سید علی صفوی

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. is an important woodborer in orchards especially on walnut trees. Its damage has been remarkably increased in Urmia region in recent years. In this research, the amount of pest damage was compared on different orchards such as apple, walnut and peach. The best control method of pest was investigated by using of two insecticides, pheromone and light traps in field conditions. The highest pest damage was observed on walnut trees in Balo village and the least damage was recorded in Gajin and Haji-Abad villages. Old walnut trees (25-30 years old) suffered more damages than younger trees. In 2020, peak of adult leopard moth emergence was recorded in May 29 by using pheromone trap via mass trapping. Two weeks after flight peak, control methods including the use of Hexaflumuron and Imidacloprid insecticides along with pheromone and light traps were assessed. Based on the obtained results, Hexaflumuron along with the pheromone trap exhibited the best efficacy considering the reduced pest damage in 2021. Thus, this method can be used effectively in integrated management program of leopard moth.

 In the last decade, public health planners have faced challenges related to the aging rate and the increase in mental health disorders. Research has shown that mental health issues are prevalent among older adults in Qazvin, but there hasn't been a comprehensive study on the impact of the social and built environment on mental health. Therefore, this research aims to identify the physical and social environment characteristics that can influence mental health.

This study is a cross-sectional quantitative research utilizing common mental health assessment tools, such as HADS and PSS, to gather data from 361 Qazvin's historical context residents. Additionally, an environmental quality questionnaire was used to collect information on the physical and social environment of the neighborhood. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS-25 software and the hierarchical regression method.

The data analysis revealed that individual, place, and socio-cultural factors played a significant role in determining the mental health of older adults in Qazvin City. The individual factors that affected mental health included age, gender, home ownership status, and marital status. The place factors that influenced mental health included satisfaction with the place, land use, quality of residence, security, walkability, and access to green spaces. The socio-cultural dimension also played a role in mental health, as factors such as social support and cultural activities impacted the well-being of older adults. The results of this study can help in planning and designing neighborhoods in a historical context to improve mental health.

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana is an important and universal biological control agent that is used to control many important pests such as cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. Main limitation of the use of this fungus is environmental persistence to initiate epidemics in susceptible host populations. In this research, the lethal effects of two isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus on adults and second instar nymphs of cabbage aphid and the stability of the entomopathogenic fungus and its nanocomposite formulation against UV-C radiation were investigated. The LC50 value of the cabbage aphid adults was equal to 2.5×105 in WE209 isolate and 9.8×104 spores/ml in WE277 isolate. The LC50 values in the second instar nymphs were 6.4×105 and 3.2×105 spores/ml, respectively. Spore germination after 2 and 3 h exposure to ultraviolet radiation equals to zero for both times in WE209 isolate and 6 and 32%, respectively in WE277 isolate. However, these values were 12% and 37% for WE209 and 65% and 38%, respectively for WE277 base on nanocomposite. These results showed that the nanocomposite of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana based on montmorillonite/salep can be effectively used to increase the stability and as a result, increasing the virulence of the fungus.

Ideal city is a title for terrestrial society, where the maximum material and spiritual facilities in this city cause most people to be oriented to the spirit of God-belief and God-centeredness. Since comprehensive research on the characteristics of the ideal Islamic city from the view of the infallible imams (AS) and especially from the view of Imam Ali (AS) is still at the beginning, the present research studies the view of Imam Ali (AS) from the sources of hadith, specifically Nahj al-Balagha in order to achieve the principles governing the ideal city. In this way, eight main bases from the view of Imam Ali (AS) in introducing the ideal city, including Tawḥīd, justice, life, human dignity, security, freedom, order, and ownership, have been identified, and these eight bases have been pursued in the three main dimensions of the ideal city, including intellectual foundations, human relationships, and physical dimensions. The results show that the intellectual dimension of the city was the most prominent and important dimension from the point of view of Imam Ali (AS), which is considered to be the manifestation of the ideal city and also influences other aspects. Finally, the ideal city should pay full attention to all aspects of human life, both physical and spiritual, and a clean and healthy environment has an instrumental role and is only a platform for the development of these dimensions with the aim of achieving the main position of humanity, that is, Caliph of Allah. Therefore, everything in this city is a tool to serve humans and develop their dignity.

Issue and

After Passing half a century since the establishment of the field of urban design in Iran and the existence of many graduateds in this field, their status and professional role in the country needs to be studied. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to analyze the role and current position of urban design graduateds in the profession. On the one hand, the high number of graduateds, on the other hand the incapability to communicate with them in other universities made this research limited to the urban design graduateds of Tarbiat Modares University.

The current research has used a quantitative survey method. The technique used in data collection is organized online questionnaire with a statistical population of 100 people (including urban design graduateds of Tarbiat Modares University entrying from 2004 to 2017). In association with the data analysis, the analysis of results technique and inferential statistics have been used to generalize the obtained results from the statistical sample to the entire statistical population of urban design graduateds of Tarbiat Modares.

The achievement of this research was to investigate and evaluate the role and current position of urban design graduateds in the profession, the results of which the results show major activity of urban designers, respectively, in consulting offices, urban management, education and research. Also, in a part of this research, it has been tried to investigate and compare the affection of factors such as continuing education and migration of graduateds, which are somehow affected by their type of activity in the profession.

Aphis gossypii Glover is considered as the most important and damaging pest with wide host range and distribution on plants in fields and greenhouses. Common cotton aphid management in fields depends on the use of chemical insecticides in order to prevent economic damage. In the present study, lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of flonicamid and dichlorvos insecticides were assessed through bioassays and the effect of sub-lethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25) of each of them was investigated on life table parameters of cotton aphid on pinto beans under greenhouse conditions. Considering the contact effect of these insecticides, the insecticide spraying method was used on leaves containing aphids. According to the results, the female lifespan/longevity was significantly reduced by sub-lethal concentration, compared to the control and its lowest value (7.42 days) was recorded in LC25 concentration of flonicamid. The average number of nymphs produced per female aphid was significantly reduced in the treatments compared to the control. The highest and the lowest values of intrinsic rate of increase (r) were 0.38 per day in control and 0.21 per day in LC25 of flonicamid, respectively. A significant decrease was observed in sub-lethal concentrations of insecticides compared to the control in net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (). The mean generation time (T) was significantly increased in flonicamid treatment compared to the control. Based on the findings of the present study, flonicamid had a better and more efficiency in controlling and reducing the population of aphids compared to dichlorvos.

In this study, the predatory mite Blattisocius mali was evaluated as a candidate predator for the biological control of fungus gnat, Lycoriella auripila in mushroom cultivation salons and greenhouses and its biological characteristics and population parameters were investigated under laboratory conditions at 25 °C, 70±5 % relative humidity and 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. The mean of the total pre-adult period in this experiment was 4.45 days and the lifespan of male and female adults was 18.45 and 20.46 days, respectively. The mean of the oviposition days was 13.88 days and the fecundity was 90.96 (eggs/female). Also, the predatory mite, B. mali feeding on the eggs of the L. auripila had a significant intrinsic rate of population increase (r) equal to 0.386 day-1 and its population increased about 44.551 times every 9.882 days. The results of this study showed the B. mali is a potential predator that can grow and reproduce and complete its life cycle fed on the eggs of L. auripila, successfully. Therefore, this predator can act as a suitable and safe biological control agent to reduce the fungus gnat population and be considered as a biological control agent in the integrated control of this pest.

Problem StatementWhile cycling in Iran has received the verbal attention of some managers in recent years, in practice, the necessary physical and cultural changes are not observed in cities. Some larger cities are trying to invest more in cycling development, seeking to develop better infrastructure standards and improve the cultural environment. Facilitating cycling for children is of strategic importance in the development of cycling culture. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to issues such as reforming protection laws, social incentives, separating the bike path and improving the quality of infrastructure, in the form of a comprehensive program.Research GoalThe main purpose of this research is the pathology of cycling development in the native conditions of the country with emphasis on primary schools. In this research, by identifying obstacles and offering suggestions in the field of improving cultural and social conditions, quality of roads, creating a parking lot for bicycles and some other cases, attempts are made to find realistic solutions to improve the attitude of adults to encourage their children to use bicycles for school and in-neighborhood access.Research MethodsThrough documentary studies and frameless interviews, 14 variables in children's cycling preferences were identified. Then, through a structured questionnaire, with the participation of 256 respondents from 7 schools, the variables were statistically measured and by exploratory factor analysis, the topics were analyzed based on 4 factors; individual, environmental, social and functional.Findings and ResultsFunctional factors not only had the greatest impact on the development of cycling, but also on the promotion of other indicators. Also at the end, through explanatory-exploratory analyzes, a model for improving children's cycling preferences was designed and explained.

Aphis gossypii Glover is a polyphagous pest that infects a wide range of host plants in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions. Therefore, it has a great ability to maintain its population in different environmental conditions. Quantitative and qualitative damages of this pest are through feeding on plant sap, transmission of viral diseases, reduction of photosynthesis and secretion of honeydew. Various factors such as excessive use of chemical insecticides, the destruction of natural enemies and the emergence of resistant pest populations have increased the population of aphids and turned it into a damaging pest. However, the most common method of controlling aphids, despite its negative effects, is usage of chemical insecticides. The high potential of this pest in resistance to chemical compounds requires investigating and using of newer insecticides with different modes of action. Insect reproductive parameters as an ecological and indicator tools, can indicate the behavior and physiology of different types of pests after pesticides using. Studies have also been conducted on the effect of sub lethal concentrations of insecticides on behavior, biological characteristics and growth of insect population, which provides a more realistic estimate of the effect of insecticides on pests and natural enemies. Therefore, in this study, the lethal and sub lethal effects of the new combined insecticide Emamectin benzoate 4.8% + Acetamiprid 6.4% which has contact and oral function, was evaluated on the aphids biological and population growth parameters in greenhouse conditions.

The colony of cotton aphid used in the experiment was obtained from pinto beans fields in Urmia, West Azerbaijan (Iran), during September 2021. The aphid population was reared on pinto beans var. Khomein in plastic pots (12 × 6 cm) under controlled greenhouse conditions (21 ± 1°C, 50% ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16: 8 [L: D] h). The LC50 concentration of Emamectin benzoate + Acetamiprid for cotton aphid adults was 23.84 ppm 24 hours after treatment. The values of LC10, LC20 and LC30 were estimated at 1.76, 4.31 and 8.22 ppm, respectively. The insecticide spraying method on leaves containing aphids was used in bioassay and life table studies against adults of aphid insects. The age stage, two-sex life table method was used to analyze the collected data. We used the bootstrap technique with 100,000 iterations to estimate the variance and standard errors of the biological and population parameters and used Sigma Plot software to draw graphs. The growth of the pest population in a period of 60 days was done with Timing-MsChart software.

According to the results, the adult lifespan/longevity was significantly different from the control by LC20 and LC30 concentrations. The shortest lifespan of adult aphid in LC30 treatment was recorded as 5.90 days. Fertility and the duration of Nymphal period were significantly reduced in sub lethal concentrations of the insecticide compared to the control. The highest value of pre adult period in LC30 concentration was recorded 8.88 days and the lowest value in control treatment was 5.06 days. All biological table parameters of cotton aphid treated with sub-lethal concentrations were significantly affected by the insecticide compared to the control. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.39 per day in control. The net reproductive rate (R0) decreased from 28.37 nymphs per female/generation in control to 6.90 in LC30 concentration. The lowest value of finite rate of increase (λ) was observed in LC30 concentration, which was 1.18 per day. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) in sub lethal concentrations was significantly lower than the control. The highest and lowest values of mean generation time (T) were estimated in LC30 (11.28 days) and control (9.11 days), respectively.

Based on the findings of the present study, considering the necessity of using chemical insecticides for aphid management, and the significant effect of this pesticide on the aphid Emamectin benzoate + Acetamiprid insecticide can be used to control and reduce population of cotton aphids and it can be a suitable alternative to old insecticides. In order to confirm the greenhouse results, it is necessary to conduct similar experiments in field conditions, and conduct laboratory and field studies on the effects of this compound on the natural enemies of A. gossypii especially bees and coccinellids.

Despite the passage of about fifty years since the establishment of the urban design course at the University of Tehran and after that teaching at other universities in Iran, it still seems that the potential capacities of this course and graduates have not been used well in the profession. The purpose of this research is to identify and explain the duties, roles and potential capacities of Iranian urban designers in their profession and seeks to answer the question of what their potential duties are in their profession.

The current research was formed with a qualitative approach and in order to answer the above question, it used the methods of content analysis as well as qualitative survey. The techniques used in data collection include reviewing library documents and related articles, open interviews with professors, experts and experienced professionals, as well as a structured online questionnaire, and in line with the analysis The Interpretive analysis technique was used for the data.            

The achievement of this research is to introduce and evaluate the importance of 8 activity capacities of Iranian urban designers in their profession, which are respectively: urban management, consulting engineer's offices, NGO, education, interdisciplinary activities, supervisor (supervision of design and implementation), contractor and research. According to the findings of the research, among these eight capacities in the field of urban management, offices of consulting engineers, non-governmental organizations, and education are respectively more important from the point of view of urban design experts.

Brevicoryne brassicae is one of the most serious cabbage pests in the world. This pest feeds on the leaves, mostly on the host plant's middle leaves. Despite having many natural enemies, aphids are not entirely controlled by natural enemies due to their rapid reproduction. Applying chemical insecticides is one of the essential methods used to control aphids; using one pesticide to control several pests can reduce the costs and frequency of spraying. In this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effects (LC25) of matrine insecticide with a contact and stomach function on the cabbage aphid, were evaluated under laboratory conditions.

The dipping method was used in bioassay and life table studies against adults of aphid insects. The LC50 value of matrine insecticide for adults of cabbage aphid was 83.33 μl/ml after 24 hours, and LC25 concentration (30.11 ml/ml) was used to estimate the sub-lethal effects of matrine on the biological parameters of the cabbage aphid. Experiments were performed on the acephala variety of cabbage. One common method of investigating insecticides' non-lethal effects is demographic toxicology, which uses life table and growth population parameters to evaluate toxicity.

According to the results, the female lifespan/longevity and fertility affected by sub-lethal concentration were significantly reduced compared to the control (distilled water and citowett). The mean oviposition period of adult aphids decreased from 8.92 days in control to 3.79 days in LC25 concentration of the insecticide. The present study's data also showed that the sublethal concentration also affected the offspring of treated cabbage aphids. Accordingly, the sublethal concentration of matrine reduced the net reproductive rate (R0) from 23.96 nymphs per female in each generation in the control treatment to 3.26 nymphs in LC25. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) in sublethal concentration was recorded as 0.36 (day-1) and in control as 0.1 (day-1). Other parameters, such as finite rate of increase (l) and gross reproductive rate (GRR), were also significantly lower than the control. The mean generation time (T) of treatment affected by LC25 concentration of matrine increased compared to the control treatment.

Results of the current research in laboratory conditions showed that this insecticide has significant lethal and sublethal effects on the cabbage aphid. Therefore, matrine, as an herbal insecticide, can be considered in the management programs of cabbage aphids.

Abstract As a dominant approach in the literature on urban design, walkable urban spaces are of great importance. So, the concept of "bridge as a social space" which has a valuable place, especially in Iran, can be redefined and used in the development of today's spaces. Social bridges have many benefits that can be effective at different levels from the neighborhood to the world in addition to their walkability because they have great potential for creative design and can be used to fulfill goals such as establishing social interactions, creating collective memories, creating identity, and dynamic functioning for cities. This qualitative study was conducted to identify the factors that make urban bridges successful social spaces. For this purpose, after reviewing the theoretical foundations and world experiences, two bridges of Tehran, where urban life flows, were examined. The visitors to these spaces were randomly selected and interviewed in-depth concerning the qualities of the space. The interviews were continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The collected data were then analyzed by content analysis. The results indicated that the criteria for the qualities of social bridges are based on functional and perceptual components.Keywords: urban design qualities, social bridges, walkable bridges, walkability, Pedestrian promenade.

Place attachment is one of the fundamental concepts in people-place relations, which has attracted many Iranian researchers in recent years. These studies began in the 2000s, with each researcher having their own views about the concept. A coherent, systematic approach is, therefore, missing, with some aspects widely studied and others neglected altogether.The present study seeks to systematically provide a comprehensive picture of knowledge about this concept, through a survey of 32 Iranian articles in the field, spotting less developed dimensions. These papers include all the articles published in domestic scientific journals with a focus on place attachment since 2009. The research uses meta study strategy throughout.The results indicate that the highest attention is paid to individual and social dimensions of place attachment, with those focusing on the place and process of attachment overlooked. Most of the studies are on the neighbourhood scale, followed by residential complex and city scales. Most recurring are topics concerning identification and assessment of factors, and others include relations between place attachment and other concepts, models for processes of place attachment, and the consequences.

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the important and economic pests of Cole crops in Iran. One of the main methods to protect plants against aphids is using chemical pesticides. In this study, the sublethal effects of Chlorfluazuron was evaluated on the population growth parameters of cabbage aphid under greenhouse condition. The method used in the experiments was insecticide spraying on the leaves containing aphids. LC25 (105.60 ppm) concentration was used to investigate the sublethal effect of insecticides on aphid. The results showed that lifespan/longevity and fertility of the treated adult aphids were significantly affected by the sublethal concentration. Total longevity reduced from 12.78 days in control treatment to 8.14 days in sublethal concentration. The results of present study indicated that sublethal concentration also affected progeny of treated adult aphids. Accordingly, the sublethal concentration of the studied insecticide decreased the values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) compared to the control treatment. Other population growth parameters such as net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ) and gross reproductive rate (GRR) were also significantly lower than the control. Decreasing the growth rate in sublethal treatment increased mean generation time (T). Based on research findings, Chlorfluazuron can be suitable for use in the management of the cabbage aphid, other than the recommended pest (diamondback moth).

The importance of inclusive access to urban spaces has become important due to the rapid growth of urbanization in recent years. Inclusive design and planning create equal opportunities for all groups of citizens, regardless of their personal limitations and abilities. According to the principles of inclusive cities, all groups of citizens, including people with disabilities (PWDs), should have equal rights to access urban spaces. According to the rules of inclusive cities, all groups of citizens, including PWDs, should have the right to access and be present in urban spaces; but this is not the case in cities of our country, including Tehran.

This research aims to investigate the role of technology in urban inclusiveness, with an emphasis on the presence of PWDs in urban spaces.

The research goal is met by using a descriptive-survey research method following two main consecutive steps: meta-analysis and review of the international library documents related to the research subject and then analysis of the findings of a questionnaire with 80 participants with disabilities in Tehran city.

The research findings confirm that all participants in the study face many challenges in participating in urban spaces. The results of the questionnaire show that 82% of the participants use smart electronic devices more than five times a day, and the examples of using assistive technology are attractive to over 90%. Finally, it is anticipated that the use of such technologies will facilitate accessibility and increase the presence of PWDs in the city. This article introduces three new approaches: inclusive smart city (ISC), application of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), and E-inclusion.

The chaos of urban facades in the current state of Tehran is exposed to the eyes of citizens. To tackle this problem, many articles and books have been written and several national conferences have been held. With the initial search and review of these studies, it can be seen that most of them focus on the desirable quality of urban facades and have neglected the facade production process and its procedural dimensions. In this regard, the main goal of this article is to identify and explain the position of human resources and organizations involved in the process of constructing urban views and analyzing procedural challenges in it. For this purpose, in this article, articles related to urban views in Iran were extracted by reviewing databases such as Civilica, Mogiran, Nurmagz, Jihad Academici, and Google search engines. In the next step, considering the titles of the articles and reviewing their abstracts, the articles related to the process of facade productionwere separated and evaluated. In addition to categorizing the content of related articles and evaluating and analyzing their content, a questionnaire with open and closed questions has been randomly completed in Tehran to complete and stabilize the obtained information. The obtained information is analyzed by methods such as exploratory factor analysis, PCA method, and Friedman’s test is used to prioritize these factors. Also, the thematic analysis method and the usage of Atlas Ti9 software are used to analyze the open questions. Finally, concerning the analysis, human resources and organizations involved in the process of constructing urban facades and their areas in three dimensions, management-executive (urban management and executives and contractors), cultural-educational (people and designers), and economic (investors) have been categorized and prioritized and the challenges related to each of the human factors and intervening organizations have been identified separately.

Muharram commemoration to remember sacrifices made by Imam Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions is one of the special and deep-rooted Islamic events, tied to spirituality for centuries. These processions are often held in specific routes or ‘mourning pathways. These paths and related spaces over time, in addition to being memorable and creating identity, have become spiritual in their own ways. But the contemporary Iranian urban planning pays more attention to material aspects and has moved away from spiritual spaces. Extensive physical changes and interventions in traditional cities, as well as threats and damage to mourning pathways, highlight the need for further research. This article, using comparative-qualitative studies and bringing evidence and numerous examples from different Iranian cities and emphasizing Ardabil, has tried to interpret the collected data, while proving and introducing mourning pathways as sacred and spiritual paths, determine their spiritual dimensions and aspects. The spiritual effects of mourning before and after the events along with their margins have been studied. The results show that various sacred-religious, physical-spatial, cultural-social, historical-political and natural factors constitute mourning pathways and then the socio-cultural dimension added weight to it. On the one hand, these pathways connect spaces to history, and on the other hand, they add a special symbolic and semantic dimension that distinguishes them from other paths.

This study aims to familiarize and study the use of the Internet of Things in the city and its effects on improving the physical indicators of quality of urban life. The main purpose of this study is to improve the physical indicators of quality of urban life by smartening equipment and urban spaces. Research was conducted to find indicators that affect the quality of space, urban services and provide Internet of Things solutions to improve these indicators. In order to find the weaknesses in the quality of services and urban spaces of Ekbatan neighborhood, a comprehensive and complete analysis of the current situation of the neighborhood has been done. Residents and municipal officials were interviewed and a questionnaire was presented and completed on site. To evaluate the quality of urban life by residents, the structural equation modeling method was selected as the research methodology. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. In the end, the results confirmed the impact of the Internet of Things on the improvement of physical indicators of quality of urban life and showed that the Internet of Things improves service by connecting urban equipment to each other and using a unified system to establish a special order between them.

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the major pests of cruciferous crops that invades cabbage fields and leave white ash colonies. Due to the recommendation and suitable effect of chlorfluazuron against Plutella xylostella, in this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effect of this insecticide was evaluated on the population of cabbage aphid as a side pest. The method used in the experiments was insecticide spraying on leaves containing aphids. LC10 concentration (25.90 ppm) was used to investigate the sublethal effects of the insecticide on cabbage aphid. According to the results, the female lifespan/longevity was significantly reduced by sublethal concentration. The fertility mean of control and treatment exposed by chlorfluazuron sub lethal dose was 25.38 and 21.05 nymphs/female, respectively. Results indicated that the sublethal concentration (LC10) also affected progeny of treated adult aphids. Accordingly, the sublethal concentration of Chlorfluazuron significantly reduced intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) in comparison with control. Net reproductive rate (R0) in control and sublethal concentration treatment were 23.92 and 4.87 nymphs per female, respectively with meaningful difference. However, the mean generation time (T) between control and treated aphids have not considerable statistical difference. Based on the findings of the present study, even a very low concentration (LC10) of chlorfluazuron insecticide can be effective in cabbage aphid control and keep its population in low levels.

Carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae is a key pest in pomegranate orchards in Iran. The use of volatile plant compounds as one of the effective factors in changing the behavior of insects can be an important step in combating pests and thus reduce the use of pesticides and the risk to humans and the environment. In this regard, volatile organic compounds from the foliage and fruits of pomegranate trees of Kadro, Rabbab and Shirin Shahvar varieties were collected and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Respectively, in foliage of mentioned pomegranate varieties, 17, 33 and 24, and in their fruit 42, 23 and 26 volatile organic compounds were identified. The most abundant constituents were 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (51.01%) and 6- Aza-5,7,12,14 - tetrathiapentacene (36.92%) in Kadro foliage and fruit, respectively. They were in Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (46.37%) and 6-Aza-5,7,12,14-tetrathiapentacene (32.24%) respectively in Rabbab foliage and fruit. Besides, 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z) (27.62%) and Benzoic acid-2,5-bis-(trimethylsiloxy)-trimethylsilyl ester (46.25%) were the major components respectively in foliage and fruit of Shirin Shahvar variety. Examination of the olfactory response of female insects of Carob moth in the wind tunnel showed that female insects were differently attracted to the odor of pomegranate foliage and fruits of Kadro, Rabbab and Shirin Shahvar cultivars by statistical analysis. These data may be useful in semiochemically-based management strategies in the pomegranate orchards such as mass trapping or deter of Carob moth or attraction of natural enemies.

Cities, as the main areas of human life, consist of components and elements such as open and public spaces. Today, advances in digital technology in various fields, including public spaces, have had a tremendous impact.

The purpose of this study is to address the impact and effects that cyberspace has on public spaces and their presence.

Based on its objectives, the research is fundamental and is in the category of descriptive and explanatory-analytical studies. After reviewing the basics related to smart city and public spaces by referring to valid documents and texts, the impact of cyberspace on urban public spaces has been considered and according to the criteria of presence in space, 100 questionnaires of Tehran citizens have been completed and analyzed.

Findings show that most people use cyberspace as a stimulus and tool to be in public and not as a competitor to not be in public. However, this trajectory in Iran is close to the average because some people (older or with special characteristics) still use cyberspace and the mentioned technologies in a more limited way.

The results show that cyberspace serves citizens as a stimulus to increase their presence in public spaces. Therefore, it is necessary for urban planners to try to improve services and use cyberspace and technology as a tool to facilitate the presence in cyberspace.

Biological pesticides have advantages to chemicals that safety to non-target organisms is of the most important ones. Slugs are parasitized or preyed by several organisms such as nematodes. In this research, integrated management of grey slug Parmacella ibera was assessed by Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Metaldehyde and Fericol in field conditions in Someh Sara, Guilan Province. The treatments included: untreated, P. hermaphrodita recommended dose, P. hermaphrodita recommended dose + Fericol, P. hermaphrodita ½ dose and P. hermaphrodita ½ dose +Metaldehyde ½ dose on P. ibera assessed based on the percent of dead slugs, mean percent of damaged leaves, the number of leaves with damage symptoms and the number of plants with damage symptoms. Results showed the highest percent of dead slugs in P. hermaphrodita ½ dose +Metaldehyde ½ dose. Mean percent of damaged leaves was not significantly different among P. hermaphrodita treatments along with Fericol and metaldehyde. Results indicated that P. hermaphrodita ½ dose + Metaldehyde ½ dose treatment had considerable effect in all parameters on pest control besides a decrease in the damage.

Tendency toward physical development in underground due to shortage of land and rapid grout of metropolitan areas is taken into consideration in recent contemporary period. Reduction of traffic congestion, the problem of high density built form, and also solving other related problems of inhabitants, is an avoidable approach at present. Although there are many ideas and views to develop underground spaces by what has happen in various cases in Tehran, but it is not efficient and acceptable. Study and elaboration of various such cases in Tehran can help in clarification of the problem and also provide practical solution for upgrading these complexes of public urban spaces. The aim and objective of the research is to create comprehensive urban design criteria underground which are efficiently responsible. Therefor the question raises here are: 1. How UPUS(Underground Public Urban Space) can be more responsive and efficient? The methodology use in this research is combined quantitative and qualitative analyses. Through which beside literature review survey and observation of 10 cases of UPUS is done. Finally is concluded that the spaces of Sadeghieh, Eramsabz, seems to be efficient, but Imam Khomeini and Golbarg seems to be not efficient as such. Finding and result of the research indicate that there are lack of comprehensive urban design criteria. Accessibility and security are the main 2 points in compare to the other aspects in designing of metro station as a public space. Conviviality and relation of form and function of the other aspects which are not taken as such.

Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal is the most important pest of alfalfa fields in Iran. Main damage is related to larvae by feeding on plant leaves especially on first cutting. In this study, mortality of alfalfa weevil larvae and adults and damage reduction on plant leaves were assessed by using the recommended concentrations of some combinatory and botanical insecticides including lufenuron+ emamectin benzoate (Proclaim fit®), lufenuron+fenoxycarb (Lufox®), thiacloprid+deltamethrin (Proteus®), and azadirachtin (Neem-Azal®). Numerous observations were made on the mortality of insect larvae and adults and also the number of damaged (eaten) leaves of plants on one day before spraying (control) and 1, 3, 7, and 15 days after spraying. A factorial experiment with RCB design was adopted with three replications in Nagadeh suburbs in the spring 2018. Results showed that there was a significant difference in efficacy of used insecticides with control. lufenuron+emamectin benzoate and lufenuron+fenoxycarb had higher lethality on larvae with more than 95% after 15 days of treatment. Lufenuron+fenoxycarb along with lufenuron+emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin imposed more mortality adult alfalfa weevils. There were no statistically significant differences on the percent damages of larvae and adults among azadirachtin, lufenuron+emamectin benzoate and lufenuron+fenoxycarb treatments after 15 days. Considering the economic importance of weevil larvae especially in the first cut and the results of mortality and damage percent in different treatments, azadirachtin can be recommended as the most appropriate option in damage control of alfalfa weevil.

The necessity of coordinated facades especially in city centers plays an important role in the image of the cities. Setting up a reliable framework is crucial to ensure that this coordination is maintained. However, due to the lack of tools for implementing that framework the roles and regulations in this context remain only written.
The review of complied foreign documents shows that there is an intensive tool that leads to implementing façade design instructions. This tool which is called the ‘Improvement Façade Program’ has been employed in many cities across the world.
This paper aims to propound tools for implementing design instructions specified in the façade context. It is noteworthy that the main purpose of this paper is being familiar with one of the intensive tools for improving façade and applying this tool in Iran requires localization with specific conditions and regulations inside the country.