAli Sina, Ilam, Shahid Bahonar Kerman, and Shiraz (N=6958). A sample of 273 students was randomly selected by using proportional random sampling method. Reliability and face validity of instrument were determined through opinions of faculty members and application of Cronbach's Alpha. The findings revealed that there were significant differences between achievement motivation and also, learning strategies of male and female students. But there was not any difference between intelligence beliefs of male and female students. According to the results, intrinsic achievement motivation and incremental intelligence belief had negative effects on surface learning and positive effects on deep learning. In contrast, extrinsic achievement motivation and entity intelligence belief had positive effects on surface learning and negative effects on deep learning. Furthermore, intrinsic achievement motivation, incremental intelligence belief and deep learning had positive effect on academic performance of agricultural students.

Today, researchers emphasize the relationship between sustainability and crop diversity, it because that increased diversity, can extend inherent complexity of ecosystems and thereby strengthen its processes. Many researchers believe that; Intercropping system is one of the important factors for in increasing sustainability in the agro systems. Sustainability in farm systems especially in family farm systems which the majority farm system in Iran, need the model to provide the Sustainability in this system. "Grounded Theory" or "theories emerge from the data" can help us to recognize the Sustainability Intercropping system model from the internal structure of values, attitudes and farms experiences. Information in this study collected by using semi-structured interviews with a sample of 19 members of the most experienced farmers in Sustainability Intercropping system. Content analysis of interviews showed; 416 phrases as a sustainability in intercropping system. List of these phrases regard to concept affinity and hierarchy coding in Grounded Theory grouped as follows: Causal factors, confounding factors, Context factors, strategic factors and consequences of intercropping systems.

Agricultural insurance is one of the most important mechanisms to providing security for investment in agricultural and natural damage reduction. One of the modern types of insurance is weather index- based insurance that developed based on climatic parameters such as rainfall and temperature. The purpose of this study is to identifying the factors affecting wheat farmer's participation on proposed weather index-based insurance and their willing to pay the risk premium for wheat in Ahar County. The required data was collected for 289 farmers in Ahar County in 1390. Results of estimated logit model showed that the satisfactory from performance of agricultural products insurance, familiarity with weather index insurance, high school education have direct and significant effects on probability of adoption the weather index insurance, and the proposed amount of premium and the number of occurred damage in recent 3 years have reverse and significant effects on its. In this context, the level of wheat cultivators knowing about weather index insurance has the most effect on probability of adoption of weather index insurance. Based on the estimated parameters of logit model, the average premium that the Ahar wheat cultivators willing to pay was calculated and it is 91470 Rials per hectare and in comparison with the current insurance premium of wheat yield insurance, which is about 145000 Rials is reasonable. Results of the estimation of tobit model indicates that the farmer's age, education and being familiar with the weather index insurance have positive and significant effects on the willing to pay the risk premium.