ابراهیم حسنی

Cadmium telluride nanoparticles (CdTe NPs) were deposited by the thermal evaporation method on glass substrates at a temperature of 373 K and a vacuum pressure of 2.7 mPa, and thin films with the thickness of 100 nm were fabricated. The prepared films were subjected to ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to study the optical properties of thin films. To investigate the effect of annealing temperature on the optical properties of cadmium telluride thin films, these films were annealed at temperatures (323-373) K. The light absorption spectra of films before and after annealing were recorded using UV-Vis spectroscopy at a wavelength range of 600-1600 nm shows that the value of light absorption by films  increased with the increased annealing temperature. The optical energy bandgap of the grown films has a decrement process from 1.519 eV after annealing. The results of the Tauc plot show the decrease in energy bandgap with annealing. Extinction and refractive indices increase with increment of photon energy and annealing temperature. The relative density and electronic polarizability of grown films increase after annealing. Other optical parameters obtained in this work, including the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, increase, while the surface and volume energy loss functions decrease with increase of the annealing temperature. The results of this work indicate that the deposited cadmium telluride thin films annealed at 373 K have better optical properties for photoelectronic applications.

Laparoscopic surgery has been developed recently. In this method, CO2 is insufflated in peritoneal space, rises intra-abdominal pressure, and causes hemodynamic changes. Capnography and non-invasive end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) measurement are the most important and helpful monitoring methods.

In this semi-experimental study, 60 patients candidated for laparoscopic gynecological surgery were included. After induction of anesthesia by the same method, end-tidal CO2 monitoring was performed using capnography. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) of the patients were measured in these intervals: Immediately after intratracheal intubation, before blowing CO2 into the abdominal cavity, immediately after blowing CO2 into the abdominal cavity, 10 minutes and 20 minutes after blowing gas into the abdominal cavity, 10 minutes after CO2 gas exits the abdominal cavity, and before extubation of the patient.

ETCO2, MAP, and HR in the 10th and 20th minutes after gas blowing, as well as before extubation were statistically higher compared to other times (P <0.05).

According to the present study, it was concluded that end-tidal CO2 changes during laparoscopic surgery are helpful in the early diagnosis of complications, and the highest increase in end-tidal CO2 and hemodynamic changes are evident in the 10th and 20th minutes after blowing CO2 into the abdominal cavity.

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanoparticles were deposited on glass substrates coated by indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) as transparent conducting films at 200 °C under pressure of 2×10-5 mbar. The thickness of the prepared films prepared was about 200 nm. The structure, optical, electrical, and morphological properties of the layers were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, current-voltage (IV) characterization, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. XRD patterns show the cubic structure of the deposited CdTe thin film on both ITO and FTO substrates. The preferred orientation of deposited films also changed from (111) for ITO substrate to (220) for FTO substrate. The crystallite size of films on ITO and FTO in these orientations were about 23.41 and 34.84 nm, respectively. The thin-film transmittance spectra were determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 200-1200 nm. The optical energy bandgap of thin films on ITO and FTO substrates was calculated to be 1.60 and 1.63 eV, respectively. The I-V curve shows more electrical conductivity of the CdTe thin film on the FTO compared to the ITO. The surface morphology images show homogeneity and uniformity of the surface.

In this work, cadmium telluride nanoparticles were synthesized by sonochemical method and then thin films with the thicknesses about of 100 nm were deposited on glass substrates using thermal evaporation technique at a substrate temperature of 200 °C and vacuum pressure of 2×10-5 mbar. Sonochemical method is one of the best methods for synthesizing nanomaterials with very small particle sizes. After synthesis and deposition, the prepared films were subjected to x-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to study the structure, optical properties and morphology of the films. XRD patterns indicated that the grown films were polycrystalline with a cubic structure on the preferred orientation (200).The size of the synthesized nanoparticles and crystallite size of the thin film grown on glass in the preferred orientation (200) were 16 nm &10.65 nm, respectively. Light absorbance spectra of nanoparticle and thin film obtained by UV-Vis spectroscopy at the wavelength range 600-1600 nm showed the increase of light absorption after deposition. The optical energy band gap was increased from 1.48 for nanoparticles to 1.51 for the deposited films. The SEM taken on the scale of 500 nm from nanoparticles and thin films showed the homogeneity and uniformity of both of them

New Historicists believe that a literary work should be evaluated in its historical context. It means that a work of art is written under the impacts of social conditions, formed in a particular context, impressed by various discourses, and it impacts on them mutually. On this ground, power as a set of relations (and discourses) is available at all times and has an intimate relationship with the dominant discourse and other narratives. So through written workes belong to a given era, critics will be able to find out power relations in that era and this helps them to achieve its meaning. Ahmad Shawqi in his verse play, under influences of social conditioning, embodied power relations. And his picture of power meets Foucault's terms regarding power. Foucault, as a new historicist, pursues power everywhere. As he says "Where there is power, there is resistance, and yet, or rather consequently, this resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power", he crystallizes a binary operation between power and resistance. Furthermore, by evaluating this work, I show power relations among characters e.g. Cleopatra and Romans, Cleopatra and Caesar, Egypt and Rome. In the following, I illustrate the ways characters resist in the chain of power relations. Attendance of Eastern women in power positions is another matter which will be shown respectively.

Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the life-threatening complications after labor and cesarean section. Its prevalence is 6 percent. Metratonia is the most common cause of this complication. Some medications can prevent it. Oxytocin is the most common uterine vasoconstrictor and is used routinely after delivery for decreasing hemorrhage. The aim of this study is to compare hemodynamic changes of oxytocin infusion under general anesthesia with spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section.

In this observational study, 120 pregnant patients with ASA I and II candidate for elective cesarean section were enrolled in two groups randomly. In one group, general anesthesia and in the other group spinal anesthesia was performed. The  heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure of patients were recorded every minute until delivery. After umbilical cord clamping and infusion of 30 units dose of oxytocin, the hemodynamic parameters were evaluated every 3 minutes for 30 minutes. 

Until the delivery, the heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure of patients were higher in the general anesthesia group (p=0.002). After beginning oxytocin infusion, these parameters were different in two groups and were higher in the group under general anesthesia. But only the difference of systolic blood pressures was significant (p=0.01)

We can conclude that in the cesarean section, the type of anesthesia impression on hemodynamic changes due to oxytocin infusion is only observed on systolic blood pressure and there is no significant difference in other hemodynamic parameters.

Considering the high prevalence of constipation and its possible impact on the outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit, we decided to conduct a retrospective cross-sectional study with the aim of investigating the frequency and consequences of constipation in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in General Intensive Care Unit (GICU) of Urmia Imam Khomeini Hospital in a 5-years period (2012-2016).

In this study, patients were divided into two groups (with and without constipation). Demographic information, APACHE II score, frequency of constipation, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of staying in intensive care unit, length of hospitalization, and mortality of patients were extracted from clinical records of the patients and entered in the checklist and were statistically analyzed at the end of the study (p <0.05).

The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 14.37± 10 10.08 days, the mean length of staying in the intensive care unit was 18.67± 11. 11.31 days, and the mean of hospitalization was 28.82 17± 17.71 days. There was a significant difference between the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of staying in ICU, and hospitalization in patients with and without constipation (p <0.05). While there was a statistically significant difference between patients’ mortality and sex (p <0.05).

This retrospective cross-sectional study with a slight difference in the frequency of constipation with confirmation of previous studies showed a relationship among duration of mechanical ventilation, staying in intensive care unit, and hospitalization with constipation. Although no significant difference was found in mortality between the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference between mortality and sex of patients.

Previous studies evaluated the effects of adding nitroglycerin and dexamethasone to lidocaine on the quality of the intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). However, no comparison was so far made between the two drugs when they are used as adjuvants in intravenous regional anesthesia. This study was designed to compare the effects of adding nitroglycerin or dexamethasone to lidocaine on the quality of intravenous regional anesthesia.
In a prospective randomized double-blinded clinical trial study, 90 patients, with the classes I and II of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grading, undergoing hand or forearm surgery were randomly allocated into three groups of lidocaine (lidocaine placebo), dexamethasone (lidocaine dexamethasone), and nitroglycerin (lidocaine nitroglycerin). The onset and the recovery times from sensory and motor blocks, the starting time of tourniquet pain, the amount of narcotics required during patients’ recovery, and probable side effects were all recorded and compared between the three groups.
Findings: The onsets of sensory and motor blocks occurred earlier in dexamethasone and nitroglycerin groups in comparing to lidocaine group (P 0.05). No significant variations were detected in gender, age, and duration of operations among the study groups (P > 0.05).
Adding dexamethasone to lidocaine in intravenous regional anesthesia improves the quality of anesthesia more than nitroglycerin and placebo.

Itch is one of the most common and uncomfortable side effects of neuraxial anesthesia. Its incidence is higher especially in cesarean section. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ondansetron and propofol at doses lower than the hypnotic dose on the treatment of itch induced by intrathecal fentanyl in cesarean section.
In this prospective study, 90 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I and class II with an average age of 30 years and first time cesarean section underwent intra-spinal anesthesia with 25 μg fentanyl and 10 mg bupivacaine 0.5%. Women were randomly divided into two groups of 45. One group received 4 mg ondansetron and another group received 10 mg propofol at first and then 10 μg / kg / min through infusion. The incidence and severity of itch were recorded on the basis of the visual scoring system during operation and during recovery.
FINDINGS:The highest incidence of itch was 30 to 60 minutes after injection. The incidence of itch during surgery was 2.22% and 7.26%, and during recovery was 7.6% and 8.8%, in the ondansetron and propofol groups, respectively (p=0.5, p=0.4). The mean itch severity scores during surgery were 1.85±0.69 and 1.66±0.81, and during the recovery were 1.33±0.57 and 1.25±0.5, in the ondansetron and propofol groups, respectively (p=0.65) (p=0.84).
Based on the results of this study, ondansetron and propofol at doses lower than the hypnotic dose were well tolerated. Considering the effect of both drugs on the treatment of itch caused by intrathecal fentanyl, both of them can be used clinically.

Tracheal intubation and direct laryngoscopy are powerful noxious stimuli that can elicit sever hemodynamic responses. These hemodynamic responses should be attenuated by appropriate use of premedication, smooth induction of anesthesia and rapid tracheal intubation. Gabapentin and pregabalin have been suggested in several studies to be efficient. Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug and a structural analogue of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) but it does not act through GABA receptors and pregabalin, is also an antiepileptic agent. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of gabapentin and pregabalin as premedication for attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.
In a prospective double blinded randomized clinical trial, during April 2015 to March 2016 in Urmia Imam Khomeini Hospital, a total of ninety normotensive adult consented patients, candidate to elective abdominal surgery aged 20-50 years, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class I, of both gender were randomized into three groups. Patients in group I received oral placebo, group II received oral gabapentin 900 mg and group III patients received oral pregabalin 150 mg two hours prior to induction of anesthesia. Anesthetic technique was same in three groups and all groups were assessed for hemodynamic changes such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, after the premedication, before and after induction of anesthesia, and 1, 3 and 5 minutes. after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.
Significant increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure and diastolic arterial pressure was observed in placebo group after tracheal intubation, while statistically significant attenuation of hemodynamic changes was seen in gabapentin and pregabalin groups. (P=0.001) No adverse outcome was reported in the study groups.
Oral gabapentin premedication is effective for control of hemodynamic pressor response of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. The study data showed that the pregabalin have the same effect. Pregabalin and gabapentin are both useful and safe for control of hemodynamic pressor response as premedication.

Endotracheal intubation is commonly performed in the intensive care unit. Many international guidelines for difficult intubation management are available and the intensivists think that any endotracheal intubation in ICU is potentially difficult with several complications.
After obtaining ethical approval, this descriptive and analytical study was conducted from 2014 to 2015 in the Urmia Emam hospital GICU. Demographic characteristic (Age, Sex), underlying diseases, mean of intubation, mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay, frequency of difficult intubation, drugs used for intubation, mortality of patients were extracted from the medical information unit and entered to check lists. The data were analyzed with SPSS software ver.20. . P The mean of variables were as follows: intubation period 14.56±4.71, mechanical ventilation 13.24±5.54, ICU length of stay 18.11±10.16 and hospital 21.04±13.09 days. Frequency of difficult intubation was 9.31%. Mean number of attempts was 1.31 times for intubation and frequency of mortality was 35.17%. The Mean of intubation, mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay period between 2 groups (difficult and non difficult intubation) were significantly different (P This study, like previous studies showed that difficult intubation had a negative influence on patients’ outcome in the intensive care unit.

Cough is a common problems after post extubation in general anesthesia. In this study we evaluated to effect of intracuff and intra venous lidocaine in cough and mean arterial pressure and heart rate after extubation in urmia emam hospital.
Patients with ASA physical status I, II were enrolled 20 to 60 years old and scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia Mean Heart rate and mean arterial pressure, SPO2 and Coughs in three time 0, 10 and 30 minutes after extubation were ducumented.
There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of cough in three groups of 0 minutes after extubation, 10 minutes after extubation and 30 minutes after extubation (p=0.190). There were no differences in mean HR or MAP and O2sat in 0, 10 and 30 minutes after extuation.
We were not found difference in cough prevalence comparing to other groups (intra cuff saline and IV lidocaine) in different times after extubation.

Aims and Sore throat, cough and hoarseness of voice are common postoperative complications in patients who undergo tracheal intubation for surgical procedures and such complications can be distressing to the patients even more than postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the endotracheal tube cuff lubrication with lubricant jell before intubation on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness. In a prospective, randomized, double blind, controlled clinical trial, eighty ASA class I and II patients undergoing elective surgeries under general orotracheal anesthesia were randomized into two groups: water soluble gel, and control groups. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for sore throat and the incidence of hoarseness in each group at the end of general anesthesia and at 1, 12, and 24 h after operation were evaluated.: Main VAS scores for sore throat 1 h after anesthesia were 3.30± 2.11 cm in the control group and 1.10 ± 1.48cm in the lubricated group.(p=0.0001) VAS scores 12 h after operation were 2.3 ± 2 cm in the control group and 0.55 ± 1.06 cm in the lubricated group.(p=0.001). VAS scores 24 h after operation were 1.05 ± 1.41 cm in the control group and 0.27 ± 0.64 cm in the lubricated group.(p=0.001) However, there was no hoarseness among the groups. Tracheal tube cuff lubrication with a water-soluble gel before anesthesia reduces severity of sore throat.

Aims and Untreated, one third of patients who undergo surgery will have postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). In the meanwhile, active smoking can protect against the development of this complication. We investigated the role of cigarette smoking history on postoperative nausea and vomiting. In a prospective analytical study, 50 cigarette smokers and nonsmoker patients, candidate for transurethral lithotripsy under general anesthesia, were evaluated. All patients received the same anesthesia regimen. At the end of operation patients were assessed for postoperative nausea and vomiting at post anesthesia care unit. Nausea was significantly lower in smokers in comparion with nonsmokers (32% vs. 64% and p=0.02). Vomiting was also significantly lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers (36% vs. 68% and p= 0.02). Also smoker patients above 30 years old significantly had lower incidence of vomiting in comparison with nonsmokers, and pethidine (20-25 mg) had more emetic effect in nonsmokers. The risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is reduced in cigarette smokers by unknown mechanisms.

ackground & Elimination of carbon dioxide is related to the alveolar ventilation, respiratory rate and tidal volume. The aim of this study to determine the effect of mechanical ventilation with different tidal volumes and constant minute ventilation on the end tidal Co2 and oxygen saturation during general anesthesia and to seek optimum parameters of mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia. In an analytical study, 38 healthy patients, with the age range of 40-20 years and physical status ASA, I, II candidate to elective lower abdominal or lower extremity surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. End expiratory carbon dioxide concentration and arterial oxygen saturation in four respiratory rates: 12, 14, 16 and 18 and different tidal volumes with constant minute ventilation were measured. Mean arterial oxygen saturation in the respiratory rate of 12, 14, 16 and 18, was 97.2 ± 11.5, 95.9 ± 14, 97.3 ± 11.5, 97.4 ± 11.5, respectively, There is no significant difference in mean arterial oxygen saturation in the respiratory rate of 12, 14, 16, 18 no (p =0.94). The Mean end tidal CO2 in the respiratory rate of 12, 14, 16 and 18, was 26 ± 4.9, 25.8 ± 4.9, 25.5 ± 4.3, 25.6 ± 4.5 respectively. There is no significant difference among Mean end tidal CO2 in the respiratory rate of 12, 14, 16, 18 no (p =0.97) According these findings, in the respiratory rate of 12-18 bpm, changes in the tidal volume with constant minute ventilation, don’t change ETCO2 and SPO2. This range of respiratory rate can be easily used for ventilation of patients under general anesthesia.

Capnography, the measurement of CO2 in respiratory gases has become an integral part of anaesthesia monitoring. A decrease in end tidal CO2 is seen with a decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output if ventilation remains constant. Theaim of this study was to prospectively assess the effect of changes in the blood pressure (20% above or below from baseline) on arterial-to-end tidal carbon dioxide gradient [P(a-ET)CO2] and their relationship during general anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Fifty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were selected. A standard anaesthetic procedure was followed for all cases. Systoloic and diastolic arterial blood pressure were recorded as baseline after induction ofgeneral anesthesia, 20% above or below from baseline was calculated in all patients. The end tidal (ET) CO2 and PaCO2 were recorded at basline arterial blood pressure and during 20% above or below from baseline.

A significant increase in P(a-ET)CO2 was noted from 20% above of baseline and baseline to 20% below of baseline. (4.1±3.3 vs. 6.4±4.7 vs. 7±3 respectively).The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.5, 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. There was a significant correlation between PaCO2 andETCO2 in each of the three conditions. (p<0.001)

In conclusion, the clinical practice of predicting PaCO2 from ETCO2 must be tempered by recognition of the potential magnitude of P(a-ET) CO2 gradient, which is higher than normal during hypotension. Further investigations are recommended.

Drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is used to assess how a drug is prescribed and administered. We studied the use of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) which is widely used in cardiovascular patients as prophylactic or curative treatment. In a retrospective study, medical records of 322 patients admitted to the hospital for nine consecutive months starting from July 2012who had received enoxaparin were reviewed. Purpose of administration and dosage were recorded and compared with published guidelines for enoxaparin administration. The mean patient age was 61.15 ± 13.19. 88 patients (27.3%) received enoxaparin for prophylactic and 234 patients (72.7%) received it as curative treatment. Prophylactic dose in 18 patients (20.45%) was according to published guidelines and in 70 patients (79.55%) more than recommended dose. In those patients who had received enoxaparin as curative treatment, in 134 patients (57.27%) it was in accordance with the recommended dose. in 95 patients (40.6%) it was less and in 5 patients (2.13%) was more than recommended dose. In three patients who had a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 30 ml/min, two patients received more and one patient received less than appropriate dose. The results indicate that in a large percentage of patients administered dose of enoxaparin as prophylactic use was more than guideline's recommendations and conversely administrated dose for curative treatment was less than recommended dose.

Aim and The analgesic effect of perioperative low doses of intravenous lidocaine has been demonstrated in some studies. Sodium channel blockers are approved for IV administration in the treatment of neuropathic pain states. Our objective in this study was to determine the analgesic، antiemetic and sedative effect of perioperative lidocaine administration in strabismus surgery. Methods and Materials: In a randomized and double blinded clinical trial، forty patients undergoing strabismus surgery were evaluated. Twenty patients received lidocaine (bolus injection of 1. 5 mg/kg) at the end of operation، before tracheal extubation and 20 patients received saline as placebo. Postoperative pain scorr، pethidine requirement، nausea -vomiting and sedation were assessed in the recovery room. Patients who received lidocaine reported less pain and needed less pethidine during their recovery state. There were also fewer incidences of nausea and vomiting in the lidocaine group. Patients in the lidocaine group were more sedated than the ones in the control group. Intravenous lidocaine has analgesic activity، besides its preventing effect on nausea and vomiting after strabismus surgery.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is a common postoperative complication after ophthalmic surgeries. This randomized and doubleblind study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of midazolam in reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Sixty ASA I، II adult patients، scheduled for elective cataract surgery، under general anesthesia were enrolled. No premedication was given. Anesthesia was induced with sodium thiopental. After induction، fentanyl 1 μ/ kg and atracurium 0. 6 mg/ kg were administered and an endotracheal tube was inserted. Afterinduction of anesthesia and before start of surgery، patients were randomly allocated into two groups، each to receive placebo and midazolam 20 μ/ kg. Episodes of nausea، and vomiting were recorded during the first 24 h after surgery. The incidence of postoperative nausea was 27. 7% and 23. 3% with placebo and midazolam respectively (p=0. 35). The incidence of vomiting was 16. 7% and 10% with placebo and midazolamrespectively (p=0. 19). The results of this study showed a relative reduction in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after midazolam premedication. But this finding wasn''t statistically significant. Further investigations with larger samplesize was recommended. Keywords: Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting، Midazolam، Cataract Surgery

Postanesthetic shivering can be treated with many types of drugs. Treatment with ketamine and pethidine is effective in postoperative shivering. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of low-dose prophylactic ketamine with that of placebo in preventing postoperative shivering. In a prospective randomized double-blind study 60 ASA I and II patients scheduled for inguinal herrniorhaphy undergoing general anesthesia were evaluated. Patients were randomly allocated to receive normal saline or ketamine 0. 5 mg/kg intravenously 5 min before complention of surgery. In all patients anesthesia was induced with sodium thiopental 5mg/kg، fentanly 2mg/kg and atracurium 0. 6 mg/kg. It was maintained with Isoflorane 1% and nitrous oxide 50% in oxygen. An investigator، blinded to the treatment group، graded postoperative shivering using a four-point scale. The two groups did not differ significantly regarding patient characteristics. The number of patients shivering on arrival in the recovery room، and at 10 and 20 min after operation is same in two groups. But the intensity of shivering was significantly low in study group in compare with control (p=0. 07). Prophylactic low-dose ketamine can reduce the intensity of postoperative shivering. Further investigations with large sample size and other type of operations were recommended.

Pulseoximetry is widely used in the critical care setting، currently used to guide therapeutic interventions. Few studies have evaluated the accuracy of SPO2 (puls-eoximetry oxygen saturation) in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Our objective was to compare pulseoximetry with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) during clinical routine in such patients، and to examine the effect of mild acidosis on this relationship. In an observational prospective study 80 patients were evaluated in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. SPO2 was recorded and compared with SaO2 obtained by blood gas analysis. One or serial arterial blood gas analyses (ABGs) were performed via a radial artery line while a reliable pulseoximeter signal was present. One hundred thirty seven samples were collected and for each blood gas analyses، SaO2 and SPO2 we recorded. O2 saturation as a marker of peripheral perfusion was measured by Pulseoxim-etry (SPO2). The mean difference between arterial oxygen saturation and pulseoximetry oxygen saturation was 0. 12%±1. 6%. A total of 137 paired readings demonstrated good correlation (r=0. 754; P<0. 0001) between changes in SPO2 and those in SaO2 in samples with normal hemoglobin. Also in forty seven samples with mild acidosis، paired readings demonstrated good correlation (r=0. 799; P<0. 0001) and the mean difference between SaO2 and SPO2 was 0. 05%±1. 5%. Data showed that in patients with stable hemodynamic and good signal quality، changes in pulseoximetry oxygen saturation reliably predict equivalent changes in arterial oxygen saturation. Mild acidosis doesn’t alter the relation between SPO2 and SaO2 to any clinically important extent. In conclusion، the pulse oximeter is useful to monitor oxygen saturation in patients with stable hemodynamic.

Various studies have tackled the correlation between serum magnesium and prognosis in patients admitted to intensive care units. This study aimed to evaluate the probable significance of hypomagnesemia in patients’ clinical outcome. If proved positive، preventive measures could be taken to reduce hospital costs، improve patient recovery، and decrease hospital stay of the patients. We evaluated two hundred and sixteen patients admitted to intensive care units of Imam Khomeini university hospital in urmia in the first five months of the year 1390 patients with brain death، deep coma، advanced organ failure and critically ill cancer patients were excluded. A test of serum magnesium was performed at time of admission to ICU and patients were followed during their hospitalization both in ICU and hospital wards. Duration of hospital stay، need for mechanical ventilation and its possible effect on morbidity and mortality were evaluated. Out of 216 patients، 79 patients (36. 58%) had normal serum magnesium levels. 69 patients (31. 94%) and 68 patients (31. 48%) had low and high levels of serum magnesium respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between magnesium serum level and length of hospital stay، need for mechanical ventilation and mortality. Findings of the recent study together with previous ones indicate that magnesium deficiency could be documented in patients admitted to intensive care units but low level of blood magnesium is not related to increased mortality and morbidity or poor clinical outcome. We should remain vigilant against malnutrition and electrolyte abnormalities in critically ill patients

Skin contact is one of the ways for disease transmissions. Surgeons and the operation team have many contacts with different patients and so the microorganisms can transfer through their skin. Surgical scrub of hands removes the grease and stains from the skin and also eliminates the microorganisms of hand microbial flora and also prevents the growth of the hand permanent microorganisms. The aim of this study is comparison surgical hand scrub with povidone-iodine, Decoseptand Sterillium.

Twenty-seven surgeons and other operation theatre staff were selected randomly for this study. The first sampling was done immediately after scrub with Decosept, Povidone iodine or Sterillium. And second sampling was done 2h after putting off the surgical gloves.

In the first sampling, There was no statistically significant difference for povidon iodine and decosept(p=0.16) but there was significant difference between povidon iodine and decosepet(p=0.001), and decosept with sterillium (p=0.03).Also In the second sampling, There was no significant difference for povidon iodine and decosept(p=0.75) but there was significant difference between povidon iodine and decosepet(p=0.04), and decosept with sterillium(p=0.02).

We recommend that sterillium disinfectant be used as a safe and confident disinfectant before operation.

Although the guidelines for the diagnosis of brain death are well established, further confirmatory tests are required. Performing these tests need high costs, specialized personnel and technology, transportation of patients out of the intensive care unit, and use of contrast. The Bispectral Index (BIS) can provide objective and continuous monitoring of the consciousness level. The aim of this prospective study was to define the role of bispectral index monitoring in the confirmation and diagnosis of brain death. This study included 32 patients with brain death confirmed by several tests during a period of 12 months. BIS monitoring was performed using an XP BIS monitor and the BIS and the suppression ratio (SR) was evaluated in all cases for two hours. In all patients with brain death diagnosis, the BIS showed values of near 0 (0.72 ± 0.8) and suppression rates of near the 100 (99.1±0.9). The sensitivity of BIS for detection of brain death was 100%. The BIS is a noninvasive, simple, and easy method for assessment of brain death. The BIS cannot be used on its own for the confirmation of the brain death, but it is a useful tool for enabling appropriate scheduling of either EEG or cerebral angiography to confirm brain death.

Metabolic acidosis can be harmful and can complicate cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We hypothesized that the pump prime can cause this disturbance. We compared effects of Ringer solution with Ringer Lactate, two types of priming fluid in producing metabolic acidosis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). .. In a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial 50 patients undergoing CABG were evaluated at Seiedalshohada hospital of Urmia-Iran. Sampling of arterial blood was performed at three time intervals: Before CPB (t1), 5 minutes after initiation of CPB(t2), and at rewarming period (t3). Measurement of pH, HCO3, PaCO2, Lactate and Cl at each collection point were performed and the results were analyzed. The decrease in pH was seen in both groups and was significant between two groups in the second interval (Ringer: 7.38±0.05 vs. Ringer Lactate: 7.41±0.05, p=0.02). Also in this interval, Lactate had significant difference (Ringer: 2.44±0.9 mmol/L vs. Ringer Lactate: 3.2±0.4 mmol/L, p=0.02) and serum level of chloride was higher in Ringer group (Ringer: 116.6±3.08 mEq/L vs. Ringer Lactate: 113.4±3.9 mEq/L, p: 0.0002) Our findings showed that Ringer Lactate solution in comparison with Ringer had fewer effects on acid-base changes during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients under coronary artery bypass graft.