آزاده میزانی

Persian medicine dating back to ten thousand years, has ability to solving some of the present medical problems. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of various drugs of Persian medicine on special symptoms and different diseases. Knee osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, consist of inflammation, major joint structural changes, causing pain and functional disability and at least decrees patients’ quality of life. MM ointment according to Persian medicine and reverse pharmacology is consist of Arnebia euchroma. L. This study intends to review these plant and the performed studies, to summarize the process of production of MM ointment and its effectiveness in these disease.

Published sources from reliable Iranian and foreigner journals, books and thesis were used in these article.

A. euchroma from the family of Boraginaceae, distributed in Asia and dry region of Africa. Its prominent components are Shikonin and Alkannin with widespread pharmacologic properties such as anti-inflammation, anti-microbial and anti-cancer effects. According to animal study and some clinical trials on patient with knee osteoarthritis, results showed positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of MM ointment on primary knee osteoarthritis.

Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in using the sources to write the article.

MM ointment containing Arnebia euchroma using Persian medicine and reverse pharmacology with positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on patients with knee osteoarthritis, was more tolerable, with no considerable side effects, it leads to increase the patient quality of life.

Background and Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are common liver flukes which affect both human and livestock worldwide. In this study we evaluated the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection and discrimination of Fasciola species.
Fifty adults of Fasciola worms were isolated from sheep and cattle liver form abattoirs in Mazandaran province. A total of 8 primer sets for LAMP was designed to amplify the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of Fasciola sp. Conventional LAMP was carried out in a 20µI reaction mixture under isothermal condition at 60°C for 90 minutes. Amplification result was observed by monitoring the turbidity by naked-eye, using fluorescent dye and gel electrophoresis. The specificity of LAMP method for detecting Fasciola sp. was tested by amplification of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Echinococcus granulosus DNA templates. To evaluate the detection limit of LAMP assay in detecting Fasciola genus, serial dilution of the extracted DNA was used.
A positive LAMP reaction by the specific primers of two species produced many bands of different sizes in 600C after 90 min. The optimal assay conditions were established with no reaction with other parasites’ DNA. The detection limit of this LAMP assay was 1 pg DNA/tube. The result of turbidity and fluorescent dye detection were consistent with agarose gel electrophoresis.
Our results demonstrated that LAMP is a rapid, cost-effective, highly specific, easy, and reliable method for differentiation of Fasciola sp. in epidemiological and clinical researches on human and domestic animals in endemic regions of fasciolosis.

Background and Dicroceliasis is a common disease in ruminants caused by various species of Dicrocoelium. This parasite is seen communally in bile ducts and gallbladder of ruminants and sometimes accidentally in humans. The parasite is considered to be important from both economic and veterinary aspects since it has a direct impact on liver damage and results in significant loss of protein in human diet because infected livers are removed in slaughterhouses. This parasite is prevalent in Iran, so, this study was performed to determine the rate of dicrocoeliasis infection in Iran. We sought to conduct a systematic review of articles published on some databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, IranMedex, Scopus, SID, IranDoc and Magiran, between 2000-2015. Our search resulted in a total of 15 reports published about the prevalence of dicrocoeliasis infection. The random effect model was used for this meta-analysis. The relative prevalence rate of dicrocoelium was 3.1% (2.2-4.2%) in sheeps, 1.3% (0.9-1.9%) in goats, and 2.1% (1.1-3.5%) in cows. This study revealed high prevalence of dicrocoelium dentriticum infection among domestic animal in Iran, therefore, it is necessary to follow hygiene procedures in washing vegetables and adequate monitoring are also needed in Iranian abattoirs to ensure the infected livers are removed.

Background and Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are common liver flukes that are the etiological agents of fasciolosis, which affects both domestic livestock and humans worldwide. In the present study we established a rapid, easy and also accurate tool, for differentiation between F. hepatica and F. gigantica using Fast PCR. Thirty adults of Fasciola species were isolated from sheep and cattle liver form abattoirs in Mazandaran province. ITS1 rDNA region were amplified by Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR and compared with AccuPower® Taq PCR PreMix from Bioneer. In addition, PCR-RFLP assay using Tsp509I was performed for identification of F. hepatica and F. gigantica. A fragment of approximately 463bp was amplified in all of the Fasciola samples using Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR premix in just 34 minutes, while nucleic acid amplification was completed in about 1 hour and 46 minutes by Bioneer PCR master mix. All PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme TasІ (Tsp509I). After digestion, F. hepatica revealed two fragments of 151 and 312 bp while F. gigantica produced three fragments of 93, 151, and 219 bp. Fast PCR reaction using Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR premix was completed three times faster than the time of conventional premix. The new Fast PCR assay using Sapphire Amp® Fast PCR premix provides a simple, rapid and accurate technique for identification and differentiation of Fasciola species in epidemiological researches on human and domestic animals in endemic regions of fasciolosis.

Background and Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic disease throughout the world and ‎one-third of the population has antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. This disease causes serious medical ‎problems in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. As gene encoding protein GRA14 can be ‎considered as a suitable target for DNA vaccine and designing diagnostic kits; the aim of this study was to do ‎cloning and sequencing the gene encoding GRA14 protein of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.‎ DNA extraction was performed on harvested tachyzoites from mouse ‎peritoneal fluid, then PCR carried out and amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. ‎GRA14 gene was cloned in pTG19-T as a cloning vector, then recombinant plasmid confirmed by the colony-‎PCR and restriction enzyme digestion using HindIII and EcoRI, followed by sequencing.‎ Evaluation of PCR products by agarose gel electrophoresis and analysis of nucleotide ‎sequencing of 1227 bp gene encoding the protein GRA14, revealed the complete homology with the recorded ‎sequences in the gene bank. Furthermore, cloning of GRA14 gene in pTG19-T vector was confirmed with ‎colony PCR and restriction enzyme digestion.‎ The results showed that the GRA14 gene was successfully cloned into the pTG19-T ‎vector and this plasmid can be used to design DNA vaccines and diagnostic kits in further studies.‎