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Stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate hormones are mainly used in dogs and horses to strengthen muscle growth, increase of body weight, treatment of anemia and stimulation of appetite; nevertheless, some side effects have been reported, including testicular atrophy, and decrease of spermatozoid count in dogs. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the histopathological changes of testicular and epididymal tissues in dogs treated with stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate. The present survey was performed on sixtheen male dogs. The studied animals were divided into two equal groups of eight. Stanozolol was administered to dogs in group A with dosage of 50 mg per dog intramuscularly for 6 continuous weeks. Group B was similar to group A, but instead of stanozolol, nandrolone decanoate was injected with dosage of 1 mg/kg. To evaluate the possible side effects on the testicles, one of them was surgically removed before the investigation and the second testicle was removed on days 28 (four dogs in each group) and 42 (the remaining four of each group). Before the testes were placed in 10% formalin buffer, sperm quality in the epididymis was evaluated for indicators such as motility, morphology and number in times zero, 28 and 42 days. The results showed that destructive effects were obtained such as hyperplasia of interstitial Leydig cells, vacuolation, the presence of multinucleated cells and different stages of spermatogonia in testicular tissue; also, the destruction of duct covering cells and the detachment of cilia in the epididymal epithelium was observed. These changes were significantly greater in the stanozolol group than nandrolone decanoate. The quantitative changes were more pronounced in the stanozolol group and the qualitative changes in the nanderlone decanoate group. Although both drugs had side effects on testicular and epididymal tissues; the side effects of stanozolol were greater than nandrolone decanoate; therefore, it is recommended minimum dose of nandrolone decanate for therapeutic purposes.

Humic acid is a soluble organic substance in varying concentrations in most aquatic ecosystems. Humic acid is present in water and the food chain is directly consumed by aquatic animals. This study investigated the effects of a humic acid-enriched diet on growth performance and gut histology in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). To prepare the experimental diets, four amounts of humic acid were added to a basic diet: 0 [control], 5, 10, and 15 g kg-1 diet. The duration of the experiments was six weeks. The length and weight of the fish in the different treatments did not differ at the end of the experiment. No significant differences were found between treatments in growth traits and feed efficiency. The condition factor as a symbol of health also did not differ between the experimental treatments. However, the intestines of fish fed 10 and 15 g kg-1 humic acid had longer and thicker villi than those of control animals. No significant differences were found in the depth of the intestinal crypt between the treatments. The results of the present study show that adding humic acid to the diet of Siamese fighting fish is associated with the development of intestinal tissue, but has no significant effect on the growth performance of the fish.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three commercial probiotics (Bio-Aqua®, Bio-Aqua pond®, and Multi Behsil 100) on the growth, nutrition, and biochemical parameters of common carp fingerlings. For this purpose, 210 common carp fingerlings (with a mean weight: 9.6±0.02 g and mean length: 12.9±0.32 cm) were randomly divided into 7 treatments (treatment 1 (control): basic diet without probiotics, treatment 2: 0.2 g of Bio-Aqua®, treatment 3: 0.1 g of Bio-Aqua®, treatment 4: 0.002 g/L of Bio-Aqua pond® dissolved in tank water, treatment 5: 0.001 g/L Bio-Aqua pond ® dissolved in tank water, treatment 6: 0.2 g of Multi Behsil 100, and treatment 7: 0.1 g of probiotic Multi Behsil 100) in triplicates, and 10 fish in each replicate. The commercial probiotics were added to the commercial diet, and the fish were fed based on body weight percentage for 60 days. Based on the results, the use of probiotics Bio-Aqua® and MultiBehsil 100, caused positive effects on the growth and nutrition parameters of common carp, although the use of 0.1 g of Bio-Aqua® per kilogram of the diet of common carp led to an improvement in growth, although, increasing the amount of this probiotic at the level of 0.2 g/kg led to negative effects on growth performance. The use of Multibehsil 100, caused positive effects on common carp. Thus, the best effect on growth performance and body composition was seen in the diet containing MultiBehsil 100 (0.1 and 0.2 g/kg of basic diet). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of MultiBehsil 100 and Bio-Aqua® have favorable effects on common carp.

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between aflatoxin levels and pathological lesions observed in poultry liver.  Out of 50 liver samples including 10 samples with healthy appearance and 40 samples with pale appearance from 10 herds in Ahvaz slaughterhouses were randomly selected. One part of the selected liver was evaluated for histopathological lesions after staining by hematoxylin & eosin and periodic schiff method, and the other part was frozen to measure different types of aflatoxins by HPLC technique. The results showed that none of the 10 liver tissue samples with healthy appearance and 2 of 30 liver tissue samples with swollen and pale appearance were infected with aflatoxins B1, G1, B2 0.19 ± 0.01 , 0.17 ± 0.04, 0.075 ±.007 μg kg, respectively. In liver tissues with healthy appearance and with swollen and pale appearance, histopathological lesions were often observed in the form of hepatocellular swelling and vacuolar degeneration. The results of this study showed that there was no significant relationship between histopathological lesions of the liver and aflatoxin contamination in the relevant samples and these general lesions also occur under the influence of other pathogenesis factors, so the effect of other factors affecting the growth of broilers should be studied.

Effects of dietary soy lecithin on the growth performance and serum biochemistry parameters of Asian Sea bass Lates calcarifer with initial fish weight of 50.36±7.69 g were investigated in a 60 days experiment. 6 diets in the present study in the almost isoproteic and isoenergitic (45% protein and 15 kj/g) were made from a combination of 2 oil sources including fish oil and a mixture of vegetable oils with three levels of zero, 2 and 4% soy lecithin. For this purpose, experimental diets were formulated in the form of diet 1 (fish oil), diet 2 (fish oil + 2% lecithin), diet 3 (fish oil + 4% lecithin), diet 4 (mixture of vegetable oils (soybean oil and Canola oil in equal proportion)), diet 5 (mixture of vegetable oils) + 2% lecithin) and diet 6 (mixture of vegetable oils + 4% lecithin). Checking and comparing the amounts of fatty acids in the diets showed the positive effect of adding soy lecithin to the diet on the increase of n-3 LCPUFA fatty acids. The results showed that growth performance increased with increasing dietary lecithin (P<0.05). Among the biochemical parameters, adding soy lecithin to the diet increased cholesterol and ALT enzyme but has no effect on ALP level. The results of this research showed that, inclusion of 4 % of soybean lecithin in diet for Asian sea bass is optimum for improving growth performance parameters in this species.

Fibroepithelial hyperplasia is a physiological change in mammary glands tissue characterized by a significant increase in the size of one or more mammary glands. The disease is commonly seen in healthy cats and may also be seen in older female cats. This report describes the clinical, radiographic, and microscopic features of a cat with fibroepithelial hyperplasia. A 4-year-old female cat weighing 2.7 kg with a large mass below the abdomen was referred to the veterinary hospital of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. After clinical examination and radiological evaluation, he underwent surgery and the isolated mass was sent to the pathology department. The mass was solid and was observed at the incision of several lobules that had a walnut-like appearance. Under microscopic examination, proliferation of mammary duct epithelial cells and formation of new tubules were significant. Also, a large amount of connective tissue was observed around the formed tubes. Empty spaces were observed between the connecting strands, which indicated edema. It should be noted that no malignant changes were observed. In general, according to clinical, radiological and microscopic characteristics, fibroepithelial hyperplasia was diagnosed. The pathophysiology of fibroepithelial hyperplasia of the mammary gland is not well understood, but most likely sexual hormones play roles in etiology of fibroepithelial hyperplasia.

Mycoplasmosis is one of the most important diseases in the poultry industry. mycoplasma synoviae is one of the important disease-causing factors in chickens, which causes respiratory tract infection and synovitis. and leads to significant economic losses to the poultry industry all over the world. In this study, mycoplasma infection of broiler flocks in Ahvaz slaughterhouse was investigated using molecular method. For this purpose, 200 samples of lung and trachea tissues and joint fluid of hock joint were collected from 20 broiler flocks with macroscopic symptoms and 20 samples from the mentioned parts from apparently healthy broiler chickens of each flock in the winter season. Tissue DNA extraction was performed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect Vlha gene of mycoplasma synoviae. Of the 200 samples, 55 lungs and 45 tracheas from flocks with macroscopic symptoms and 4 lung and trachea samples from apparently healthy birds were positive. In the molecular examination of joint samples, no positive cases were observed for the presence of mycoplasma synoviae. The PCR products of positive samples were sent to Gene FanAvaran Company for sequencing. The sequence of a part of the Vlha gene of this isolate was compared with other isolates in the gene bank and it was about 99% similar to the previous Iranian isolates (IRG11/C/09, IRG6/C/08, IRG1/C/08). According to the results of the present study, mycoplasma synoviae is common among broiler flocks under investigation in Ahvaz slaughterhouse. Therefore, the policy makers of the health system of the poultry industry should prevent the economic losses caused by this disease with preventive measures.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing fish meal with plant protein sources on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity and also introducing a diet suitable for cultured Asian sea bass species in terms of biological efficiency. A total of 600 juveniles with an average weight of 54±2.5 gr were distributed in 15 tanks (500 liters) with a density of 40 pieces in each tank and were fed with prepared diets for 60 days. The composition of plant proteins (soybean meal, wheat gluten and corn gluten) was used at two levels of 35 and 70% to replace fish meal and the growth performance and activity of digestive enzymes were examined.The results showed that T1 (fish meal) and T2 (35% replacement) had the best performance in specific growth factor, weight gain percentage, relative growth rate, weight gain. Also, replacement of 70% fish meal with plant protein sources led to a significant reduction in specific growth rate, daily weight gain and relative growth rate compared to T1 (P<0.05).The results of gastrointestinal enzymes activity showed that the T4 (commercial 1) in alkaline phosphatase, lipase, α-amylase and the T2 in trypsin activity had a significant difference compared to other treatments (P<0.05). It can be inferred that Asian sea bass can easily have good growth performance by replacing 35% fish meal with plant protein sources.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most contagious and fatal viral diseases which infects many bird species, including the Japanese quail. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of experimental infection with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on immune response against the virus as well as on the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius in vaccinated and unvaccinated Japanese quails. A total of 160 one-day-old quails were allocated to 4 groups, including a vaccinated and challenged group (1), an unvaccinated and challenged group (2), a vaccinated and unchallenged group (3), and an unvaccinated and unchallenged group (4). The birds were raised under the similar conditions. Vaccination was done on the 20th day with live vaccine B1 strain (Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, I.R.Iran) via eye drop and the challenge by Newcastle disease virus (NDa: KP347437) was induced via eye drop on the 34th day. Blood samples were collected for serological assessments (HI) and the bursa of Fabricius was weighed after autopsy at different time periods. The first postvaccination serological change was observed in group 3 twenty-one days after vaccination while the first post-challenge serological change was detected in groups 1 and 2 one week after the challenge induction. The same three groups also showed significant increments in the serum NDV-specific antibody titer in the subsequent weekly samplings. The antibody titer in group 4 was zero throughout the experiment. Regarding the relative weight of bursa, the only statistically noticeable change was observed within group 2 where the samples taken on the 5th day were significantly heavier than those collected on the 9th and 14th days. The results of this study showed that a single vaccination of quails with B1 strain, in the absence of maternal antibody, could provide a good protection against virulent NDV. With due attention to the Newcastle disease status in Iran, at least once vaccination is recommended during the rearing period of quails.

Herpesvirus type 3 (CyHV-3) is the main cause of contagious koi herpesvirus infectious (KHVD) in common carp and koi worldwide. For this purpose, 60 pieces of common carp from farms with losses and farms from Khuzestan province that reported losses in the last few years were sampled during 2017 to 2021 for detection of Koi herpes virus disease by molecular method. In order to increase the virus load in gill and kidney tissues, three gills and kidney samples were separately mixed together for each three fish. DNA extraction from the tissue was performed using the commercial kit of Raha Zist Padtan Company according to the instructions. Afterward, Nested PCR test was performed using Amplicon master mix and polymerase gene primers. The results of the Nested PCR showed that 3 samples (two gill samples and one kidney tissue sample) out of 40 mixed samples tested had 339 kbp band and were considered as positive samples. Sequencing of PCR products and preliminary Blast analysis showed that the sequence of one of the positive samples was similar to the CyHV-3. The results of the alignment of the nucleotide rows and the phylogeny tree of this sequence confirmed Koi herpesvirus and it was registered in the World Gene Bank with the accession number of LC713276.

Today, the increasing use of beauty products such as Botox has raised concerns about their secondary impact on the body. The healing of wounds created at the site of these injections and paralyzed areas in case of this medicine has been considered by many researchers and physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the process of wound healing in an area that previously treated with Botox. This study was performed on 30 rats weighing 200 to 250 g. 10 days before surgery Animals in Botox group, was injected 5 units of Botox and in the control group, saline serum with a volume of 1 ml subcutaneously in an area of 20 × 20 mm. After 10 days, the animals were ready for surgery. The surgery was performed by removing the injected area of the skin in full thickness and then the animals were kept in separate cages. Each of the Botox and control groups was divided into three equal subgroups (n = 5). Each of the subgroups was examined macroscopically and microscopically on days 7, 14 and 21, respectively, after euthanasia. In macroscopic evaluation of wound size and wound closure percentage, no significant difference was observed between Botox and control groups; However at all animals the percentage of wound closure in the Botox group was higher than the control group. In microscopic evaluation of skin sections in the day of 7 after wounding, in the Botox group, a large number of fibroblasts and blood capillaries that contained abundant erythrocytes were seen. On the day of 14 in the Botox group, the fleshy bud tissue showed faster maturation and the fleshy bud tissue contained fewer fibroblasts and more collagen fibers were seen. In the Day of 21 In all mice of Botox group, most of the wounds were completely covered by proliferated keratinocytes and also in the dermis, compared to the control group, connective tissue with pink fibers and a small number of fibroblasts and blood capillaries were visible. Overall, this study showed that wound healing in areas where previously injected by Botox is not problematic but also performed with better speed and quality.

Wounds are the creation of any defects and loss of connectivity of body tissues, both inside and outside the body. Researchers have always sought to find the most effective and least complicating factor to accelerate the wound healing process. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of honey alone or in combination with zinc oxide on healing the experimental defect of skin full-thickness wound in rats. In this study, 48 adult male white Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups of 12 including the first group (control = C), the second group (honey = H), the third group (zinc = Z), and the fourth group (honey and zinc oxide= (ZH). A full-thickness skin defect with dimensions of 2 × 2 cm was created in the skin of the back, as well as the distance between the neck and the pelvic area. All animals received treatment appropriate to their group. Four rats from each group were prepared on histopathological samples on days 7, 14, and 21 and microscopic examination was performed. Axiovision software was used for macroscopic assessments. The highest healing rate on day 7 after wounding belonged to the Z group and the lowest to the H group. Also, the highest rate of healing on the 14th day after wounding belonged to the Z group and the lowest to the ZH group. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups. On day 21 after wounding, the percentage of wound contraction in the ZH group was significantly higher than the C (p = 0.001), H (p = 0.001), and Z (p = 0.013) groups. Microscopic examination of the skin, 21 days after wounding, showed that the wound was completely covered by amplified keratinocytes in all rats in the ZH group. This was seen in two rats in the Z group and one in the C group. In all rats in the H group, the wound surface was still not completely covered and there was a scab on the wound. In the dermis of all ZH rats, regular clusters of collagens with a small number of fibroblasts and capillaries were observed. This study showed that the combination of zinc oxide and honey has a better effect on the wound healing process than other groups and accelerates the wound healing process. The combination of these two substances increases the formation of fleshy tissue and wound contraction and reduces inflammation and wound scarring.

In this study sedative effect of Clove extract and Tobacco extract and tricaine methane sulfonate (MS???) on some organs of common carp (liver and gills) was studied. ??? common carp were divided to ? groups (? Clove extract ?? mg/l and ?? mg/l, ? Tobacco extract ?? mg/l and ?? mg/l and ? tricaine methane sulfonate (MS???) ?? mg/l and ?? mg/l for ? days and one group considered as control of study). Each group had ?? fish with ? replicates. In days ? and ? after sedation ? fish from each treatment were randomly selected and sampling was carried from the liver and gill. After fixation with ??% Formalin and routine procedures were performed in histopathological lab and Preparation of histopathological sections and staining sections, slides were examined. Histopathological examination revealed necrosis of lamella epithelium in Tobacco extract ?? mg/l group. In other groups of clove extract and methane sulfonate trichinae (MS???) no changes depend on this research were not seen in the liver and gills of fish. According to the microscopic results, clove extract has less pathological effects in comparison with Tobacco extract. More Histopathological research is definitely needed on the use of tobacco extract and clove extract in Aquaculture.

Stanozolol and Nandrolone decanoate are the most commonly used hormones in canine medi-cine. They are mainly administered to strengthen the muscle, gain weight, treatment of anemia and stimulate the appetite. One of the effects of hormones is to enhance the erythropoietin production and eventually an increase in the number of RBCs.

Prolonged usage of hormones may be relevant to the liver and renal disorders; therefore, the pre-sent survey was aimed to evaluate the effects of stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate on liver and kidney indices, erythropoietin and testosterone serum concentrations and hematocrit changes in healthy dogs.

Sixteen dogs were randomly categorized in two groups of A (stanozolol) and B (nandrolone decano-ate). Each group was divided into two subgroups (A1, A2 and B1, B2). The second testicle was removed on day 28 in the first subgroups (A1 and B1), and day 42 in the second subgroups (A2 and B2). The first testicle was removed at time zero. Stanozolol (50 mg per dog) was administered to all dogs of group A as IM once a week for six weeks. Group B was similar to group A with the difference that nandrolone decanoate was injected (1 mg/kg) instead of stanozolol. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 14, 28 and 42.

Erythropoietin and testosterone concentrations were virtually increased in both groups A (p <0.05) and B (p <0.05). The effect of stanozolol on erythropoietin (subgroup A1) (11.35±1.31 ng/mL) was significantly higher than nandrolone decanoate (subgroup B1) (8.02±0.55 ng/mL) (p <0.05); nevertheless, the changes in testosterone levels, was not significant between groups A and B (p >0.05). The liver enzymes of ALP, ALT and AST were increased more significantly in group A than group B (p <0.05).

Erythropoietin and testosterone levels were virtually increased in both groups A and B; how-ever, stanozolol had more significant effect than nandrolone decanoate in increment of erythropoietin; nevertheless, it had more side effects on liver indices. It is suggested that nandrolone decanoate to be administered for the thera-peutic goals.

In November 2019 five samples of diseased tetra fish from a fish propagation center were referred to the faculty laboratory. Diseased fish exhibited irritation, flashing, anorexia, respiratory distress (gasping) and some fresh sore on body surface, especially head region. In this study, the classic sign of Ichthyophthiriasis (i.e., white spots) was not seen on fish skin, but pathological changes and a significant number of the parasite was seen on the gills and operculum region. The density of infestation was greater in gills and in fins and skin the intensity of the parasite was lower. The tissue scraping was examined by photomicroscope and large (50 to 1000 μm) trophonts were seen in wet and Giemsa stained dry smears. In histopathologic sections, the parasites have elicited moderate gill cellular reactions, hyperplasia and shortening of the secondary lamella. Theront or early trophont stage was seen attached to the basal layer, under the epithelium of the gill. The fish stock was successfully treated by changing the water salinity, elevating the water temperature and Lateux-Meyer mixture bath.

In this study, post-mortem changes, including chemical, physical, microbial and sensorial changes, were performed in “Gatan” during ice storage. For this purpose, 18 fishes with Average weight 251.4 ± 4.24 g were transferred to the wet laboratory of Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, and in order to adapt to the laboratory conditions and to remove the stress caused by displacement, They were kept under favorable conditions for a week. Samples were catch immediately stored in ice for 72 hours, and meat quality indices were measured at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after death. The results showed that pH, TBA, FFA indices increased during storage period, TVBN initially decreased and then increased Microbiological studies also showed that the Cyrophile bacteria had no growth during the maintenance period. The amount of mesophilic bacteria at time zero was 2.53 ± 1.53 and then at 6, 12, and 24, it was descending process towards the zero hour. It then gradually increased and maintained at 1.72 ± 0.72 at the Seventy second hour of storage. Sensory evaluation of the fish showed that they had a suitable and acceptable condition for up to 24 hours after storage at the ice. During the maintenance period, the gradual decrease in acceptability was reduced and at 72 hours, most of the sensory analysis indexes obtained lower scores, and samples at that hour were the lowest quality during the maintenance period. Therefore, the use of ice to maintain long-term fish is not an appropriate method.

Adenoviruses are common infectious agents in poultry around the world and show a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms. The importance of the presence of adenovirus infections, in addition to economic losses, is associated with other viral diseases.The purpose of this study was the molecular detection of Fowl adenoviruses and histopathological  examination of liver lesions in broiler chickens suspected of inclusion body hepatitis in Markazi and Ghom provinces, Iran. In this regard, the liver samples with macroscopic lesions were collected from dead birds of ten broiler chicken flocks of these provinces in the winter of 97 and spring 98. The chickens of these flocks were at the age of 6 to 41 days. For molecular analysis, PCR was performed on L1 (Loop1) region of the hexon gene. For histopathology, a portion of the liver tissues were placed in 10% formalin. After routine procedures in the pathology laboratory, microscopically examined. Eventually, 9 flocks from the 20 flocks were positive in the PCR test. These positive products were sequenced. These adenoviruses belonged to the D and E genotypes and D11 and 8b serotypes of avian adenoviruses. Also, in the microscopic study of the affected liver, necrosis with several heterophilia infiltration around these regions and within the liver sinusoid was observed. In the nucleus of healthy hepatocytes around the necrosis regions, the inclusion of intra-basophilic nucleus was observed. Confirmation of the presence of the IBH agent in these provinces, the need for prevention programs in mother and broiler farms should be considered.

For study of changes in energy metabolism of brain in rainbow trout during early life stages, some samples were collected from fish larvae and fingerlings with initial weight 1.35±0.15 during 7 months. Sample collection was randomly made in 12 stages (7 samples per every 8 days, 3 samples per every 2 weeks and 2 samples every one month). Brain tissue was dissected and transferred to nitrogen tank before analysis. The brain tissues were homogenized and the supernatant was adjusted to measurement of glycogen, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6- phosphatase. Results revealed statistically changes in the metabolites during the sampling, so, glycogen and lactate concentration showed an increasing trend by increasing in fish age, but glucose concentration did not follow this trend. The minimum glucose concentration in brain tissue was observed in seventh stage of sampling. Concentration of metabolism enzymes was showed fluctuations and increasing trend during sampling. Finally, it is proposed that environmental and nutritional factors and different requirement of fish to energy in different stages of life may be effective on metabolites concentrations and metabolism enzymes activity.

A total of 66 albino Wistar rats were subjected to the following treatments in 11 groups: Group 1 (negative control); Group 2 and 3: received Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) 400 µg/rat intratracheally (IT) and sampled after 5 and 10 days, respectively; Group 4 and 5: received bromelain 20 mg/kg orally (PO) from 14 days before until 5 and 10 days after CdCl2 instillation, respectively; Group 6 and 7: received bromelain 40 mg/kg from 14 days before until 5 and 10 days after CdCl2 instillation, respectively; Group 8: received bromelain 40 mg/kg for 24 days; Group 9 and 10: received Celecoxib 25 mg/kg PO from one day before until 5 and 10 days after CdCl2 instillation, respectively; Group 11: received Celecoxib for 11 days. Serum protein analysis revealed that intratracheal Cadmium administration resulted in an insignificant rise in all globulin fractions on day 5 and 10 post-injection. Low dose bromelain treatment for 24 days in CdCl2 exposed rats showed a significant decrease in serum total protein and all globulin fractions. However, CdCl2 plus high dose bromelain treatment for 24 days, significantly increased all the mentioned analytes. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid γ-globulin concentration was decreased in all cadmium and/or bromelain treated groups. However, these changes were not significant compared to the control group. Serum LDH activity was significantly increased 5 days after cadmium intoxication while bromelain or celecoxib coadministration resulted in an insignificant decrease in enzyme activity level. In the histopathologic examination, severe interstitial pneumonia and fibrinous bronchopneumonia were observed in cadmium exposed rats and low dose bromelain administration for 24 days resulted in the reduction of these complications in lung tissue. In brief, bromelain administration can be considered as a supportive or alternative treatment to alleviate CdCl2 induced systemic and bronchoalveolar inflammatory changes, especially when administered in the lower dose.

This study aims to assay the main protease (pepsin and trypsin) activity and pepsinogen relative gene expression, as well as histological development of digestive tract in Sobaity from hatching up to 40 days post- hatch (DPH). The results showed that exocrine pancreas, including zymogen granules, differentiated during yolk sac absorption and further developed at 14 DPH. The early appearance of trypsin before mouth opening is attributed to a genetically programmed process. The trypsin activity showed fluctuated pattern (with two peaks at 16 and 30 DPH), coincident with food intake, and related to diet shifting during larval feeding. The most obvious differentiation in the digestive tract was the formation of an incipient stomach surrounded by striated muscle fibers and the development of the gastric glands at 12 DPH. The stomach fully developed at 25 DPH with the transition from striated to smooth muscle cells. The pepsinogen relative gene expression was not detectable before 12 DPH and meaningfully detected at 14 DPH. The pepsinogen expression augmented exponentially coinciding with shifting diet from live to microdiet. Pepsin activity trend was considerably parallel to pepsinogen and started two days after pepsinogen, subsequently increased sharply during the weaning period (25-30 DPH) up to the end of the study. The study concluded that the appearance of the incipient stomach at 12 DPH, early pepsinogen expression, and ontogenetic development of pepsin and trypsin, make it possible to feed Sobaity larvae by inert diet before 25 DPH to reduce the live food consumption and improve the weaning efficiency.

The quality of life in patients with cancer is affected by cognitive changes after chemotherapy. There are different reports about the effect of cyclophosphamide as a chemotherapy agent on cognitive function. So, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic injections of cyclophosphamide on passive avoidance and novel object recognition memory in an animal model.

In this experimental study, 56 male mice (weighing 30±5g) were investigated in 8 groups, including a control group (saline) and a group that received cyclophosphamide with acute injection (single dose) and two similar groups with chronic injection (4 injections per week for 4 weeks) for passive avoidance test. In the next four groups the novel object recognition test was performed. Cyclophosphamide was injected at 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally and before training. In order to investigate the histopathology of the hippocampal tissue, the brains of the mice were removed after the tests. Data were analyzed applying independent t-test in SPSS.

Acute cyclophosphamide administration had no significant effect on the two types of memory, but in chronic injections, it decreased the passive avoidance memory (P<0.05), while it did not affect cognitive memory. Ischemic changes were observed in neurons CA1 to CA3 (Cornu Ammonis areas) and DG (Dentate Gyrus) hippocampal in chronic cyclophosphamide administration.

Cyclophosphamide was not found to affect all aspects of memory, and the avoidance memory impairment due to its chronic administration seems to be due to neurological damage to the hippocampus.

To evaluate the toxicity of Hottentotta saulcyi</em> venom on Sesamia nonagrioides</em>, we investigated the larval mortality, detoxification enzyme activity and histopathological alterations of the S. nonagrioides</em> organs. Venoms were injected into the larvae at five doses (0.15µg, 0.35µg, 0.5µg, 0.75µg and 1µg; fifteen larvae per each dose) and the doses causing death were recorded during the experiment. This study demonstrated that H. saulcyi</em> venom was able to cause external symptoms that eventually led to death of the intoxicated larvae. Moreover, this venom strongly inhibited glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity. Our data highlighted the relationship between the activity of GST enzyme and larval mortalities, so that the inactivation of this enzyme by scorpion venom may be responsible for the increasing the larval mortality. In the present study, the damage of midgut epithelium and malpighian tubules has been directly visualized and documented using histopathology methods. Clear histopathological alterations of intoxication were observed for all larvae injected with 1µg doses of venom, including a distinctive lysing and disorganizing of midgut epithelial cells that coupled with a progressive loss of the peritrophic membrane and the disappearance of microvilli.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious infection of many avian species, causing enormous losses in poultry production worldwide. Th e objective of this study was to reveal the clinical feature, virus shedding, and immune response following infection with a velogenic chicken isolate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in susceptible and vaccinated pheasants. Eighty day-old pheasant chicks were allotted to four groups. At 30 days of age, the birds in groups 1 and 3 were vaccinated with B1 strain via eye drop. Two weeks later, each bird in groups 1 and 2 was inoculated with 100 μL (50 μL/eye) of NDV-infected allantoic fl uid containing 105 EID50 of viral inoculum. All groups were inspected daily for three weeks. Swab samples were taken at diff erent time points, and verifi ed for NDV infection by using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serological examination was also made by haemagglutination-inhibition assay. Clinically, watery mucoid feces was observed only in one case among the vaccinated challenged birds, whereas the unvaccinated challenged birds showed anorexia, mild depression and head deviation. Out of 20 birds in group 2, one case (5%) died. Based on RT-PCR, virus shedding was only observed among the unvaccinated birds from 5 to 14 days aft er challenge. Th e NDV was detected more in tracheal swabs (40%) than in cloacal swabs (30%). Th e infected birds showed a high seroconversion. In conclusion, the velogenic NDV circulating in Iranian chicken fl ocks has a low pathogenicity for pheasants, and ocular vaccination with B1 strain could provide a good protection.

Widespread common carp (Cyprinus carpio) mortalities have been recorded in Khuzestan province fish farms in recent years. In summer of 2017 two cases of harmful algal bloom were encountered that led to massive mortality in common carp in Khuzestan, Iran. The aim of this study was to identify the possible etiologic agent of two mortalities with characteristic symptoms of gill lesions due to harmful algae. Water samples were collected and 5 moribund fishes were examined by histophatologic, scanning electron microscopic and PCR examination. In wet smear preparations, a lot of algal cells and fragments, and sloughed, necrotic epithelial cells were observed between the lamellae. In histopathologic examination of gills, hyperplasia, necrosis and algal cells surrounded by hyperplastic cells were seen in tissue sections. No inflammatory cell aggregation was noticed. In scanning electron microscopic examination the algae was found attached to the gill surface (cell diameter: 8.5 ± 4.2 µm) with 2 equal flagella. Phytoplankton analysis using direct microscopy and electron microscopy, morphologically resembling Heterosigma was identified, however, in PCR tests, Heterosigma analysis showed negative results, therefore the causative agent was called “Heterosigma-like” algae.

Histopathology is one of the diagnostic methods in diseases of aquatic animals. This survey was conducted to investigate histopathological lesions of kidney and liver of Discus (Symphysodon discus) and Oscar (Ocellatus astronotus). The fish transferred to the fisheries laboratory under low-stress condition. Fish were euthanized and tissue samples were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then tissue sections were prepared by using routine histological methods and stained with Haematoxyline-Eosin (H&E) and PAS if needed. Several histopathological lesions were observed in kidney such as glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, cell swelling and hyaline cast. Liver showed cellular degeneration, hepatocytes necrosis and pancreatic cell atrophy. It was concluded that glomerulonephritis and cell swelling of renal tubules and hepatocytes degeneration were the commonest lesions suggesting poor health conditions.