آرش ملکی

Nord Stream 2 is a pipeline built to transmit gas from Russia to Germany through the Baltic Sea. Between December 2019 to  May 2021, the United States government sanctioned offshore units and related natural and legal persons by implementing the national defense authorization act for the fiscal year 2020, which as a result, closed an 11-billion-dollar project. What comes to mind in this connection is the possibility of a contradiction between this action and the previous commitments of this government. In this article, using the descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources, it has been proven that the implementation of the National Defense Authorization Act for the fiscal year 2020 with the obligations of the United States of America to the United Nations Charter due to the lack of a logical relationship and public agreement and trade is not inconsistent due to the previous announcement and temporary nature, but it violates the resolution 41/128 of the United Nations General Assembly, which, in view of the lack of legal obligation, despite the repeated violation of international law through unilateral sanctions, in this particular case, it cannot be The imposition of sanctions against the Nord Stream 2 pipeline claimed the international responsibility of the United States government. However, the negative effects of this action on the international legal order cannot be denied.

Between 1998 to 2000, the autonomous province of Kosovo faced an armed conflict between the Kosovo liberation army and Serbian belligerents. Due to the issuance of the declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008, an investigation took place regarding the behaviors of Kosovo liberation army members by the parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe resulted in confirmed violent and humiliating behaviors by members of this group. In 2014, The European Union and the government of Kosovo reached an agreement on establishing a special tribunal regarding charges within the investigation report, and subsequently, the Kosovo specialist department & specialist prosecutor's office were established. From the perspective of historical evolution, International criminal tribunals divide into four generations, and the specialist branches of Kosovo is below international criminal tribunals. The importance of the position of global criminal justice in the process of international peace and security requires that this new and little-known court as an agent of global criminal justice be evaluated formally and substantively from the point of view of its structure, competences and judicial procedure, in order to strengthen its strengths and Let's consider the correction of weak points. What we obtained by studying relevant documents and practical precedent of the specialist branches of Kosovo are the failure to provide a precise definition of the crime of forced disappearance of persons and the slow activity of the specialist branches as weak points. At the same time, it should be mentioned the necessity of judges' skill in criminal law as a criterion for tenure and great accuracy and attention to related details in drafting the judgment as strengths.

Sovereignty is the legal authority of the government in international relations, and one of the forms of governance of governments is economic sovereignty. The economic sovereignty of the government has been defined as the supreme authority of the government in the economic will in the international arena. Among the sources of international law, five international documents have tried to explain the negative and positive aspects of the government's economic sovereignty in the international field. In order to measure the efficiency of the economic governance model, this article has undertaken the economic analysis of the government's economic governance in the international arena and has made five key economic theories the basis of the economic analysis of the government's economic governance. According to the analysis, the Keynesian economic theory guarantees the economic efficiency of the government more than other theories in accordance with the current situation of the international community due to its economic realism and order-oriented approach in implementing the government's decisions. It is worth mentioning that the characteristic of realism cannot be completely considered as a desirable model due to the neglect of human rights considerations, and governments are obliged to take such considerations into account in the implementation of economic governance.

Gathering reliable evidence is one of the significant challenges in international criminal trials. The main reasons for this challenge include location differences regarding court and crime scenes and measures taken by states to prevent neutral institutes reach for the evidence. In this circumstance, using new technologies may be a solution to solve this challenge. The gunshot detection system is among new technologies that could be useful. The mechanism of this technology works based on identification, recording, and immediate transfer of the information regarding using a firearm to a designated bureau, having civilian and military usage. Since many international crimes happen based on guns, recording and instant transferring related information could help the further trial. This article discusses the feasibility of using the gunshot detection system regarding the statute and the rules of procedure in five currently active international criminal tribunals. The International Criminal Court can use this technology more than other courts due to paragraph 3 of Article 69 of the Rome Statute and the features of permanence and universality.

Human rights are a set of fundamental rights and freedoms that are granted to human beings without any discrimination and simply because they are human beings. Governments are generally responsible for guaranteeing and enforcing these rights. Governments can facilitate the implementation of this responsibility by taking precautionary measures. One of these preventive measures is universal human rights education. People can claim their fundamental rights and prevent them from being violated by relying on awareness. Peace, in addition to being a strategic situation, is also recognized as a human right and has developed within the framework of the activities of the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Commission. Therefore, in addition to the absence of war, peace is an expression of a situation with constructive, fair and democratic necessities. Meanwhile, Afghanistan is one of the developing countries. The UN Human Rights Council's global reports show the Afghan government's progress in guaranteeing and enforcing human rights. There is no doubt that the implementation of public human rights education plans and programs will be effective in developing this progress. Given the Afghan government's exposure to a number of challenges, such as armed conflict, terrorism, drug production and transit, and the like, it is worth considering assessing the benefits of human rights education in achieving and maintaining peace in Afghanistan. In this study, while examining the form and substance of the human rights education process, suggestions are provided for the development of public human rights education in Afghanistan according to the specific situation of the country.

Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) is a rare congenital anomaly may affecting any region of the fetus. Here, we reported a case of ABS involving the upper limbs resulted in amputation, syndactyly and lymphedema of several fingers. One of the the amputated finger reimplanted on to the upper back of the fetus between two scapular bone. The finger-like mass had no osseous tissue.

Ulnar shaft fracture with DRUJ injury in children is rare. This pattern of injury does not adapt to the account for Monteggia or Galeazzi fractures-dislocation. We present the case of patient with ulnar shaft fracture and DRUJ dislocation in 10 years old man and discussed about mechanisms and treatment of this injury.

Rural tourism is one of activities which in recent decades in developed countries and in recent years in developing countries, including Iran, have been attentioned. Predominantly rural tourism considered as a tool for socio-economic development of rural areas, but certainly the impact of different dimensions, is not easy to predict and manage. Therefore, knowledge about the effects of tourism in rural areas is very important. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of tourism on economic, social and environmental aspects of rural areas in NatelkenafSofla in Noor Township. Method of this study is analytical using field surveys and questionnaires to collect information. After completing the questionnaire in groups of tourists, residents and the village, for data analysis spss and excel softwares was used. Results show that in the study area, both positive and negative aspects of rural tourism have arrived. Tourism development in the study area, although associated with desirable consequences, especially in the economic aspects, but with profound impact on the social, cultural, environmental fields and key components of sustainable tourism, means the consent and support of the host community, tourists satisfaction and sources and attractions of tourism, show destructive and unsustainable process of tourism development.

Tibial torsion is a term used to describe the physiologic twist of the distal relative to the proximal articular axis of the tibial bone in the transverse plane around its longitudinal axis. This study focuses on a method of tibial torsion measurement with computerized tomography cuts. Sixty four volunteers aged over 16 years old had CT imaging of proximal and distal tibia in a teaching hospital in Tehran-Iran. The images were evaluated for leg rotation by four physicians using two different techniques in two different occasions، one month apart. In the first technique the middle of tibia and middle of fibula were used as reference points and in the second method the perpendicular axis to the line connecting the distal fibular notches on CT scans was used. The values were analyzed، and the intra and inter observer agreements for tibia torsions were assessed. The inter-observer agreement in tibial torsion was. 861 and. 863 in the first and second methods respectively. The intra-observer reliability in both measurements techniques were. 868. The two techniques also had excellent agreement in tibial torsion measurements. The second technique has high reliability and reproductivity in assessing tibial rotation in fibula deformity.

The vitreoretinal interface is involved in a wide range of vitreoretinal disorders and separation of the posterior vitreous face from the retinal surface is an essential part of vitrectomy surgeries. A diverse range of enzymatic and non-enzymatic agents are being studied as an adjunct before or during vitrectomy to facilitate the induction of posterior vitreous detachment. There is a significant body of knowledge in the literature about different vitreolytic agents under investigation for a variety of pathologies involving the vitreoretinal interface which will be summarized in this review. Method s: Articles retrieved by Pubmed search using keywords “Vitreolysis”, pharmacologic Vitreolysis, plasmin and vitrectomy, and microplasmin and vitrectomy, were used in this review. recent reports have raised strong hopes that pharmacologic vitreolysis may eventually find its way to clinical practice. Further investigations will demonstrate whether enzymatic vitreolysis could be used as an adjunct and/or alternative treatment for treatment of vitreoretinal disorders.

Kienbock disease resulting from avascular necrosis of lunate bone leads to pain and disability in young active patients. Radial shortening is one of the treatment methods in this disease. In this study we evaluated the mid-term results of treatment of Kienbock using radial shortening. In a retrospective study 9 males and 6 females with Kienbock disease with average age of 28.6±9.37 years who had undergone radial shortening were examined in a teaching hospital in Tehran-Iran. There were 2 patients in stage II 5 in IIIa and 8 in step IIIb of Lichman’s class. In a mean follow-up of 5±2.44 years these 15 cases were evaluated for wrist motion and gap strength and also with quick-DASH score. The radiograph Stahl index and carpal height ratio were also assessed. Pain and range of motion improved and grip strength was favorable in 13 patients. Quick-DASH score was 8.5±.84 in patients with stage II 12.72±5.09 in stage IIIa and 27.57±18.87 in stage IIIb. Stahl index and carpal height ratio were the same in patients with stage II but significantly decreased in other patients. Kienbock disease progressed in 2 cases. Radial shortening can relief clinical symptoms even in stage III and IIIb of Kienback diseases although the disease X-ray show radiographic worsening.

The role of increased posterior tibial slope in rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is controversial. The purpose of current study was to determine the effect of posterior slope on the ACL injury.

In a case control study 61 consecutive cases with ACL injury who were candidates for reconstruction were compared with 61 persons with normal knees who were matched for age and sex over a 2-year period at a teaching hospital in Tehran Iran. The posterior tibial slope angles were measured on true lateral radiographs on all the cases. The measurement variations were analyzed between the two groups.

The mean posterior tibial slope was 9.4±1.8 degrees in controls and 12.3±4.4 in patients with ruptured ACL (p

The anterior cruciate ligament is the primary structure that controls anterior displacement in the unloaded knee. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may return normal functions of the knee. The aim of the present study was to compare three different femoral fixation techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In a clinical trial study 120 patients that were candidates for ACL reconstraution were randomly divided into 3 groups of 40 individuals. The femoral fixations were by the three methods of "Aperfix" "Rigidfix" or "Endobutton". The cases were re-examined 12 months after surgery and evaluated by Lysholm score as well as with KT-1000 machine. The results were compered together for the three above methods. The Lysholm score showed improvement from pre-operative values in all three techniques: From 63.21±18.59 to 90.64±9.47 in "Endobutton" group from 65.72±18.74 to 96.22±5.35 in "Aperfix" and from 69.21±17.45 to 90.64±9.47 in the "Rigifix" group. There were 6 failures in "Endobutton" 4 in "Rigidfix" and one in "Aperfix" group. The anterior displacement tibia was 3.96±1.58 millimeters in "Endobutton" 4.28±1.48 in "Rigidfix" and 4.03±1.79 millimeters in "Aperfix" group. There was no significant difference in the operating time in the 3 groups. Regarding the instant stability of the graft the "Aperfix" method seemed stranger. Further investigations with larger number of cases and longer duration of follow up are recommended.

To evaluate the correlation between retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness and visual field parameters in patients with optic atrophy. This study was performed on 35 eyes of 28 patients with optic atrophy. NFL thickness was measured by optic coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field analysis was performed by Humphrey perimetry. The correlation between NFL thickness and visual field parameters was evaluated. Mean NFL thickness was 44.9±27.5 µ which was significantly correlated with mean deviation of perimetry (r=0.493, P=0.003); however, no significant difference was found between quadrant NFL thickness and corresponding visual field pattern standard deviation. No significant correlation was found between visual acuity and NLF thickness. Similar to visual field, OCT can be used as an objective diagnostic tool in optic atrophy suspected patients.