آرش شرقی

The study of European Union’s role in the new international system depends on some factors which without considering them it would be impossible to understand the EU’s main role in the world. Recent developments in the international society, especially economic crises, have fairly challenged the order that The United States is trying to lead. Until the end of the Cold War, The European Union had been trying to play a more significant role in international politics; however, the bipolar international system and the dominance of The United States did not leave any opportunity for The European Union to do so. With the end of the Cold War, this situation changed dramatically. In this era, the main goal of the European Union has been to support multilateralism and to take more responsibility in international issues. In this regard, the relation of the European Union with The United States, Russia, and China is also of great significance. This article will focus on the role of the European Union in the new international system and will also analyzethe EU’s relation with the mentioned powers.

Terrorism is one of the basic phenomena that effecting on the contemporary security. We are deponents of various formations of the terrorism in the terrestrial dimension; however, we are vis-à-vis to the limitations on the phenomenon of terrorism in the marine space. It is important to note that 80% of the world trade is performed through the maritime lines. Consequently, beyond doubt, there is a strong link between the world economy and freedom/liberty of navigation. Maritime Terrorism alongside with the Maritime Piracy Acts, are of most important factors, which are shaking maritime security. Based on the aforementioned issues, this article seeks to answer the following question: How does Maritime Terrorism effect global security and, specifically, maritime security and what is the responsibility of the states in this issue. In this article, the answer to be given has been shaped upon effects, which maritime terrorism and piracy and factors they generate, such as risk and threat, do have on the world security. The lack of states’ responsibility and holism in the fight against maritime terrorism and ambiguousness of the definition of terrorism are escalating the emergent risks and threats. The main idea of the article: to increase the international cooperation on the issue and to preserve the effective fight against the maritime terrorism through the triple approach (legal, political and operational), multi-dimensional initiatives and complementary processes.

Anxiety and depression are common psychiatric problems among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients. On the one hand، these will lead to a worse prognosis and therapeutic consequences and on the other hand، their early and on time diagnosis and treatment would enhance the recovery and improve the quality of life. To evaluate the frequency of anxiety and depression in the patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in MMT clinic of Shafa hospital in 1391. In doing so، 150 male patients، within the age range of 18-60 years who were on methadone maintenance therapy were entered into the study. After completion a demographic questionnaire، patients filled Beck anxiety and depression inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Statistical difference less than 0. 05 was considered significant. From the 150 patients، 74 patients (49. 3%) had anxiety and 75 patients (50%) depression. There was a significant correlation between younger age، being single، higher dose of methadone and urban residents with anxiety (P<0. 05). Also، higher dose of methadone، being single، urban residents and family history of psychiatric disorders were correlated with depression (P< 0. 05). This study showed that some factors such as being single، high dose of methadone and being urban residents have a significant association with anxiety and depression among the patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy.