آذر بکائی

The creation and expansion of rural settlements is influenced by various factors, these factors are divided into two categories of natural and human factors, whose impact on the construction and pattern of these settlements is undeniable. Changes in the pattern and architectural style of rural housing have occurred in many different ways. The present study has examined all the factors affecting the rural housing model in Khalkhal county. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of natural and human factors in the rural housing model and determine the degree of correlation between these factors and rural housing. The research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive -analytical in terms of method. In the first part, the results of studies show that natural factors have played a very effective role in the pattern of rural housing in this region. Therefore, the role of factors such as water resources, climate and, most importantly, the specific topography of the region have played a more colorful role than other environmental factors. In the second part, the effects of human factors in rural areas on the rural housing model are examined. The statistical population of the study is 5 villages of Khalkhal city with a population of 10,650 people in the form of 1940 households. The sample size is 320 rural households, which were interviewed by random sampling. For data analysis, Pearson and Spearman and multivariate regression methods were used using SPSS software. The results show that there is a significant and relatively strong relationship with a coefficient of 0.675 between human factors and the rural housing model in the study area, so that the socio -cultural index explains about 58.8% of the housing model .

Along with rural development, women are always interested in participating in the labor force in non-agricultural activities and the service sector in society. This society consists of uninterrupted paths and networks drawn by people in space. The space-time path is the main charter of time geography and the obstacles and time-space constraints in the employment path of rural women in Varzeqan county is an issue that the present study has analyzed. The research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. A total of 45 women were selected to participate in the survey and answer multiple-choice questions (Likert scale) and 25 of these participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. The interviews were purposeful and the sample size was selected through Convenient Sampling. In the qualitative part, the method of "guided introspection research" using MAXQDA 20 software was used. In the quantitative part, SEM using the PLS method with Smart PLS software was used., as the main themes in the space-time constraints of rural women's participation Were recognized in the workforce. "Vital space" in terms of leading rural women in the time-space charter to low-paying jobs; "The ideology of the man as breadwinner (gender stereotypes)" means the man as the main provider of the family's economic livelihood and the woman's dependence; "Time-space crisis conditions" in the sense that women are seen as a potential reserve labor force are the most important constraints on the participation of rural women in the labor force in thetime geography .

Over the past decades, the attitude to the role of rural industries as an influential factor in the economic construction of rural areas, has led to these industries as a basis for the development of rural areas. However, these industries have brought many positive and negative effects in the surrounding rural areas, which requires scientific study. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic effects of the activity of industrial towns on the surrounding rural settlements in the Shahid Salimi industrial town of Tabriz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In terms of collection methods, it is a field-library research. To select villages in terms of economic impact, 14 villages within a 10 km radius of the industrial town were selected, which according to the 2016 census had a population of 15084 people and 4629 households, using the Cochran's formula, 306 rural households were selected as a sample. Then, SMART PLS 3 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the most important economic effect of the establishment of Shahid Salimi industrial town in the surrounding villages was the creation of added value of agricultural products with an average of 0.366.

Today, climate change and occurrence of weather phenomena such as drought have caused many economic and social losses in rural areas and have affected the lives of rural residents. Considering this issue, the aim of the present study was to measure and analyze the level of economic and social resilience of gardeners in the central part of Malkan city against drought and also to identify the factors affecting their resilience. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytical (causal) with a quantitative nature. Data and information were collected based on two documentary and field methods (questionnaire). The unit of analysis of the research was gardeners living in the study area and local knowledgeable people. Also, to analyze the collected data, Kupras technique and structural equations were used. The results of the research show that the gardeners of Aruq and Laklar villages have the highest drought Resilience and the villages of Sormahlo, Aliabad Qeshlaq, Yulqnaloi Jadid, Yulqnaloi Ghadim and Tezekand Khankandi have the lowest level of resilience against drought. The modeling results also indicate that the "local actions" variable is at the moderate threshold, the "social capital" variable is at the moderate threshold, and finally the "government policies and support" variable is at the significant threshold.

The purpose of this study is to Monitoring and Evaluation the Livability in the villages around the city of Miandoab. Therefore, in terms of exploratory purpose, in terms of descriptive-analytical method, and in terms of philosophical basis, it is mixed. It is also a field-library research in terms of data collection methods. The study area includes 23 villages within a radius of 5 km of Miandoab city, which according to the 2016 census have a population of 28866 people and 8404 households. The sample size includes two groups of heads of households, experts and rural managers who were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula of 367 rural households. Villages are ranked in terms of viability using the SAW method. Then, in order to study the mentalities regarding the effective factors in the livability of the villages around the city of Miandoab, the combined method of Q and exploratory factor analysis were used. The results showed that the villages of Shabilvi-Sofla and Shabilvi-Olia with the final score of 0.100 and 0.098, respectively, have the first and second ranks in terms of Livability. Also, Sogli-Tappeh village with a final score of 0.095 and Gaumishgoli with a final score of 0.093 are in the next ranks. Among them, the villages of Khairabad with a final score of 0.061, Dolatabad with a final score of 0.063 and Hoyeh Khan with a final score of 0.065 are in the last ranks in terms of Livability among the sample villages. The most important factors influencing the spatial difference of villages in terms of Livability are: 1) Ease of access and existence of water resources, 2) High level of employment and income, 3) Existence of opportunities for participation and cooperation of popular groups, 4) Trust of villagers in each other in the rural environment and 5) Responsibility of villagers to prevent environmental pollution Village. Among these, the first factor with a specific value of 4.12 and a percentage of variance of 19.38 had the greatest effect in this field.