فهرست مطالب مریم کلانتری

The story of "Slave eats fruit with her king" is among the educational stories that examples of its prose and verse can be found in Arabic and Persian literature .The oldest source of this narration is related to Arabic literature in the book "Al-imtāʿ wa al-muʾānasaẗ"of Abu Hayyan Al-Tawhidi (4th century). After that, examples of Arabic and Persian prose and verse have mentioned it until the end of the ninth century. Rumi and Attar have also recreated the verse of this narrative in Persian literature in a creative way.This story which has mentioned in two different narratives leads to the same moral conclusion which is "loyalty and commitment". Therefore, examining the sources of this story not only acquaints posterity with the experiences of different ethnic groups, but also preserves and records the culture and history of the predecessors .This study not only finds the sources and compares the Arabic and Persian sources of the narrative, but also examines its narrative elements such as theme, plot, character, dialogue, perspective and scene, and identifies how Persian verse sources are similar to the old Arabic sources. The most important results of this study which is based on comparative analogy is that, the theme of the story is the same in all the Arabic and Persian sources, and Persian verse anecdotes have arranged the same theme with a different structure with the inspiration of ancient sources.

Heliothis (or tomato fruit borer) with the scientific name Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) is one of the most important and the oldest pest of crops in the country, especially in Golestan Province, which causes huge management costs for farmers, and also due to the use of various types of chemical pesticides every year it causes environmental damage for the agricultural ecosystem of the country. In order to prevent unnecessary spraying and due to the resistance of this pest to many pesticides, it is necessary to consider the effectiveness of other control methods, including the use of insect pathogenic fungi and biological pesticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis. In this research, the effectiveness of three different formulations of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and a biological insecticide based on the active ingredient B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Biolep P) and an organic insecticide based on plants (Rui Agro) were studied in laboratory conditions and also in two tomato field of Golestan Province. The perforation rate of tomato fruits was also investigated. The laboratory bioassay results of different formulations of B. bassiana with a concentration of 1×107 conidia/ml on 3rd instar larvae showed that all three different formulations of the pathogenic fungus caused between 84 and 91% mortality. The laboratory bioassay of different concentrations of Biolep P on the 3rd instar larvae of the H. armigera after eight days showed that when the concentration of Biolep P increased, the mortality rate also increased significantly. The highest mortality rate was observed with 93.33% in the concentration of 1.5 ml/L and the lowest mortality rate was observed with 48.89% in the concentration of 0.5 ml/L. The results in the tomato fields of Qaleh Mahmud village showed that the efficiency of the applied treatments increases with time. The highest percentage of efficiency in all experimental treatments on the 7th and 10th days after foliar spraying was between 50 and 60 percent. In the tomato field of Chalaki Agricultural Research Station, the efficiency (%) of fungal formulations was reduced on the 10th day of foliar application. In relation to the percentage of fruit perforation in both fields studied, the control treatment and the fungal treatment containing distilled water were placed in the same experimental group and showed the highest percentage of fruit perforation. In general, it can be concluded that repeated foliar spraying of biological control agents is necessary for better pest control or the combination of these methods with low–risk or organic pesticides should be considered..

The high prevalence of the Covid-19 disease and its rapid infection, the imposition of restrictions, and the high mortality had many negative effects on the psychological and social aspects of bereaved families. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group counseling to deal with grief caused by Covid-19 regarding mournful women in Yazd.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of women with grief experience over losing their husbands due to Covid-19 in 2021. Through available sampling method, 30 participants were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Data was collected through Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) by Barrett and Scott (1998). Moreover, the package of confrontation with mourning, a lived experience of mourning women in Yazd (Kalantari et al., 2021), was performed on the experimental group for ten 90-minute sessions. Covariance with repeated measurements and SPSS version 26 software were used in data analysis.

The research findings showed that the average score of grief experience in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group in posttest droup (p<0.001). Group training and intervention program could improve mourning experience in the experimental group compared to the control group in bereaved women.

Educational intervention based on lived experience of mourning women in Yazd can be used as one of the effective methods to improve mourning experience.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing and investigating the tendency to exercise, academic vitality and mental well-being in normal and elite students. The method of the current research is a descriptive-analytical one that was conducted on a sample of 60 students (30 elite students and 30 regular students) of Lorestan University in the academic year 2008-2019, who were selected by random sampling. To collect the data, the questionnaires of Zarandieh's tendency towards sports (2003), academic vitality of Dehghanizadeh and Hossein Chari (2006) and mental well-being of Keirs and Makiramo (2003) were used. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test, multiple regression analysis by stepwise method and independent t-groups. The results of this research showed that there is a significant difference between the tendency to exercise, academic vitality and mental well-being among elite and normal students. The results of multiple regression analysis by step-by-step method also showed that the variables of sports orientation and academic vitality together predict 25% of the variance of mental well-being. According to the results of the current research, it seems necessary to provide the necessary ground for improving and promoting the mental well-being of students, especially elite students, by formulating, planning and presenting a suitable policy.

After obtaining the superior Bt strains in terms of pathogenicity and host range, it is of particular importance to provide low-cost culture media for the production of spores and crystals in laboratory and mass production in industrial-scale bioreactors. In this research, an attempt has been made to provide a suitable and optimal food substrate for the growth of Bt by using cheap inputs such as waste and by-products of agricultural industries, and to evaluate the production rate of this bacterium using these materials. In this research, the waste and by-products of agricultural industries were investigated as culture medium in the form of extract and in liquid form for the propagation of native Bt strain (6R). The culture media were evaluated as a combination of two and three media with different percentages and the optimization process was done with Taguchi method and using Qualitek-4 software. The results of the experiments and data analysis showed that in the culture medium with two substance, beet molasses combined with corn steep with 4.22 × 1010 CFU/ml and wheat bran combined with corn steep with 3.44 × 1010 CFU/ml, and the culture medium with tree substance including soy, corn steep, fish meal 3.98 × 1016 CFU/ml, soy, corn steep, sugar cane molasses 9.89 × 1016 CFU/ml and wheat bran, corn steep, sugar beet molasses 9.29 × 1016 CFU/ml were the best culture media that had the highest production of Bt in laboratory conditions. The results showed that Bt obtained from culture medium with two substance of sugar beet molasses and corn steep, wheat bran and corn steep and culture medium with tree substance of soybean, corn steep and fish meal; corn steep, soybean and sugarcane molasses; corn steep, wheat bran and sugar beet molasses caused 100% mortality on the 3 instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis

One of the main problems in the production of chickpeas in most of the provinces where chickpea is cultivated including west and north-west provinces is the general and specific pests, including chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. This project was conducted in a randomized complete block design in Kermanshah and Lorestan provinces with seven treatments in three replications. Treatments included, Lofenuron 2 l/1000 l , Roy Agro 1 l/1000 l , Biolep P 1 l/1000 l , insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis Ber, (Biotech Indian)  with three doses of 1000, 600 and 400 grams per hectare. The efficacy of the insecticides was investigated 3 and 7 days after the treatment, and the number of damaged pods was recorded at the mentioned time intervals, and the percentage of damage of the pods was calculated. The results showed that the treatments were significantly different in efficacy and the percentage of damage and B. thuringiensis-based insecticides were statistically effective (75 to 81%) in controlling chickpea pod borer after seven days.  Biolep P biological pesticide showed 68.79 and 81.27% and Bt (Biotech India) 74.59 and 79.99% efficacy in Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces respectively. There was no significant difference in efficacy percentage between the biological pesticides and Roy Agro pesticide. The biopesticide Biolep showed no significant difference in terms of efficacy and damage percentage in comparison with the Biotech India biopesticide. The results show that if the pest is not controlled (control), the percentage of damage on chickpea pods is about 40%, but with the use of biological pesticides, this damage could be reduced to less than 10%.

Coating the surface of metal pipes is one of the solutions to protect pipelines against various types of corrosion. Adding inorganic nanoparticles to epoxy resin can improve the mechanical and chemical resistance of the coating. The purpose of this study is synthesis of epoxy and characterization of anticorrosion and thermal resistance. To accomplish this aim, epoxy nanocomposite were synthesized from nanosilica, Epiran 5s along with 3 different hardeners. The surface of silica nano particles was modified with trimethoxy methyl silane before using. Anti-corrosion properties were evaluated by Plunging tests, the results of this test indicated the superiority of the anti-corrosion properties of the coating containing phthalic anhydride hardener compared to other coatings. Finally, according to the TGA curves obtained from experiments and using mathematical equations relationships, activation energy for the production each of the coatings obtained subsequent test results also show that the thermal properties of the coating hardener of phthalic anhydride is higher than the others. The results show that thermal stability nanocomposite coating containing phthalic anhydride hardener is improved by 47% after modification with silane.

Today, the knowledge of agricultural and health pest management using biological control method is expanding, and among these, Bacillus thuringiensis as a bio–pesticide with high efficiency and safety have a major role in pest control. However, due to high production costs, it has not yet been able to replace chemical pesticides. In the present study, to promote pesticide and cost–effective cultivation Bt subspecies kurstaki native strain 6R, food waste and by–products including wheat bran, soybean pulp, corn powder and corn steep , fish meal, date juice, sugar beet molasses and sugarcane bagasse were evaluated as raw fermentation media. In this study, the above substances were studied as food culture medium as an extract and as a liquid for propagation. Factors of spore and crystal production were measured during the fermentation process in different cultures for 72 hours, including bioassay on Helicoverpa armigera larval stage three, dry biomass weight, spore content and the effect of pH. The results showed that Bt from wheat bran, sugarcane molasses and corn steep substrates on H. armigera larval stage three has 100% mortality. The highest dry biomass of Bt after the end of fermentation was related to corn powder, wheat bran and corn steep, as 0.903, 0.7804 and 0.559 g per 100 ml of suspension culture, respectively. The results showed that corn steep culture medium with the highest Bt production in laboratory conditions (2.8 × 1012 CFU / ml) was the most efficient. In combination of two culture media, beet molasses (carbon source) with corn steep  (nitrogen source) with 4.22 × 1012 CFU / ml and wheat bran (carbon source) with corn steep  with 3.44 × 1012 CFU / ml, each two had the best performance with 100% mortality on H. armigera larvae. Overall, our findings provided a new strategy for using food waste and by–products with less environmental impact and reduced production costs.

The emergence of women in society to play a role - individual or social - is a topic for many thinkers to express their opinions, and any response to it can affect making decisions and political, economic, and cultural orientations of society. Based on verses and hadiths, this study has explained the necessity and manner of women's presence in society with regard to the natural circumstances and conditions of the family and society, in a descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources and has concluded that for social activities the woman and her presence in society can be imagined in two ways. One is "presence" and the other is "emergence" which are not always related to each other, and, its recognition by the woman herself is directly related to piety. The "presence" of a woman in society is always associated with "good marriage" and "proper upbringing of children", and her emergence in society depends on its necessity, influence, and observation. In this way, a woman appears as a "necessity" in society to gain science, skills, art, or employment, as well as to use social services and she has an effective emergence in matters such as political participation, emigration, economic activity and participation in jihad and then, she appears "observantly" in society by focusing on enjoining to good [Ma’ruf] and forbidding from evil [Munkar] as well as advising the right and patience.

This project was aimed to investigate the efficiency of different spraying techniques for spraying the suspension of microbial biocontrol agent (Bacillus thuringiensis) for the control of diamondback moth. However different studies have shown that spraying methods of microbial pesticides have fundamental differences with chemical pesticides and sprayers suitable for such products have to be employed. Four types of sprayers including conventional hydraulic sprayer, conventional atomizer sprayer, electrostatic sprayer and atomizer micronaire (rotating) were used. The experiment was designed in the randomized complete block design with four treatments in three replications in a field infested with the larvae of diamondback moth. Water-sensitive cards were used to determine the coverage and droplet size of the pesticide. For this experiment sprayers were evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics such as the way it sprays and the amount of solution required per hectare. The results show that there were no significant differences among the treatments considering their pest control efficiency. Moreover, atomizer micronaire sprayer due to the good performance, low consumption and daily efficiency can be used for spraying Bt to control diamondback moth in cabbage fields. It is noteworthy that the atomizer micronaire due to its ability to micronize the droplets produce a uniform dispersion and could be considered as a good alternative for hydraulic sprayers.

Nucleopolyhedro virus (NPV) has an important role in pest management programs. Because of many advantages such as selective effect on larvae of insect pest, no undesirable effects on environment and non-target organisms and also compatibility with other pest management tactics. In this research, the virulence of a native isolate was evaluated on the larvae of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella at 27±2 oC, 65±5% RH and 16L: 8D photoperiod. Based on the results, 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of virus on the 2nd larval instars of H. armigera and P. xylostella were determined as 9.2×103 OB/ ml -1and 3.8×104 OB/ml -1, respectively. Also results (LC50 – values), showed that NPV was more virulent on H. armigera than on the P. xylostella. Values obtained for 50% lethal time (LT50) of NPV were almost similar 5 and 4.8 days post treatment for H. armigera and P. xylostella, respectively.

In recent years, patient safety has become one of the greatest concerns of organizations and health care providers. Nurses play a key role in providing safe and high quality cares in all units of the hospital, both general and Intensive Care Units. Since nurses are directly supervised by the head nurses, This study aimed to compare the performance of nurses from the viewpoint of nurses in providing safe care to patients in the Intensive care and general units of Aja hospitals in 2018. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which nurses’ performance in general and special wards was assessed using the Assessment of Safe Nursing Care Questionnaire (ASNC) with 32 questions and four dimensions of mental, physical, nursing skills and teamwork. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19. The significance level was less than 0.05. The results have shown no significant difference between the safe performance of nurses in special and general wards. Also, there was no significant relationship between the type of hospital wards, sex, employment status, work shift, participation in the workshop and safe operation of nurses (P>0.05). There was a significant relationship between the type of wards and the nurse’s performance in terms of physical and nursing skills (P<0.05); however, there was no significant relationship between the type of department and the nurse’s performance in the mental health and nursing teamwork dimension (P>0.05). Discussion and Since nurses’ caring performance in ICUs is not so perfect, it is suggested that more planning be done for the improvements.

The Present article analyzed and investigated the source of the story Wolf and Fox Coming to be Under the Obedience of Lion for Hunting and it re-narrated two Verse Narratives of "Toghraee and Molana. Then with a structuralism view to the story elements like characters, plots, point of view, and tone, narratives were described and analyzed to recognize which story is closer to the main source. The most important result of the investigation was based on analogic-comparative method was that not only Molana had used elements and the techniques of the story, but also he created a beautiful and attractive tale from the main source narrative. Toghraee had used similitude to emphasize as well as using aphorism.

Date syrup contains high amount of sugars which can be considered as a appropirate medium for bacterial growth. Bacillus Coagulase has been introduced as a potential probiotic strain due to the joint characteristics of both lactobacillus and spore formers. So, In this study, different treatment conditions (pH, temperature and medium type) were compared by different Bacillus strains (Cereus, Coagulase and Subtilis). Results confirmed the highest proteolytic activity and milk clotting activity (protease) for B. coagulans at 37 °C and pH:7-8. In the second step different media were compared to
determine the most appropriate media for the production of protease from Bacillus Coagulase. Highest proteolytic and milk clotting activity was observed for date syrup and CaCl2. Bacillus Coagulase was used as probiotic strain for analogue cheese production, physicochemical properties of the final cheese was desirable.

In present study the effect of date syrup as a replacement for sugar on the rheological, physical and sensory properties of sponge cake was investigated. Sucrose was replaced by date syrup at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% incorporation levels in cakes and evaluated for the consistency and pH of batter, moisture, volume, texture, color properties and sensory characteristic of cakes. It was found that date syrup replacement caused an increase in batter consistency. As date syrup level increased moisture content increased. Sucrose substitution with date syrup in dough formulations affected volume of cakes and caused a decrease due to an increase in consistency and reduction in pH values of batters. Results showed that there is a clear evidence of sucrose substitution on improvement of cake texture, as date syrup level increased, cake hardness decreased. Date syrup had a significant effect on color properties of cakes, with increasing date syrup level in cakes the L values (lightness) for cake crust and crumb decreased and cakes got darker. According to the sensory evaluation and physical properties results cake with 40% date syrup reported as the most favorable formulation.

Grape syrup is a natural sugar source that is obtained by concentration of fruit juice up to about 70% soluble dry matter concentration. Iran is ranked in seventh place in terms of grape production in the world, so there's good potential for converting graph waste to the valuable food products. Grapes with inappropriate appearance can be converted to grape syrup and used as an ingredient in formulation of many food products. Cake is one of the most popular products in bakery and confectionery industry. Cake composed of different components such as flour, oil, milk, baking powder and sugar. Sugar is the main ingredient for making cakes that besides the creating sweet taste, represents numerous functionalities in bakery products. Despite all the benefits of sucrose, because of the association with certain health problems like high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, tooth decay, obesity and diabetes lots of research is underway to find a suitable replacement for sugar. The challenges ahead when replacing sugar with other sweeteners have forcedthe researchers to provide a sweetener with similar functional properties, taste and quality with sugar. The benefits of grape syrup compared with the sugar are having less crystallization problems, having higher water holding capacity properties and higher perceived sweetness in final product. Due to the mentioned challenges the present study aims to replace sugar with grape syrup in various amounts and to investigate the effects of the replacement on the physical properties of the resulting cakes.
Grape juice with Brix 68-70 were obtained from local market. Cake flour was also purchased from the local market. In this research four different level of grape syrup (0, 20%, 40%, 60% replacing of sugar with grape juice) were used in cake formulations as a natural replacement for sugar. Preparation of cake batter was carried out using sugar dough method. Consistency and specific gravity of the batters and moisture content, volume, texture, color and sensory properties of the cakes were investigated according to the procedures described in standard methods.
The results showed that increasing grape syrup level caused an increase in batter consistency. The main component of the grape juice contains reducing sugars, monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose and there is a small amount of sucrose. Generally most sugars can cause highly concentrated solutions due to their highly water solubility and hydrophilic character. Sugars make hydrogen bonds with water molecules due to their hydroxyl groups, because of the molecular structure of the sugars like sucrose, fructose and glucose, it seems that increasing functional groups in grape sugars compared with sucrose, resulted in the formation of more hydrogen bonds, which caused the reduction in the mobility of free water and therefore make an increase in viscosity of the mixture.According to the results specific gravity of the cake batters increased as the grape syrup level increased. It can be concluded that the addition of the grape syrup to the cake formulation reduces gas storage capacity in the batter and therefore causes the increase in specific gravity of the system. Moisture content of cakes increased with grape syrup addition. Increasing the moisture content in the cake is probably due to competition between moisture- absorbing compounds in the formulation of cakes. The replacement of sugar with grape syrup in the cake formulations decreased the cake volumes. Cake volume is influenced by two main factors including consistency and the specific gravityof the batter. If the batter consistency be too low air bubbles and carbon dioxide that is produced by the decomposition of baking powder will leave the cake out quickly and cake volume will decrease. As mentioned before the saccharides with lower molecular weights tend to absorb more water and caused an increase in batter consistency of cakes prepared from grape syrup compared with the cakes prepared from sucrose. In addition specific gravity of the batter will increase with increasing grape syrup level, specific gravity represents the entry of air bubbles in the batter during mixing and the maintenance of the bubbles in the batter during storage and baking, lower specific gravity of cake batterreflects higher volume of the cakes. The results of texture analysis indicated that grape syrup-added cakes were softer than control sample, one reason for reducing the hardness is that when sucrose replace with grape syrup (that is mainly composed of glucose and fructose), the cake moisture content will increases and as a result caused the reduction of the cake hardness. Evaluation of color parameters showed that L values of cakes decreased and a value increased with addition of natural sweetener (Samples got darker). Sensory evaluation results showed that the cake formulation with 40% grape syrup obtained the highest score by panelists in terms of mouth-feel, wetness, and overall acceptability. It can be concluded that grape syrup could beused as a natural replacer for sugar in preparation of bakery products although further studies are necessary in order to gain appropriate formulation

In this research¡ effect of sucrose replacements with fig extract was studied. Physical properties of cake batter such as consistency and specific gravity and cake characteristics such as pH¡ volume¡ apparent density¡ solid density¡ porosity¡ symmetry and uniformity¡ moisture¡ water activity¡ crust and crumb color and textural firmness were evaluated. Results showed that fig extract caused an increase in specific gravity and consistency. Sucrose replacement with studied fig extract gave less pH¡ volume¡ porosity¡ solid density ¡and and textural firmness and more apparent density¡ moisture¡ and water activity compared to those of control sample. By increasing amount of fig extract parameter L * (darkness product) and a * (redness) of the cake crust and crumb color increased and b * (yellowness) decreased. Results indicated that sensory properties showed that Replacement of up to 20 and 40 percent had significant effect on the characteristics of color¡ taste¡ texture¡ mouth feel and¡ total acceptance samples compared to the control. Cake sample with 20% fig syrup as the best example was identified.

In current study¡ effect of carbon sources type (glucose¡ ethanol and acetic acid ) light intensity (2.0¡ 3.5¡ 5.0 klx ) and cultivation methods (Batch and Fed Batch) and temperature was investigated on the production of phycociyanin from Spirulina algae. The experiments were done according to Full Factorial method in both of fixed and variable conditions on 36 samples. The result showed increase of light was led to increase of pigment production while increase of the temperature was led to reduce its production. Fed Batch method is more suitable than the batch method and also Glucose as carbon source had better effect on the pigment production than ethanol and acetic acid sources. The results showed that optimum conditions of growth for production of this pigment including fed batch cultivation methods¡ 30°C temperature¡ 5 klx light intensity¡ and the glucose carbon source (ml/l) that causes maximum phycocyanin production . Also¡ light as the most important factor -protein pigment production were considered. Temperature culture method and carbon source¡ respectively¡ were important in the next degree.

Nowadays the application of natural dyes in food and pharmaceutical products are desirable and might be important. Phycociyanin is a natural pigment with powerful antioxidant activity and is extracted from the Spirulina algae. Due to the possible toxic effects of some synthetic colors and antioxidants the use of natural additives in food and pharmaceutical product are perfected. In this research, phycocyanin is produced at 30 and 35, using glucose, ethanol and acetic acid as carbon source in both batch and semi continues methods with variable light intensitives of 2 and 3.5 Klx for maximum production. The experiments were carried out according to Full Factorial method using fixed and variable conditions on the samples. The results show that in batch and semi continues methods with 1.0 mlL-1 carbon source and 2.0 Klx light intensity by increasing the temperature from 30 to 35, the production of plycociyanin in glucose as compared to the other two carbon sources have rapidly declined. The results also indicated that by using a concentration of 1 mlL-1 carbon source and light intensity of 3.5 Klx at 30, there were not significant differences between the batch and semi continuous methods. It was concluded that the amount of production by using glucose was maximum and also using ethanol showed good yields with minimal differences.

Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria because of many advantages such as specific effect on pest insects larvae, no adverse effects on the environment and non-target organisms and also easy combination with other methods of pest control, has an important role in pest management programs. The first step as a basis for doing research on this bacteria is to study virulence of different isolates and strains of the pathogen in the control of the target pest. In this research, the virulence of three native isolates and a commercial product (Dipel®) was evaluated on the larvae of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella at 27oC, a relative humidity of 65% and 16L:8D photoperiod. Based on the calculated results, 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of three native isolates of KD2, 20, 6R and commercial product of Dipel on the 2nd larval instars of H. armigera were obtained as 1.21×107, 8.8×107, 1.39×107 and 6.91×107 spore ml-1, respectively and KD2 isolate was the best strain among others. Results of 50% lethal concentration (LC50) bioassay of three native isolates and commercial sample of Dipel on the 2nd larval instars of P. xylostella were calculated as 6.1×104, 3.4×103, 2. 9×105 and 8.8×104 spore ml-1, respectively and isolate of 20 was the best strain among others. The molecular analysis of the isolates revealed that isolates cry genes are not identical.

In this study, the dried fig (Ficus carica azmirica) for producing fig extract in temperatures (5, 25and 40 º C) and three ratios of the figs in water (1, 1:5 and, 2 w / w) and at different times (12, 24, 48, 72 hr) was used and Fig extract was subsequently produced. Some chemical properties of fig extract such as dry matter, ash, sugar content, pH, acidity, total soluble solids, fat, protein and, color parameters were determined. The results showed that Optimal conditions for the production of fig extract with º Brix 22±0.02 was, 5 º C, (1, 1:5 w / w) and, 72 hours. The amounts of fructose and glucose were 2.5 and, 3.2 respectively. The amounts of fat, protein, acidity and pH were 0.07, 0.25, 0.24, and 4.90 respectively. The fig extract can be used as a sucrose substitute in various food products.

In this work, a green, simple and highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes is described. The condensation of indoles with carbonyl compounds catalyzed by citric acid in water affords bis(indolyl)methanes in high yields and relatively short reaction times. The advantages of this method are using of water as a low cost solvent and efficient recyclability of the catalyst.