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مرتضی لک

  • افروز خالقی، مرتضی لک*، هدا شب رنگ
    این مقاله سعی در بررسی نسخه هایی مصور از آثار شکسپیر داشته که تصاویرشان از گراوور فلز به چاپ رسیده بودند تا تعیین کننده ترین عواملی که بر نحوه درک شخصیت های زن در نمایشنامه تاثیر می گذارند را بیابد و به این سوال پاسخ دهد که «شاخصه ی تصویرسازی ویکتوریایی زنان در ویراست های شکسپیر چه بوده است؟». از آنجایی که انواع پیشرفته ی گراوور همچون گراوور فولاد، گراوور طرح کلی، گراوور نقطه چینی، داگوئروتایپ و فتوگراوور از تکنیک های اصلی بازتولید تصاویر در دوره ویکتوریا به شمار می رفتند، نشان دادن زنان شکسپیر به عنوان پیرامتن های زیباشناختی نسخه های چاپ شده ی قرن نوزدهم، انتخابی هنری بود که لایه ای از جذابیت غیر متنی را به نمایشنامه ها اضافه کرده و کیفیت خوانش و درک هرمنوتیکی مخاطب از کاراکترها را بهبود می بخشید. به دیگر سخن، هنرمندان با به تصویر کشیدن قهرمانان زن شکسپیر به شیوه های بصری جذاب، به دنبال تاکید بر زیبایی، قدرت و پیچیدگی آن ها بودند. لذا تصاویر در این نسخه ها به خوانندگان امکان تفسیر غنی تری از کاراکترها ارائه داده و به طور بالقوه بر درکشان از شخصیت های نمایشنامه تاثیر می گذاشتند. همچنین در این عصر، تصاویر از تاکید بر ارتباط مفهومی و معناشناختی تصاویر زنان با متن که در قرن هجده رایج بود، به صرفا بازنمایی زیبایی زنان رسید. شایان ذکر است که برای توصیف کامل این روند، بر نظریات ویلیام جان توماس میچل در مورد اهمیت نمایش بصری متن های ادبی تکیه خواهد شد.
    کلید واژگان: تصویرسازی زنان, زیبایی شناسی, شکسپیر ویکتوریایی, گراوور فلز, میچل
    Afrooz Khaleghi, Morteza Lak *, Hoda Shabrang
    This article seeks to examine the illustrated editions of Shakespeare's plays, whose images were printed by the use of metal engraving, in order to find the most determining factors that affect the way of understanding the female characters in the play, and to answer the question, "What is the Victorian portrayal of women’s main features in Shakespeare's editions?" Since advanced types of engraving such as steel engraving, outline engraving, stipple, daguerreotype and photogravure were among the main techniques for reproducing images in the Victorian period, representing Shakespeare's women as aesthetic paratexts of 19th century printed editions was an artistic selection which added a layer of non-textual appeal to the plays and enhanced the reading quality and hermeneutic understanding of the characters. In other words, artists and editors sought to emphasise their beauty, strength, and complexity by depicting Shakespeare's heroines in visually appealing ways. Therefore, the illustrations in these editions provided the readers with a richer interpretation of the characters and potentially influenced their understanding of the characters in the play. Moreover, in this era, the images went from emphasising the conceptual and semantic connection of the images of women with the text, which was common in the eighteenth century, to simply representing the beauty of women. It is worth mentioning that to fully describe this process, William John Thomas Mitchell's ideas about the importance of visual presentation of literary texts will be relied upon.
    Keywords: Aesthetics, Illustrating Women, Metal Engraving, Mitchell, The Victorian Shakespeare
  • محسن غلامی، مرتضی لک*، حسین مرادی

    جستار حاضر به بررسی توصیفی و ادبی مبتنی بر نظریه های فاشیستی ناتان وادل و آلن مونتون ، به ایدئولوژی های سیاسی و فاشیستی نهفته در رمان سیاسی هیتلر (1931) اثر ویندم لوئیس (پس از سفر او به آلمان در نوامبر 1930) می پردازد. لوئیس، یکی از شخصیت های کلیدی در ادبیات مدرنیسم اوایل قرن بیستم، تصویر پیچیده ای از آدولف هیتلر (همسویی او با آرمان های فاشیستی و حمایت اولیه اش از آدولف هیتلر) را در رمان خود ارائه می کند که بحث های مهمی را در میان محققان در مورد زیربنای ایدئولوژیک آن برانگیخته است. این تحقیق با بررسی متن از طریق چارچوب های انتقادی (گفتمان نقد ادبی فاشیستی) وادل و مونتون به دنبال کشف دوگانگی و تناقضات در تصویر لوئیس از آدولف هیتلر و فاشیسم است. تحلیل وادل شیفتگی متضاد لوئیس به فاشیسم را به عنوان پاسخ و انتقاد از شکست های لیبرال دموکراسی را برجسته می کند، در حالی که مونتون با تاکید بر تنش های هنری و فکری در آثارش، درک دقیقی از درگیری لوئیس با استبداد ارائه می دهد. از طریق این رویکرد ترکیبی، هدف این مطالعه ارائه درک جامعی از ابعاد سیاسی و ادبی هیتلر (1931) است که رمان بحث برانگیز لوئیس را در چارچوب وسیع تر ادبیات مدرنیستی/سیاسی و مبارزات ایدئولوژیک اوایل قرن بیستم قرار می دهد.

    کلید واژگان: ویندم لوئیس, آدولف هیتلر, نازیسم, ایدئولوژی سیاسی و فاشیستی, فاشیسم, ادبیات سیاسی, ادبیات مدرنیست
    Mohsen Gholami, Morteza Lak *, Hossein Moradi
    Introduction

    The present paper delves into the political and fascist ideologies embedded in Wyndham Lewis’s Hitler (1931) through a descriptive and literary analysis informed by the fascist theories of Nathan Waddell and Alan Munton. Lewis, a key figure in early 20th-century modernism, presents a complex portrayal of Adolf Hitler in his novel) his alignment with fascist ideals and his early support for Adolf Hitler (, which has sparked significant debate among scholars regarding its ideological underpinnings. By examining the text through Waddell’s and Munton’s critical frameworks (The discourse of fascist literary criticism), this research seeks to unpack the ambivalence and contradictions in Lewis’s depiction of Hitler and fascism. Waddell’s analysis highlights Lewis’s conflicted fascination with fascism as both a response to and critique of the failures of liberal democracy, while Munton offers a nuanced understanding of Lewis’s engagement with authoritarianism, emphasizing the artistic and intellectual tensions in his work. Through this combined lens, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the political and literary dimensions of Hitler (1931), situating Lewis’s novel within the broader context of modernist literature and the ideological struggles of the early twentieth century.

    Background of Study:

     Wyndham Lewis’s Hitler (1931) occupies a contentious position in literary and political discourse, as it engages with the rising tide of fascism in Europe during the early 20th century. As a modernist writer and artist, Wyndham Lewis was both fascinated and repelled by the political currents of his time, particularly the authoritarianism embodied by figures like Adolf Hitler. This ambivalence is reflected in his novel, which has been interpreted variously as an endorsement, critique, or complex exploration of fascist ideology. In this fashion, Nathan Waddell’s and Alan Munton’s fascist theories provide critical frameworks for analyzing Lewis’s work, each offering unique insights into the ways in which Hitler (1931) grapples with themes of power, authority, and individual freedom.

    Methodology

    This study employs a descriptive and literary analytical approach to examine the political and fascist ideologies presented in Wyndham Lewis’s Hitler (1931), utilizing the theoretical frameworks of Nathan Waddell and Alan Munton. The research begins with a close reading of Hitler (1931), identifying key themes, motifs, and narrative strategies that reflect Lewis’s engagement with fascist ideology. Waddell’s theoretical perspective is applied to assess Lewis’s complex relationship with fascism, focusing on the tension between his attraction to authoritarian order and his critical stance on its extremes. Munton’s analysis is employed to explore the artistic and ideological contradictions within the novel, highlighting how Lewis’s modernist sensibilities intersect with his political views. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of the novel’s content with Waddell’s and Munton’s interpretations, aiming to uncover how Lewis’s portrayal of Hitler and fascism contributes to broader discussions on modernism and political ideology based on the discourse of fascist literary criticism.

    Conclusion

    The examination of Wyndham Lewis’s Hitler (1931) through the lenses of Nathan Waddell's and Alan Munton's fascist theories has revealed a nuanced interplay between political ideology and literary expression in Lewis's work. Waddell's framework highlights Lewis's conflicted engagement with fascism, portraying his ambivalence towards authoritarianism as a response to the perceived failures of liberal democracy and his search for a new social order. Munton’s analysis further elucidates the internal contradictions within Lewis’s portrayal of Hitler, showcasing how the novel has reflected modernist concerns about power, authority, and the role of the artist in society. Together, these theoretical perspectives underscore that Hitler (1931) is not merely a political critique but a complex literary artifact that grapples with the broader discourse on modernism and fascism/literature and politics.

    Keywords: Wyndham Lewis, Adolf Hitler, Political, Fascist Ideology, Fascism, Political Literature, Modernist Literature
  • Bahar Bahmani Komasi, Morteza Lak *, Farid Parvaneh

    This paper aims to analyze Doris Lessing's narrative techniques to explore how she developed the discourse of her stories and depicted her contemporary realities in her story worlds. It seeks to address the question of whether there is a relationship between her real world and her storytelling, and whether her ideology and personal background influenced her narrative approach. To accomplish this goal, we will analyze the novels The Grass is Singing and Martha Quest using Gavin's Text World Theory, a cognitive approach that provides a framework encompassing three levels of analysis: Discourse World, Text World, and Sub-Worlds. Our analysis reveals that the discourse of her stories closely mirrors her real-life discourse, indicating a direct relationship between her real worlds and her storytelling. Lessing’s intricate descriptions of world-building elements, such as time, locations, characters, objects, and actions within the story, serve to advance the narrative forward through both material and existential processes. Moreover, her use of sub-worlds to express her yearning for freedom and justice reflects her critical viewpoints on the oppressive systems prevalent in her time, particularly colonization and racial issues. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that from 1944 to 1956, her storytelling method was influenced by her communist ideology. In essence, the concepts and themes represented in her stories emerge as reflections of her real-world experiences, effectively conveyed through her narrative techniques.

    Keywords: Narrative Techniques, Discourse-Worlds, Text-Worlds, Sub-Worlds, Real Worlds, Represented Worlds
  • نرگس رئوف زاده، راضیه اسلامیه*، مرتضی لک
    مقاله پیش رو با اتخاذ رویکرد بوم روانشناسی، در برگیرنده خوانش جدیدی از دو داستان کوتاه «درخت گلابی» و «اناربانو و پسرانش» نوشته گلی ترقی و رمان برجسته نجات استخوان ها نوشته جاسمین وارد است. پژوهشگران با استفاده از مفاهیم کلیدی چون بوم روانشناسی، نفس بوم شناسی، بوم درمانی و بوم شناسی فرافردی که نخستین بار توسط تئودور روزاک، لیندا بازل و وارویکس فاکس مطرح شده، به مطالعه آثار منتخب دو بانوی رمان نویس ایرانی و آمریکایی پرداخته است. نویسندگان منتخب ضمن تاکید بر گستره نگرانی های زیست محیطی در جهان، ارتباط انسان با طبیعت را به تصویر کشیده و آرامش روحی و روانی او را در نزدیکی به طبیعت می دانند. علاوه بر این تمرکز آن ها بر طبیعتی است که ضمن زنده، فعال و خارج از کنترل بودن، صرفا منتظر بیدار شدن انسان جهت همذات پنداری فرافردی با آن است. این پژوهش در نظر دارد ضمن مطالعه تطبیقی آثار فوق، علاوه بر بررسی نتایج حاصل از ترومای گسستگی پیوند انسان با طبیعت به اثبات اثرات مثبت و منفی این قرابت یا دوری پرداخته و اهمیت خودشناسی را در درک هارمونی بین انسان و طبیعت یادآور شود.
    کلید واژگان: بومدرمانی, بوم روانشناسی, بومشناسی فرافردی, ترما, نفس بومشناسی
    Narges Raoufzadeh, Razieh Eslamieh *, Morteza Lak
    Environmental damages and the consequent psychological challenges have made a deep tragedy for mankind and led to the development of ecopsychology at the intersection of ecology and psychology. The approach examines the impact of human relationship on nature and its reverberation in his soul. Applying the ecopsychological approach, the present paper proffers a new reading of Goli Taraghi’s stories “The Pear Tree”,and “Anar Banoo and Her Sons” and Jesmyn Ward’s novel Salvage the Bones. The selected works of the Iranian and American female novelists were studied relying on the key concepts of “ecopsychology”, “ecological ego”, “ecotherapy”, and “transpersonal ecology” proposed by Theodore Roszak, Linda Buzzel and Warwick Fox. In addition to examining the result of the trauma caused by the breach between man and nature, this research aimed to elaborate on the positive and negative effects of this proximity and distance. It also tried to highlight the importance of self-realization in recognizing the harmony between man and nature.
    Keywords: Ecopsychology, Ecological Ego, Ecotherapy, Transpersonal Ecology, Trauma
  • نرگس رئوف زاده، راضیه اسلامیه*، مرتضی لک

    در دهه‏ های اخیر به دلیل بحران‏هایی که بشر در طبیعت ایجاد کرده، بازنگری در رابطه انسان و طبیعت اهمیت ویژه‏ای یافته و در این میان ادبیات نیز سهم بسزایی‏ داشته است. شکاف موجود بین آسیب‏های زیست محیطی و پیامدهای آن، سبب بی توجهی انسان‏ها به عواقب تخریب‏های زیست محیطی شده است. مطالعه حاضر با بهره ‏گیری از نقد بوم‏گرا و تکیه بر مفاهیمی چون انسان‏مداری، بوم ‏شناسی ‏ژرف‏نگر، بوم شناسی‏ سطح ی‏نگر و زیست‏مداری، برای نخستین بار به بررسی تطبیقی دو رمان اهل غرق اثر منیرو روانی‏پور و رویاهای حیوانی اثر باربارا کینگس الور می‏پردازد. پژوهش فوق با معرفی اخلاق زیست محیطی پست ‏مدرن که بوم‏شناسی ژرف‏نگر است، سیطره ایدئولوژی انسان‏مداری را به طور کامل رد کرده است و تنها راه نجات از بحران‏های زیست محیطی را خودشناسی و هم ذات پنداری با طبیعت می‏داند. روانی‏پور و کینگس‏الور هر دو از ترومای زیست محیطی که رنج ناشی از تخریب‏های زیست محیطی را شامل می‏شود رنج می‏برند و سعی دارند در بهبود اوضاع طبیعت گامی موثر بردارند. ترومای زیست محیطی هر دو نویسنده را ترغیب می‏کند تا با آسیب‏هایی که انسان‏ها آگاهانه یا ناآگاهانه به طبیعت وارد می‏سازند مقابله کنند. این تحقیق بر آن است تا نشان دهد چیرگی ایدئولوژی انسان مداری که نگرشی سودجویانه و منفعت طلبانه را به همراه دارد، به شدت سبب تخریب طبیعت می‏شود. این در حالی است که بوم‏شناسی‏ژرف‏نگر با تکیه بر زیست‏مداری ضمن خودداری از آسیب به محیط زیست با هدف کسب منفعت، دغدغه‏ای جز حفظ محیط زیست و منابع موجود در آن را ندارد.

    کلید واژگان: انسان مداری, اخلاق زیست محیطی, بوم شناسی ژرف نگر, بوم شناسی سطحی نگر, زیست مداری
    Narges Raoufzadeh, Razieh Eslamieh*, Morteza Lak

    In recent decades, due to the crises created in nature by humans, the review of the relationship between humans and nature has gained special importance. The existing gap between environmental damage and its reverberations has resulted in people’s lack of attention to the consequences of environmental destruction. By applying ecocriticism and relying on concepts such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, deep ecology and shallow ecology, the present study, for the first time, compares the two novels, Ahle Ghargh (1989), by Moniro Ravanipour and Animal Dreaams (1990) by Barbara Kingsolver. While introducing deep ecology as postmodern environmental ethics, the research completely rejects the domination of anthropocentric ideology and considers self- realization and identification with nature to be the only way out of environmental crises. Ravanipour and Kingsolver suffer from eco-trauma caused by environmental destruction and they try to take an effective step in improving deficiencies in nature. Eco-trauma inspires both novelists to deal with the damage that humans, knowingly or unknowingly, cause to nature. The study aims to demonstrate the dominance of anthropocentric ideology, which brings a self-seeking and self-interested attitude, strongly causing the destruction of nature. By relying on biocentrism, deep ecology has no concern other than preserving the environment and its resources while it avoids damage to the environment with the aim of gaining profit.

    Keywords: Anthropocentrism, biocentrism, deep ecology, environmental ethics, shallow ecology
  • نرگس رئوف زاده، راضیه اسلامیه*، مرتضی لک

    مسایل ومباحث مربوط به طبیعت و محیط زیست توجه تعداد کثیری از نظریه پردازان را به خود جلب کرده است. آنچه مدت زمان زیادی است ذهن بشر را به خود معطوف ساخته اهمیت حفظ طبیعت، گونه های گیاهی و جانوری است که در راستای حفظ سلامت روح و روان انسان نقش اجتناب ناپذیری دارند. دغدغه های زیست محیطی، طبیعت بکر و دست نخورده، انسان، حیوانات و گیاهان از جمله مباحثی است که بسیاری از نویسندگان در آثار خود به آن پرداخته اند. از آنجاییکه محل تلاقی علوم انسانی وعلوم طبیعی بررسی رابطه انسان، طبیعت و ارتباط تنگاتنگ آن دو با یکدیگر است، این تحقیق بر آن است تا با تمرکز بر رمان رویاهای حیوانی (1990)، اثرمعروف باربارا کینگس الوربه بررسی این پیوند ناگسستنی بپردازد. مقاله حاضر با اتخاذ نقد بوم روانشناسی، ضمن بررسی رمان رویاهای حیوانی به اثبات تاثیرات مثبت رابطه تنگاتنگ بامحیط زیست بر روان آدمی می پردازد. این پژوهش درنظر دارد تا با بکارگیری مفاهیمی چون نا خودآگاه بوم شناسی و طبیعت بارگی که برای اولین بار توسط تیودور روزاک و ادوارد او ویلسون در حوزه بوم روانشناسی مطرح شده به شناسایی و التیام آسیب های روانی تنشی از دوری انسان از طبیعت بپردازد.

    کلید واژگان: بوم روانشناسی, بوم درمانی, بوم محوری, ناخودآگاه بوم شناسی, طبیعت بارگی
    Narges Raoufzadeh, راضیه اسلامیه *, Morteza Lak
    Introduction

    Issues and topics related to nature and the environment has attracted the attention of a large number of theorists and critics. What has made the human mind focus for a long time is the importance of preserving nature, plant and animal species, which play a very essential role in maintaining the health of the human soul. Since the conflation of humanities and natural sciences results in the investigation of the relationship between man, nature and their intimacy, the research aims to reveal the deep and unbreakable bond by focusing on the novel of Animal Dreams. The present article, by adopting the ecopsychological approach, examines the novel and attempts to elaborate on the positive effects that intimacy with the environment has on the human psyche. The study aims to identify and heal the damage caused by the separation of man from nature and its serious mental and psychological consequences by using concepts such as biophilia, ecological unconscious and ecopsychology, which were first proposed by Theodore Roszak, and Edward, O. Wilson in the field of ecopsychology. 

    Background of the Study:

     Considerable investigation has been done on Animal Dreams (1990), Barbara Kingsolver’s outstanding work. Despite the abundance of existing findings from the perspective of ecocriticism and ecofeminism, no research has so far attempted to analyze this novel with an ecopsychological approach. In this section, we will limit ourselves to mentioning several cases. Marwa Hussein Ahmed Abdelfattah, in his dissertation titled “An Ecocritical Reading of Barbara Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams and Prodigal Summer”, using Bakhtinian dialogics and Timothy Morton’s ecological theory examines these two novels. Theda Wrede, in her article titled, “Barbara Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams: Ecofeminist Subversion of Western Myth” (2012), which printed in Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature, reviews the myth of the West in Animal Dreams and studies its impact on the formation of the land, women, and cultural minorities. In The Ecofeminist Power of Metamorphosis: Mythic Bonds between the Feminine and the Natural in Barbara Kingsolver’s Fiction, Hayley Knowlton, illustrates how women strives to restore and improve the environment of their hometown, rather than try to pursue a utopia. Priscillia Leder in her prominent book entitled Seeds of Change (2010), provides a complete summary of Barbara Kingsolver’s life. Referring to different periods of her life, the author reviews her literary works, including her novels, articles and poems. Many critics blame Kingsolver for her hopeful outlook which is accompanied by bitter realities. Catherine Himmelwright in her article “Gardens of Auto Parts American Western Myth and narrative American Myth in The Bean Trees”, expands her argument on how Kingsolver re-imagines and retells patriarchal myths. Himmelwright illustrates how Kingsolver in The Bean Trees uses Native American myths to neutralize the traditional contradiction between a liberal and adventurous western man and a passive, static, domestic woman. Pamela H. Demory in her article entitled “Into the Heart of Light: Barbara Rereads Heart of Darkness” (2002), introduces Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible as a reflection of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. She believes that in both novels, the white agents of foreign powers are often soulless and corrupt. Both novels present an Africa which is both seductive and dangerous; a completely alien land for Western and deadly for those who cannot adapt to it (181). Nanthinii M. and Dr. V. Bhuvaneswar in their conspicuous article “Rethinking Climate Change: Cli-fi Dynamic in Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behaviour” (2015), seek to investigate Kingsolver’s prominent climate fiction. They combine the story with real climate change in the world and express beliefs and disbeliefs to explain the global catastrophe. Such perceptions help to revise existing beliefs about climate change as well as symbolically induce an urgent need to solve environmental problems.

    Methodology

    In recent decades, a field called ecopsychology has emerged for studying the relationship between our psyche and both nature and environmental crisis. The historian, Theodore Roszak (1933-2011), is credited for coining the term ecopsychology. Roszak argues that “its goal is to bridge our culture’s long-standing, historical gulf between the psychological and the ecological, to see the needs of the planet and the person as a continuum” (qtd. in Worthy 115). Ecopsychology deals with how emotional connections to nature are developed and gives feeling, harmony, eternity and stability. This approach examines ancient and modern cultures that have a history of being embraced by nature such as Buddhism and Hinduism. According to Darlyne G. Nemeth “Ecopsychology: The interaction between psychology and environmental protection is an inspiring concept” (2015 x). Ecopsychologists believe that the widespread destruction of the environment causes great sorrow and aggravation in people and intensifies their frustration

    Conclusion

    The findings of this article propose a new perspective from which Animal Dreams (1990) can be read and analyzed. In this work, Kingsolver has depicted relationships between the characters and their varied views towards nature from a new perspective. While proving the effects of closeness, friendship and living in nature on human psyche, the study for the first time introduces new concepts such as ecopsychotherapy and ecotherapy in the field of literary criticism. The researcher believes that by combining other theories from the field of psychology with ecological approach, a new theoretical model can be invented for studying literary works from an environmental perspective. Relying on the two key concepts, proposed by Theodore Roszak and Edward O. Wilson, which are ecological unconscious and biophilia, the researcher admits that the surrounding environment, living conditions, cultural level and social status of people are very important in the formation and development of these two inherent phenomena. The researcher believes that, since the ecological unconscious is present in all humans from birth, man’s condition and lifestyle overshadows the active or passive nature of this phenomenon. Dr. Homer and his daughters are somehow connected with nature in one way or another, and this deep connection always has a healing effect for their souls. The bond of the doctor’s family with nature is unbreakable and very colorful. Nature is the consolation of their pains and suffering; moreover,  playing the role of ecopsychotherapy. Dr. Homer tries to minimize the great sadness of losing his wife by taking photographs and being in nature. Cody fights environmental destruction in Greece, and Holy the youngest daughter moves to Nicaragua to train farmers and restore nature which is a kind of ecotherapy. The presence of ecological unconscious and biophilia is quite evident in Dr. Homer’s family, while in Emiliana’s family, the situation is just the reverse. The researcher considers the lifestyle of Emiliana’s family as the reason for their passive interest in nature. In order to earn money, they cut the heads of peacocks and prepare their feathers for sale. The indiscriminate hunting of peacocks has put them at risk of extinction, while this issue is not the least important for Emiliana’s family. Kellen, Kirti and Meysen mercilessly cut peacocks’ heads off in an attempt of non-inert brutality. Animal Dreams, is the pioneer of the ecological awakening of novelists such as Barbara Kingsolver, in which the relationship between man and nature is reflected very deeply and seriously, introducing a value system based on nature.

    Keywords: Biocentrism, Biophilia, Ecological Unconscious, Ecopsychology, Ecotherapy
  • Abdolreza Goudarzi *, Morteza Lak

    The progression of culture and literature in the three subsequent eras of Modernism, Postmodernism and Post Postmodernism since the late-20th-century can be considered as one of the vivid factors that has led to the chain of transformation of man. In Modernism, the superiority of authentic and governmental power over people was dominant and later in the era of Postmodernism or the late capitalism, the notion of fragmentation controlled the life of the people; but in the third one, Post Postmodernism, a freshgenus of humanism was introduced by innovative authors such as David Foster Wallace who, in his philosophy of writing, illustrates not only the pain and limitations of man but also the healing instruments. Philosophically speaking, through the critical gates of Wallace’s philosophy, the subjectivity of man is given a niche, and thanks to the opportunity he has gained in the social networks, he could have made it possible to create a type of sharing and mutual communication amongst the fragmented individuals. That is to say, all alienated and limited individuals can have the role of active agents, communicators, and producers instead of being passive watchers, readers, and one-way communicators organized by the structures of the past eras. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate David Foster Wallace’s (1962-2008) trilogy—The Broom of the System (1987), Infinite Jest (1996), and The Pale King (2011)—according to his philosophy of Post postmodernism.

    Keywords: Transformation of Identity, Man, Post Postmodernism, David Foster Wallace, Modernism
  • مرتضی لک *
    عصر رنسانس انگلستان همواره به عنوان عرصه ای بی بدیل برای خلاقیت ادبی در ادوار پس از خودش مطرح بوده است. در دوران زمامداری چهل و پنج ساله ملکه الیزابت اول، از 1558 تا 1603، و نیز دوره پادشاهی جیمز اول که از سال 1603 تا 1625 به طول انجامید، فرهنگ، هنر و ادب انگلستان دستخوش تحولاتی و پیشرفت هایی شگرف شد که حاصل آن، پدیداری شخصیتهایی چون شکسپیر، جان وبستر، تامس میدلتن، جان فلچر، کریستوفر مارلو و تامس کید در نمایشنامه نوسی و ادموند اسپنسر، سر فیلیپ سیدنی، بن جانسن و بسیاری دیگر در شعر شد. این افراد کم و بیش در بسیاری از آثاری که در سده های هجده و نوزده خلق شدند بازتابهای قابل توجهی یافتد و البته شکسپیر بیش از هر نویسنده دیگری بر سنت ادبی پس از خودش تاثیرگذار بود و ویلیام وردزورث یکی از نویسندگانی بود که بوطیقای شعری و نمایشی شکسپیر را ارج می نهاد و از آن بهره های زیبایی شناختی و سبکی فراوان برد. وردزورث در طول عمر هنری خود تنها یک نمایشنامه نگاشت که در آن رگه هایی ازفن و سبک نوشتار شکسپیر آشکار است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی تطبیقی-انتقادی به بررسی نقش شکسپیر در خودآگاهی دراماتیک وردزورث و بازتاب آن نقش در نمایشنامه مرزنشینان می پردازد.
    کلید واژگان: ویلیام شکسپیر, ویلیام وردزورث, نمایشنامه مرزنشینان, رمانتیسم انگلستان
    MORTEZA LAK *
    Background Studies
    Although Shakespeare Studies began in the early decades of the seventeenth century shortly after the Bard’s death, the comparative criticism of his dramatic art enjoyed systematic attention centuries later, in the mid-twentieth century. One of the earliest contrastive researches seems to be Mary Weaver Sweet’s thesis entitled "The Influence of Shakespeare upon Wordsworth" (1950) which examines the poetical influence Shakespeare left upon Wordsworth’s literary career. Offering a wide range of examples, the author’s remark leads to the conclusive which indicate that he had studied the language of the dramatist until it had perhaps unconsciously become a part of his own" (82). A substantial part of the research has been dedicated to the formalistic and textual resonance of Shakespeare’s dramatic work in Wordsworth’s poetry. The most obvious problem with this research is its failure of providing sufficient evidence for the unconsciousness of the effects Shakespeare left on Wordsworth. Donald Hayden’s 1951 article, "Towards an Understanding of Wordsworth’s Borderers" investigates the philosophical grounds of Wordsworth’s play. The article’s main focus opens up the discussion of the ways in which Wordsworth’s characters were constructed, on the one hand, under the influence of his psychological circumstances, and on the other, in light of William Godwin’s utilitarian view of vice and virtue. The author also postulates that Wordsworth’s ambivalent use of some concepts such as "evil" and "good" intensifies the convolution of those concepts, paving the way for the reader’s multiple interpretations (4). Charles J. Smith, in 1953, in "The Effect of Shakespeare on Wordsworth’s The Borderers" investigates a variety of formalist and textual influences of Shakespeare on Wordsworth’s play, discussing that that Wordsworth adopted his characterization technique from Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Othello. The article does not go beyond this stance which combines form and character.
    Frederick Burwick’s more recent Romantic Drama
    Actin and Reacting (2009) turned out to be an exhaustive initiative in the field of the Romantic Studies, generally focusing on the ways in which drama in the early decades of the nineteenth century flourished alongside the period’s poetry. The book investigates the structural and generic aspects of Romantic drama, including Wordsworth’s Borderers. The inclusion of a range of such subjects as realism, fantasy, nationalism, historical representation, sexuality, love, and morality, has made the work an invaluable monograph. In this book, Burwick defends that The Borderers was written under the influence of Schiller’s philosophy and dramatic style, especially his play "Die Räuber" (156). This implies that Wordsworth was impressed by continental philosophy rather than Shakespeare.
    Method and Material
    The current research is predicated upon a comparative and intertextual approach to the xamination of Wordsworth’s the direct and indirect stylistic and textual adoptions from Shakespeare’s plays in his play The Borderers. In doing so, some of the most important similarities between Shakespeare’s plays and Wordsworth’s text have been unravelled and explained. The materials employed to realise this research entail a variety of library and archival resources in tandem with a handful of critical books and articles.
    Conclusion
    Wordsworth’s undeniable contribution to the enrichment of Romantic poetry might have highly been inspired by his precursor poet John Milton, but the path he took in drama was utterly different. Wordsworth’s play, The Borderers is freighted with Shakespeare’s voice, tone, style, and poetics. However, it is worth mentioning that Shakespeare was not the sole figure who inspired Wordsworth in his dramatic attempt. The meticulous scrutiny of the play demonstrates that German idealism, which led to the emergence of a different version of Romanticism, the French Revolution, Godwin’s utilitarian philosophy, among other agents, were the morphing, persuasive conditions and elements that strengthened Wordsworth’s determination for trying his hand at the genre of drama; a creative commitment that consciously led him to a pragmatic adoption of Shakespearean style and theatre.
    Keywords: Shakespeare, Wordsworth, The Borderers, Romantic Literature
  • مقاله: شکسپیر کاغذی / نگاهی بر چاپ، نشر و ویرایش نمایشنامه های شکسپیر
    مرتضی لک
  • نه برگی تنهاست نه علفی
    دوروتی پارکر
    مترجم: مرتضی لک
  • سر سبزیت را پرتاب کن به سوی ما
    هلیدا دولیتل
    مترجم: مرتضی لک
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  • مرتضی لک
    مرتضی لک

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