آذر طل

Food preferences determine food choices, which are significantly associated with overweight/obesity and health outcomes worldwide. Obesity and overweight is one of the health problems of adolescents in the world. This study aimed at determining the relationship between food preferences, body mass index (BMI), and demographic variables among second-year primary school students of Malekan City, located in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, during 2022 to 2023.

This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 582 male and female primary school students in the second grade in both public and private schools of the three towns of Malekan City (Malekan, Lilan, and Mubarakshahr) with a two-stage random cluster sampling method. A two-part online questionnaire including questions on background information and a researcher-made checklist of food preferences was used to collect data. Content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and Cronbach's alpha were used to check the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively (CVI = 0.98, CVR = 0.91). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, and chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software.

There was a significant association between food preference and sex (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.027), educational grade (P = 0.027), mother’s education (P = 0.028), mother’s job (P = 0.002), father’s education (P = 0.046), residence (P = 0.001), and family income (P = 0.002). There was a significant relationship between BMI with school type (P = 0.002), father’s education (P = 0.033), and mother’s age (P = 0.013).

The results of this study indicate the relationship between food preferences, BMI, and demographic variables of adolescents. Paying attention to the potential strategies to strengthen healthy eating patterns of adolescents and providing an educational program that can improve children’s eating behavior and reduce the possible burden of diseases related to eating behavior such as obesity on the country's health care system seem necessary.

Considering the quality of prenatal care services, indentification of the avoidable and inevitable maternal factors and proper promotion of the knowledge and skills of health care service providers is vital for providing suitable preventive and interventional services with the aim of ensuring a successful pregnancy and proper management in the health care system.  This study was conducted to compare the adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with or without a history of Covid-19 in the pregnancy and postpartum stages covered by the Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study including 4124 women, either pregnant or after a recent childbirth (with or without Covid-19) between 20.2.2020  and  29.3.2022, registered in the Sib electronic system (hereinafter Sib) of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Using a checklist developed and validated by an expert panel data were collected on the prevalence of maternal and neonatal outcomes in mothers with or without a history of Covid-19 and compared. The data collected were analyzed with SPSS 24 using descriptive tests such as chi-square and Fisher's exact test and STATA version 22, and the adverse outcomes with high frequencies following Covid-19 were determined.

Analysis of the data showed the following to be the most common outcomes among mothers with a history of Covid-19: 1. obstetric complications and maternal disorders/diseases (hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus, at least one case of bleeding during pregnancy, premature/delayed birth and premature rupture of the amniotic sac, n= 457, 27.8%); 2. medical and surgical problems (unhealthy pregnancy weight gain and thromboembolic events, n=206, 12.5%). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of pregnant mothers with and without a Covid-19 infection as regards medical and surgical problems (P=0.001) and obstetric complications and maternal diseases (p=0.002). As regards the adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant mothers with and without a history of Covid-19, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of Apgar score at minutes 1 and 5 (p≥0.001) and exclusive breastfeeding (P=0.001) and the presence of Covid-19 symptoms in the baby (p<0.001).

Based on the findings of this study it seems that Covid-19 infection during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of some of the undesirable maternal and neonatal outcomes.  Therefore, it is essential to plan and implement programs for health education, creation of a sound attitude towards better management, enhancement of the skills and capabilities of the health-care providers and, finally, promotion of the knowledge of service recipients.

Food preferences and health literacy ─ key determinants of food choices in childhood and adolescence ─ are determinants of chronic diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to determine associations between food preferences, health literacy and body mass index (BMI) among elementary school students in Malekan city, west Azarbayejan Province, Iran in 2021-2022.

 This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study included 582 male and female primary-schoolers in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades in both the public and private  schools in Malekan County (Malekan, Lilan, and Mubarakshahr) selected by the two-stage randomized cluster method. A questionnaire including background questions and questions about health literacy and a researcher-made checklist of food preferences was used to collect data online using the Pros-Online Platform. The content validity ratio and index were used to determine validity and Cronbach's alpha index to check for the reliability of the questionnaire (CVI=0.98, CVR=0.91, Cronbach's alpha > 0.7). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS 26.

The average health literacy score of all the students was rather low (52.9±00.33), that of the female students (55.7±36.49) being slightly higher than that of the boys (49. 9±29.79). Further analysis of the data showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the students' food preferences and health literacy variables (p<0.001). Furthermore, statistically significant relationships were observed between the students' BMI and their food preferences (p˂0.001) and health literacy (p˂0.001).

Considering the low level of health literacy of the adolescents and a positive relationship between health literacy, food preferences and BMI in adolescents, it can be concluded that increasing their health literacy will improve their healthy food choices. Therefore, it seems that interventions based on a theoretical framework aiming at increasing the students’ health literacy and improving their food preferences can be beneficial to them as a potential strategy for improving their healthy eating patterns resulting in preventing overweight and obesity.

Physical activity and nutrition are important topics in adolescent health. This study aimed to determine the predictors of nutritional knowledge, behaviors, and physical activity in fifth-grade elementary school female students

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 480 female students in the fifth grade of the elementary school in Gods city in 2020-2021 by cluster random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire two-part questionnaire of contextual questions and questions about knowledge, nutritional and physical activity, virtual in the Shad messenger. The content validity ratio and content validity index was used to determine validity, and the intra-cluster correlation index to determine the reliability, of the questionnaire. In data analysis, descriptive statistical tests, Pearson         
correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 27.

The results of multiple regression analysis showed the effect of nutritional knowledge variables on nutritional behavior (p <0.001, β = 0.159) and physical activity knowledge on nutritional behavior (p = 0.008, β = 0.120) if the Physical activity knowledge variable was not effective on physical activity behavior and also nutritional knowledge variable had no effect on physical activity behavior.

Increasing knowledge of nutrition and physical activity improves students' nutritional behavior, but this increase in knowledge does not affect physical activity behavior. The sedentary lifestyle and the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic appear to have significantly reduced physical activity. By increasing knowledge, nutritional behavior and physical activity can be improved to some extent

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in most countries of the world, hypertension being the most important cause of disability. The aim of this study conducted in 2020-2021 was to determine the effect of educational intervention on the nutritional knowledge, illness perception and dietary adherence in hypertensive middle aged women based on the transtheoretical model (TTM).

This was a quasi-experimental study on middle-aged women (30-59 years old) suffering from hypertension referred to the  health centers and health bases in the 21st district of Tehran in 2020-2021. A total of 164 subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=82) or control (n=82) group by randomized quadruple blocks. A multifaceted questionnaire was completed for both the control and intervention groups and their blood pressure measured. This was followed by  a one-month virtual education for the intervention group in the form of a WhatsApp group and designing and developing fifty-six podcasts and educational clips with a maximum duration of four minutes based on the transtheoretical model constructs. After a lapse of one and six months both groups completed the questionnaire again and their blood pressure was measured. Descriptive statistics and general linear model were used for data analysis using the SPSS version 25 (p<0.05).

Before the intervention the mean age of the subjects was 50.16 years and their systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 1.35 and 1.84 mmHg, respectively, and there were no statistically significantly differences between the two groups as regards contextual variables, constructs of nutritional awareness, disease perception, diet adherence, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and body mass index (as an ananthropometric index) and transtheoretical model constructs. Data one month after the intervention revealed significant differences (p<0/001) between the two groups (p <0/001) as regards the constructs of nutritional awareness, disease perception, self-sufficiency construct of the transtheoretical model and systolic blood pressure. Six months after the intervention significant differences were observed between the two groups as regatds  nutritional awareness constructs, disease perception (p<0.007), diet adherence (p<0.001), stages of change constructs (p<0.001) and self-sufficiency (p<0.001) of the transtheoretical model.

The results of this study show that educational intervention based on the transtheoretical model in middle-aged women with hypertension can increase their nutritional knowledge, illness perception, self-sufficiency, self-adequacy and diet adherence.

The practice of breastfeeding among mothers is affected by their knowledge of, and attitude to, it. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of intervention, using the transtheoretical model (TTM), on the knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women in the third trimester referred to Golestan University of Medical Sciences in hospitals in 2021.

This quasi-experimental intervention was conducted on 120 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 60) or a control (n = 60) group using the permuted block randomization. The data collection tools were a two-part questionnaire to collect data on demographic and obstetric characteristics and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the TTM. Due to the coronavirus Epidemic the education was conducted partly face-to face in five 30-minute sessions three times a week observing the health protocols and partly virtually via WhatsApp and Telegram messenger (audio file, video tutorial, electronic pamphlets and posters). The data collected one and six months after the intervention were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16, the tests being descriptive and inferential tests.

The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, practice and the TTM constructs were not statistically significant between the intervention and control groups before the education intervention. One and six months after the intervention the mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice and the TTM constructs, as well as perceived barriers and benefits in decision-making and self-efficacy were found to be significantly different between the intervention and control groups (p< 0.001).

Based on the findings it seems that breastfeeding education of pregnant women based on the transtheoretical model can improve their knowledge, attitude and practice as regards exclusive breastfeeding.

Patients with diabetes need continous support for sustainable self-care behaviors. The use of supportive forces to improve the level of self-management of diabetes is felt. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of direct and indirect virtual educational interventions on the promotion of self-management behaviors and diabetes control in women with type 2 diabetes. The study was conducted in 2019.

This clinical trial study included 100 females with type 2 diabetes under the coverage of three health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, randomly divided into two groups of direct and indirect education (50 subjects in either group). A questionnaire was used as the standard tool of diabetes self-management. The education imparted to the subjects was based on the latest version of Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME), and the educational sessions were based on the Stanford Universitychr('39')s self-management model, including six 90-minute sessions during three weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 statistical software, the statistical tests being covariance analysis, etc.        

There were no statistically significant differences between the direct and indirect educational groups as regards the self-management scores and HbA1c levels in the first and second pre-tests (p<0.05). However, both the self-management scores and HbA1c levels of the two groups, determined at 3- and 6-month follow-ups, were found to be statistically significantly different (p<0.05).               

The findings of this study indicate the feasibility of using volunteers, after empowering them properly, to implement diabetes self-management educational interventions.

Despite the increasing prevalence of infection with some blood-borne viruses, no standard precautions have been developed so far based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). This study aimed to assess, based on the HBM, the predictors of adherence to standard precautions in preventing needle stick injuries among the Personnel of Sanandaj Teaching Hospitals, Sanandaj City, Iran in 2020.

This cross-sectional study included 444 medical and non-medical staff members of the Sanandaj teaching hospitals in Sanandaj City, Iran, using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical data analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, multivariate regression and the chi-square test, the software being SPSS version 22.

The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that from among the HBM constructs, three constructs, namely perceived sensitivity (p=0.033), perceived benefits (p=0.032) and self-efficacy (p=0.001), were the predictors of staff duty performance (implementation of  standard precautions) in preventing needle stick injuries. As regards the implementation of standard precautions, 22%, 75.3% and 2.7% of the staff members had a low, medium and high performance level, respectively.

The constructs of perceived sensitivity, perceived benefits and self-efficacy are the strongest predictors in adherence to standard precautions.

Designing behavioral modification interventions for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) warrants the audiences identification and analysis. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors for using (PPE) based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) constructs among workers of Iran Aluminum Factory, 2018.

In this descriptive analytical study with cross-sectional method, a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge questionnaire and designed items based on the SCT construct, was fulfilled by 188 workers employed in production line of Iran Aluminum Factory in Arak. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression analysis on SPSS 24. The significance level was set at P< 0.05.

Among the participants, 46.8% (n=88) and 52.2% (n=100) of workers had moderate and high level of knowledge, respectively. Demographic variables such as marital status, educational level, income, age, work experience and employment status (p <0.05), as well as all SCT constructs (p <0.05) had a significant relationship with knowledge. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the level of education and employment status with probability of 80.6% and self-control, environment and self-efficacy of perceived barriers constructs, with a 64% probability could explained workers in high-knowledge group.

The present study revealed that the variables such as level of education, employment status, self-control, environment and self-efficacy of perceived barriers could be effective in designing educational interventions to improve workers’ knowledge on using personal protective equipment.

Patient education is an essential component of diabetes control, and increasing the health knowledge of diabetic patients based on suitable educational theories is crucial. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) on improving the nutritional habits among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Maragheh city, Iran during 2017-2018.

This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 136 diabetic patients under coverage of Maragheh health centers, Maragheh city, Iran, randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (68 participants in each group). The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire with questions/items related to demographic characteristics and nutritional habits, as well as constructs of TTM and HbA1c based on the TTM. The educational program included four weekly sessions of 45-60 minutes each. The data were analyzed using the SPSS16 software, the statistical tests being descriptive and inferential tests such as ANCOVA; the significance level was set as a p-value < 0.05.

Before the intervention, the comparison and control groups did not differ significantly as regards demographic variables, HbA1c, TTM constructs and nutritional habits (p<0.05). After the educational intervention, the mean scores of nutritional habits, constructs of TTM and HbA1c were statistically significant in patients with type 2 diabetes (p <0.01).

The study results reveal that the application of transtheorical model can improve the nutritional habits of diabetic patients.

One of the most important requirements in the health fields is the availability of standard measurement tools to assess the health status. This study aimed to design and determine the validity and reliability of health care empowerment questionnaire among women in reproductive age based on the theory of planned behavior.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 488 married women (15-49 years old) using self-administered questionnaire that were selected by multistage random sampling method in south health centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences in 2018. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using content, criterion and face validity, and its reliability was determined using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and Wilcoxon test using SPSS-24 software.

In order to evaluate the validity, four questions with less content validity indices were modified and the necessary changes were made. Then, their validity steps were repeated and desired values, i.e., the content validity ratio more than 0.62 and content validity index more than 0.79, were obtained. The reliability was calculated in the value greater than 0.7. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the theory-based questionnaire of health care empowerment were acceptable (α=0.96). The content validity index and content validity ratio were also satisfactory (CVI=87%, CVR=% 89).

This theory-oriented questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable tool for assessing the health care empowerment among married women in reproductive age.

Osteoporosis is a silent and progressive disease that causes disability in people particularly women, with age and has irreversible consequences in their lives. This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention program based on BASNEF model on prevention of osteoporosis among women referred to health centers in the south of Tehran.

This is a quasi-experimental study with two groups of intervention and control, performed on 162 women (81 in the intervention group and 81 in the control group) aged 30-49 years, referred to health centers in the south of Tehran in 2018. The data collection tool included demographic information, a researcher-made questionnaire based on BASNEF model constructs and another part of the questionnaire was Health Promotion Standards Questionnaire (HPLP II). Questionnaires were completed for both the intervention and control groups before and six months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software using chi-square, t-test, and paired t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean of women’s age in this study was 37.79±5.47 years old. There was no significant difference in demographic variables and BASNEF model constructs before the intervention (P>0.05). After the intervention, the mean score of BASNEF model constructs and the dimensions of health promoting behaviors significantly increased in the intervention group (P<0.001).

The study results revealed a positive effect of the BASNEF model-based educational program on health promoting behaviors regarding osteoporosis prevention among women. It is suggested to use this model as a successful model in educational interventions to prevent osteoporosis in women.

People with limited health literacy show a low level of health promoting behaviors. This study is performed aiming to determine relationship between health literacy status and health promoting behaviors among female high school students in Tehran, Iran, in 2018.

This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 370 people using cluster sampling method. Data were collected through demographic and background questionnaires, Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents (HELMA), and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) and analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests in SPSS software.

The mean scores of health promotion behaviors and health literacy were 57.54 ± 11.24 (moderate) and 59.92 ± 12.87 (inadequate), respectively. The highest mean scores of health promotion behavior and health literacy dimensions were stress control (65.55) and perception (74.15) and the lowest mean scores were health responsibility (50.18) and calculation (43.69), respectively. There was a direct and significant relationship between health literacy and health promotion behaviors (r = 0.43, P < 0.001) with the study of magazines and the interest in health issues. However, the relationship between the use of the Internet and the evaluation of the health status with these dimensions was inverse and significant. There was an inverse relationship between the health promoting behaviors with educational stage (r = -0.35, P < 0.001) and age (r = -0.31 , P < 0.001), and a significant relationship with the field of study (r = 0.30, P < 0.001).

According to the study results, it is necessary to develop curriculum for promoting these behaviors and increase the health literacy in cyberspace.

Despite rapid diagnostic and therapeutic advances, patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CCAD) should adopt self-care behaviors. This study aimed to determine predictors of perceived health competence among CCAD patients in Tehran, Iran in 2019-2020.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 700 patients with CCAD referred to Shahid-Rajaie Cardiovascular Center in Tehran selected using the available sampling method. Data were collected using the perceived health competence scale (PHCS), 12-item quality of life scale and Modanloochr('39')s adherence to treatment scale questionnaires. The content validity ratio and content validity index were used to determine validity, and the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha to determine reliability, of the PHCS questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the software being SPSS25.

The multivariate regression analysis showed that perceived health competence had statistically significant direct associations with physical (β = 1.08, p< 0.001) and psychological (β = 0.85, p< 0.001) domains of quality of life, commitment to treatment (β = 0.12, p =0.01), willingness to participate in treatment (β = 0.12, p = 0.05) and uncertainty about implementation (p = 0.1, p‹ 0.001) of adherence to treatment. There was a significant indirect association between age and perceived health competence (β = -0.13, p = 0.03).

Based on the findings, considering a “very good” and a “poor” mean score for adherence and the quality of life among the patients, respectively, adopting strategies for promoting quality of life in both the physical and mental dimensions can lead to improvements in perceived health competence in cardiovascular patients. In addition, it seems that focusing on subscales of “willingness to participate in treatment” might help in improving the patientschr('39') perceived health competence.

Physical activity is decreased during pregnancy due to insufficient knowledge of advantages and lack of self-efficacy for physical activity. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention to improve self-efficacy, knowledge of advantages and safety tips for physical activity among pregnant in 2018.

This study as an experimental interventional one with two intervention and control groups conducted among 144 pregnant women referred to health centers in south of Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups (n= 72). Background information, physical activity self-efficacy questionnaire, physical activity benefits, physical activity safety tips during pregnancy, and a short version of the International Physical Activity Inventory (IPAQ) were used to collect data. Intervention was set to the intervention group in four sessions during one month. Participants in both groups filled the questionnaires to assess the effect of intervention three months after intervention.

The background variables excepting marriage age (p=0.004) and the spouse's education (p=0.032) was not significant between the two groups. Mean score of physical activity self-efficacy before the intervention was not significant between the two groups but, after the intervention, it was significant in both groups (p=0.014). Moreover, in intervention group, there was a significant relation in the intervention group before and after intervention, (p<0.001). Between two groups, there was no significant differences about the knowledge of benefits (p=0.552), and physical activity safety points (p=0.95) before intervention, but these two outcomes had significantly difference after intervention (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). There was a significant difference in physical activity in intervention group before and after intervention (p=0.002).

The study results revealed that conducting educational intervention can be effective to improve pregnant women awareness about the advantages and benefits of physical activity and to improve their self-efficacy during pregnancy.

Since many of the healthy behaviors are adopted and develop during adolescence, proper choice of such behaviors is very important in this period of life. In addition, paying attention to the health of girls is crucial because they will transfer such behaviors to the next generation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of health literacy and demographic variables in determining health-promoting behaviors among second-grade high school girl students in the City of Tehran, Iran.

This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 female students using cluster sampling method in 2018. Data were collected using demographic, Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents (HELMA) and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS25.

The results of multivariate regression analysis revealed that there were statistically significant direct associations between health-promoting behaviors and the following variables: one’s health literacy (β= 0.39, p<0.001), interest in health topics (β= 1.35, p<0.001), reading of journals and newspapers (β=0.76, p= 0.007), father's education (p= 0.002), body mass index (p= 0.022), field of study (p<0.001), the first source of health information (p<0.001) and place of residence (p = 0.023). Further analysis of the data showed an indirect association between health-promoting behaviors and age (β= -1.69, p<0.001) and health assessment (β=-1.67, p<0.01).

Based on the findings it is concluded that the subjects’ health literacy and health-promoting behavior scores were “not sufficient” and “intermediate”, respectively. It is recommended to design and implement appropriate training/intervention programs aiming at increasing the heath literacy and promoting health behaviors of female students.

The optimal level of women's capability can empower them to make the decision independently of the main issues of their health. This study aimed to identify the determinants of health care empowerment based on the Theory of Planned Behavior among married women in the reproductive age of southern Tehran.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, 488 married women in reproductive ages which had attended in health care centers in southern Tehran in 2019. Data collecting instruments were three-part questionnaires including demographic information, researcher-made questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Healthcare Empowerment Questionnaires (HCEQ). Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis using fit indices in the SPSS-24 and AMOS-22.

The mean age of participants was 33.6 ± 7.1. Subjective norm (P < 0.001 ،β = 0.18) in comparison to attitude (P < 0.001 ،β = 0.62) had greater predictive power for intention behavior. According to the results of path analysis, 30% of the variance of behavioral intention, 0.03 of the variance of decision dimension, 0.02 of the variance of interaction dimension, and 0.05 of the variance of control degree were explained using the model constructs, and the study results revealed that the attitude and subjective norm constructs were the best predictors of health care delivery behavior (P < 0.001).

The results show that the perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention are not reliable predictors of health care empowerment among married women in reproductive age. Other psychological, social, and cultural determinants should be investigated to find the main determinants to improve women’s healthcare empowerment

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease in Ghanavat of Qom province. This study aimed to determine effect of educational intervention based on social cognitive theory on promoting preventive behaviors of CL disease.

This study was a semi-experimental intervention (quasi-experimental) that was performed on 292 patients referred to ghanavat health centers in Qom province during the years 2016-2017. Then, participants divided randomly in two groups with complete block randomization method. Six months after the training, post tests were completed by both interventional and control groups. The linear regression used to investigation the effect of several variables.

After the intervention, in treated group, the mean score of the structures of knowledge and situations perception, outcome expectations (p < 0.001), self-sufficiency (p < 0.003), self-control (p < 0.005) and performance (p < 0.05) of Social Cognitive Theory in term of promotion of preventive behaviors of CL, a significant relationship was observed. But, a significant relationship was not found between the structure outcome value and promotion of preventive behaviors of the disease (p < 0.103).

People were not well aware of ways to prevent disease. Therefore, in order to promote this structure, it is suggested that social cognitive theory can be used to reduce the barriers in the education program and promote the level of community awareness.

In health promotion, empowerment is a process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health. This study aimed to assess the predictive factors of health care empowerment among women in reproductive age in 2016. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 549women in reproductive age referring to health centers in South Tehran. The participants were recruited through cluster and multi-stratified sampling. Data were collected using the Health Care Empowerment Questionnaire (HCEQ), which has three subscales, namely, degree of control, involvement in interactions and involvement in decision-making. The data were analyzed using the descriptive and analytical tests and multi-regression analysis. Husbands' education level, women's employment, family size, ethnicity, history of chronic diseases and economic status were predictors of degree of control. Husbands' education level (under high school diploma and high school diploma), family size (2-3, 3-4) and moderate economic status (sufficient income) predicted involvement in interactions. In addition, husbands' education (incomplete high school diploma and high school diploma), family size (2-3, 3-4), women's employment and history of chronic diseases predicted involvement in decision-making. The findings indicate that various individual, family and socio-economic conditions of reproductive-age women influence their potential empowerment for receiving health care services. A family-based approach to facilitate receiving reproductive health care seems to be essentia

Health promoting behaviors are one of the main determinants of human being health as a way to achieve better quality of life. This study aimed to determine effective factors on health promoting behaviors and happiness among women referred to health centers of south of Tehran.
This descriptive-analytical study conducted with 461 women referred to health centers of south of Tehran using multi stage and cluster sampling method in 2016. In order to data gathering, a self-administered questionnaire consisted of demographics, health promoting behaviors and Oxford happiness scales were used. Descriptive and inferential tests and multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) were performed to data analysis. The significant level was set less than 0.05.
The majority of participants 257(55%) was in the aged between 25-40 years old. The mean and SD of all dimensions of health promoting behaviors decreased with increasing age. Out of all demographics, economic status, level of education, family size and marital status had significant relation with happiness. Women with high economic level achieved better health promoting behaviors’ score (49.96±19.14). The less mean and SD of happiness was related to retired women.
Based on study results, age, Economic level, level of education had significant association with health promoting behaviors and happiness. Low level of happiness was related to low value of Health Promoting behaviors domains. It is a necessity to pay more attention to improve health promoting behavior to gain high level of happiness.

Health concepts is influenced by complex of physical, mental, social, spiritual, cultural, and environmental factors. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of Persian version of mental, physical, and spiritual well-being scale and its subscales among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
After reviewing the available instruments in this field and considering cultural and social condition of Iranian community, Vella-Brodrick and Allen’s mental, physical, and spiritual standard well-being scale and its subscales was selected, translated, and back translated to Persian. This cross-sectional study conducted on 500 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sampling was performed using cluster and multistage sampling method. Construct validity was determined using explanatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was ascertained using Cronbach’s alpha. The stability was confirmed using intraclass correlation coefficients. The suitability of the data analysis was tested using the Bartlett's chi-square test of sphericity, and the sampling adequacy using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test.
Findings: Total Cronbach’s alpha was 0.58. 22 question in 3 determined areas explained 42.71 of the total variance. Cumulative variances of all the different subscales were more than 0.5 which showed the credential convergence.
This study results revealed that psychometric properties of Persian version of Vella-Brodrick and Allen’s mental, physical, and spiritual well-being scale and its subscales were borderline and not at optimal level. It seems that the scale should be assessed again after making changes in demographic characteristics or target group.

Antibiotics are the most widely used prescription medications today. Irrational consumption of antibiotics has adverse effects, including increased therapeutic costs and antibiotic resistance. Increasing self-care and self-management can reduce primary care. Given the necessity of the correct pattern of antibiotics, this study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention on self-care and self- management in the rational use of antibiotics based on Cognitive Social Theory in Clients to health centers in south of Tehran.
This experimental study was performed on 260 clients of the health centers in the south of Tehran. Using clustering sampling, the subjects were assigned to two 130-member groups as the control and the intervention groups. 8 centers were chosen for the study. (180 subjects were selected from 6 centers - 30 subjects from each center. The other 80 subjects were chosen from 2 centers, 40 subjects from each center). The intervention was carried out in 45 minutes in four educational sessions. Educational intervention on self-care and self-management in the rational use of antibiotics was done using lecture, question and answer methods, group discussion and educational reminder and also using texting, posters and delivering educational pamphlets in the intervention group. The effect of training was assessed on all intervention groups six months after the intervention. The instrument of the study included a 3-part questionnaire: demographic information and self-care researcher-made questionnaires, self-management, and questions of the cognitive-social theory constructs. Data analyses were performed by software SPSS version 23using chi-square test, independent t-test, and covariance analysis.
Before intervention, the two groups did not have a significant difference in terms of demographic variables, model constructs and self-management and self-management questions (p>0/05). After educational intervention, the mean scores of social cognitive theory constructs, self-care questions, self- management in the intervention group were significantly increased.
Educational intervention based on social cognitive theory could be effective to improve self-care and self-management in the field of rational use of antibiotics in individuals.

Quality of life is considered as an effective indicator for general, as well as mental, health. With increasing longevity of individuals, health-promoting behaviors and rising quality of life will become much more important. This study aimed to determine the quality of life predictors among health volunteers in South Tehran Health Centers.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 health volunteers of South Tehran Health Centers selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using valid and reliable questionnaires for demographic variables, Health-promoting Behaviors (HPLPII) and Quality of life (SF-36), as well as the BAZNEF model constructs, whose validity and reliability were assessed (α: %88). Data analysis was done using the SPSS24 software, the statistical tests being descriptive statistics and multi-linear regression; a p-value Regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors for the quality of life were age (p=0.003), enabling factors (p=0.02) and general health-promoting behaviors (p The findings of this study confirm the suitability of the BAZNEF model for predicting health-promoting behaviors for the quality of life. Using this model can help in identifying factors influencing the quality of life of health volunteers and designing an appropriate educational program for them.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on health promoting behaviors to improve and quality of life among health volunteers.
This experimental study conducted on 200 health volunteers of health centers in Tehran, Iran. The intervention included six educational sessions each lasting for 30-45 minutes. Follow up assessment performed six month later. Study instruments included the Health-promoting Behaviors (HPLP-II), Quality of life (SF-36) and a designed questionnaire based on the BAZNEF constructs.
The findings revealed that, before intervention, there were no significant differences in demographics, and health-promoting behaviors between two groups (p>0.05). After the intervention, mean scores of the BASNEF model constructs, health-promoting behaviors, and quality of life (except for role emotional and mental health) increased significantly in the intervention group (p The study results revealed that the BASNEF-based intervention was effective in improving health promoting behaviors and quality of life among health volunteers.