ابراهیم پیری

Research conducted in recent decades indicates that rehabilitation exercises have a significant impact on improving complications associated with the upper limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the effect of various exercise protocols on the improvement of upper crossed syndrome.

This study was a systematic review, involving a search for articles in both Farsi and English from December 2011 to April 2023. The search was conducted across specialized databases including PubMed, WOS, Scopus, SID, Magiran, ISC, Science Direct, JCR, and Google Scholar. Ultimately, 10 articles focusing on different exercise protocols for individuals with upper crossed syndrome were identified and examined.

Six articles addressed the effect of various exercise protocols on posture improvement in individuals suffering from upper crossed syndrome, indicating that these exercises contribute to achieving proper posture. Additionally, four articles investigated the impact of different exercise protocols on enhancing dynamic and static balance in individuals with upper crossed syndrome, demonstrating a significant improvement in both static and dynamic balance through the implementation of these exercise protocols.

The findings of this review study highlight the efficacy of corrective exercises in ameliorating upper crossed syndrome.

In general segmentation, review studies are divided into two groups: narrative reviews and systematic reviews. The research methods for narrative and systematic reviews are completely different. Narrative review articles can be written based on the interests of the researcher, which is one of the weaknesses of this style of review, while systematic review articles have an organized structure and are more reliable. Narrative reviews cover diverse topics such as epidemiological findings, concepts and hypotheses of certain psychiatric diseases, current understandings of specific diseases, psychopharmacology, and treatment guidelines. This reflects the fact that systematic reviews have been rapidly and increasingly replacing traditional narrative (explicit) reviews as the standard platform for providing and updating currently available research findings as confident evidence. Most journals have changed their policy regarding the acceptance of review papers, giving priority to systematic reviews as regular review articles and excluding narrative reviews to provide the best evidence for all basic and clinical questions and further hypotheses. The major advantage of systematic reviews is that they are based on the findings of comprehensive and systematic literature searches across all available resources, minimizing selection bias and avoiding subjective selection.

Various lower limb abnormalities can adversely affect human movement mechanics, such as walking, and induce symptoms of joint instability. Structural deviations, particularly in the knees and ankles, elevate the risk of injury and may impede individuals from engaging in activities. Consequently, alongside exercise protocols, individuals may require supportive tools to address these deformities. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the efficacy of Traband and braces in diverse training protocols for individuals with genu varum and genu valgum.

This study adopted a review approach, scouring Persian articles from 2018 to 2024 across databases including Wos, Science Direct, Sid, Magiran, Civilica, Isc, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Ultimately, 10 articles pertaining to the impact of various training protocols utilizing Traband and braces on cruciate knee genu varum and genu valgum were scrutinized.

Three studies revealed that Traband usage enhances and sustains balance in genu valgum deformities, with two articles indicating its effectiveness in rectifying genu varum abnormalities. Additionally, three studies demonstrated braces' effectiveness in ameliorating genu valgum deformities, while two articles suggested their role in genu varum recovery.

The findings indicate that performing distinct exercises with braces and Trabands yields positive effects on knee brace and crossed knee deformities. However, Traband, due to its non-restrictive nature and cost-effectiveness, emerges as a favorable option compared to braces.

Low back pain is a common problem in world and one of the most common causes of physical disability. The aim of this review study was to investigate the effects of rehabilitation exercises with a central muscle stabilization approach on kinetic, kinematic and electromyographic variables during walking, running, trunk flexion and extension movements in patients with back pain.

Search process for Persian and English articles from the beginning of January 2000 to August 2023 were performed in Google Scholar, ISC, Scopus, Pub Med, WOS, and SID databases. Finally, based on selection criteria, 19 articles were selected for final analysis through detailed reviews. The participants had non-specific back pain. Studies that included exercise protocols and control group were used in the present study. The dependent variables were kinematics and kinetics and muscle activity during transitional movements. Downs and Black questionnaires were used to evaluate the quality of the articles.

The results of four articles showed that rehabilitation exercises with muscle endurance approach can improve the electrical activity of muscles and reduce back pain. The results of seven articles showed that strengthening, stretching and massage exercises can be effective in improving pain through correcting the person's vertical alignment. Other articles in a period of at least eight weeks showed that strengthening the central muscles of the body can lead to neuromuscular adaptation and increase muscle fibers recruitment in patients with back pain.

The present review have shown  that rehabilitation exercises with the approach of strengthening the central muscles of the body can lead to improving the flexibility of the trunk muscles, correcting the person's vertical alignment and reducing the back pain.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of various corrective exercises and supportive tools in individuals with genu valgum. To ensure a comprehensive review, a search for original research, review articles, and clinical trials in both Persian and English was conducted using databases such as WOS, SID, ISC, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The search covered publications during January 2008 to March 2023. A total of 76 relevant articles were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 22 articles ultimately reviewed and analyzed regarding the effects of various corrective exercises and supportive tools on genu valgum. Findings from one study indicated that aerobic exercises had a significant impact on reducing body mass index (BMI) and the severity of genuvalgum. Other studies reported positive effects of resistance and corrective exercises on improving muscle electrical activity and knee stability. One study demonstrated that the use of orthotic insoles could significantly enhance knee joint support during stair descent. Six studies highlighted the positive effects of using orthoses, wedges, and braces in individuals with genu valgum. Conversely, one study pointed out the negative impact of these tools, citing the reduced limiting angle of the brace, increased applied forces, and, ultimately, greater injury risk. However, findings from three studies overwhelmingly supported the positive effects of using kinesiotape in individuals with genu valgum, providing optimism about the effectiveness of these interventions. In conclusion, our review underscores the promising potential of corrective exercises, particularly resistance exercises with TheraBand, and the combination of these with supportive tools such as insoles for arch support and kinesiotape. These interventions show significant promise in reducing the degree of knee valgus in individuals with genu valgum. This hopeful outlook can inspire healthcare professionals and individuals seeking evidence-based interventions for genu valgum, empowering them with the knowledge to make informed decisions about their care.

Resistance training is a fundamental method for inducing muscle growth, enhancing functional capacity, and preventing injuries among athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance training program on the performance progress of young sprint runners.

  This semi-experimental study involved the selection of 34 young runners who were then randomly assigned to either a training group or a control group. The exercise group underwent resistance training sessions for eight weeks. Parameters including absolute power, relative power, lower limb power, and 100m sprint records were analyzed. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANCOVA) test was employed to compare the pre-test and post-test results of the two groups. Additionally, the correlated t-test was used to compare post-test results between the groups. The paired t-test was also utilized to compare pre-test and post-test results within the training group. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26.

The findings revealed that the exercise group, which underwent resistance exercises with weights for eight weeks, experienced a significant improvement compared to the control group. Furthermore, factors such as absolute strength, relative strength, lower limb strength, and limb telemetry showed significant increases. Additionally, athletes in the training group achieved faster sprint records.

Resistance training promotes muscle hypertrophy, enhances power, and improves sprint records. Therefore, it can be concluded that athletes involved in track and field events utilize resistance training as part of their preparation to enhance performance and achieve record-breaking results.

The ankle joint is one of the most vulnerable joints in the body due to weight bearing. Pronated foot is one of the most common complications of the lower limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of training in water and training with thera-band on the frequency spectrum of electrical activity of lower limb muscles in people with pronated foot during walking.

The present research was a clinical trial study that was conducted in a semi-experimental and laboratory. The statistical sample of the present study included 45 students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili who had pronated foot, were selected purposefully and were randomly and equally placed in three groups: TheraBand, exercise in water, and control. The training protocol used for the water training group was based on the sports prescription guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and for the training group with the thera-band, it was performed using an orange thera-band in three sets with repetitions of 14 movements. To measure the frequency spectrum of the electrical activity of the lower limb muscles, it was recorded using a wireless surface electromyography device. Likewise, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The results showed that the interactive effect of time and group on the middle frequency spectrum of electromyography of the vastus medialis muscle in the exercises of the thera-band group during walking had a significant decrease (P=0.02). Other variables from the pre-test stage to the post-test did not show statistically significant differences (P<0.05).

It seems that doing exercises in water and thera-band doesn't statistically have much effect on the frequency spectrum of the electrical activity of the lower limb muscles.

Fatigue is considered one of the factors effective in changing the electrical activity of muscles so that it is directly linked to increasing the potential of muscular injuries and functional decline in various stages of sports. The present study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of electrical activity of lower limb muscles before and after fatigue during running in individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to healthy individuals.

This quasi-experimental research was conducted on 14 women with a history of COVID-19 over the past two months (the experimental group) and 14 women without a history of COVID-19 (the control group) with an age range of 18-30 years using the convenience sampling method in the city of Ardabil. The fatigue protocol started using a sophisticated treadmill at a speed of 6 km/h, and the treadmill speed was accelerated by 1 km/h every 2 minutes. The Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) 6-20 Scale was used to determine the participants’ final moment of fatigue. A steady-state running fatigue protocol ended at a score higher than 17 on the Borg’s RPE 6-20 scale or 80% of maximum heart rate. Electromyography data were analyzed using the data LITE biometrics software before and after the fatigue protocol.

There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of the electrical activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle between the post-test of the control group and the experimental group (d=0.410, P=0.035). The pretest-posttest difference of the frequency of electrical activity of the VL muscle after fatigue compared to before fatigue during the loading response phase during running had a statistically significant increase in the experimental group than in the control group (d=0.602, P=0.016). The frequency of the activity of the semitendinosus muscle increased after fatigue compared to before fatigue during the mid-stance phase of running (d=0.261, P=0.005). The impact of fatigue on the frequency of the activity of the VL muscle during the push-off phase of running was statistically significant (d=0.140, P=0.049). The frequency of the activity of the VL muscle increased after fatigue compared to before fatigue during the push-off phase of running in the experimental group.

The increased electrical activity of the lower limb muscles in various phases of running after fatigue in individuals with a history of COVID-19 can be attributed to decreased neuromuscular coordination.

Objective :

Wrestling is one of the sports that have a high percentage of injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review physiological and biomechanical injuries in the field of wrestling.

Methods:

 The present study was a library-based and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was conducted from 2010 to 2022. This search was performed across different databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Fifty-five relevant articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to the review of physiological and biomechanical injuries in the field of wrestling were analyzed.

Results:

 The findings showed that the average injuries in the lower area were about 34%, and in the upper area, it was 33%. In the lower part, most of the injuries were reported in the knee and ankle joints, and in the upper part, they were reported in the shoulder, elbow, and waist joints.

Conclusion:

 It seems that excessive weight loss, along with non-observance of the principles of warming up and cooling down in the field of wrestling, is of great importance in the occurrence of injuries in this field.

A Letter to the Editor (LTE) is a brief communication to a journal’s editor or editorial team. It is usually written in response to a recent publication within the journal but can also cover an unrelated topic of interest to the journal’s readership. Many journals welcome LTEs within a dedicated section (e.g. LTEs/Correspondence) to stimulate intellectual discussions between readers and authors. LTEs may be handled by a dedicated ‘LTE’ team. Therefore, in this article, our aim is to provide practical tips on writing a successful LTE.

Creation a relationship between athletes and physical closeness between them can increase the risk of coronavirus at during team and group training. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design a new smart training tool for ball sports in order to use at pandemic covid-19 period. This training tool includes 4 fixed mechanical rods to install the net on it, a movable column that can be adjusted at different angles, and 3 fixed mechanical rods to keep smart tool fixed on the ground. Also, another mechanism was used in this tool was a complex of electronic components which can count all impact there. The smart training tool can be a very useful tool in order to continue exercise program during the covid-19 pandemic and it can provide a healthy environment for athletes.

Obesity has become a global problem that can affect the mechanism of running in obese people. Abnormal running pattern can lead to skeletal-muscular disorders and subsequently a decrease in the absorption of shocks due to physical activity, an increase in knee and back pain, an increase in the joints’ instability, a reduction in the time to reach the peak of ground reaction forces, and an increase in the peak of ground reaction forces. On the other hand, a change and disorder in the aforementioned components can lead to an increase in loading rate, micro fractures of the tibia bone, patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, plantar fascia, and other soft tissue injuries. Considering the importance of running mechanics in obese people and the lack of sufficient studies in this field, it is necessary to evaluate this issue scientifically. Therefore, all those interested in the field of biomechanics are suggested to conduct studies in this area.

Foot pronation, as one of the prevalent foot abnormalities, can influence the biomechanics of the lower limbs. The use of various foot orthoses, including insoles and braces, is very common in eliminating this problem. The results obtained regarding the effect of orthoses on pain and biomechanics of individuals with foot pronation are different. The present review study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foot orthoses and shoes on the biomechanics of the lower limbs and balance in individuals with foot pronation. The articles were searched in Persian and Latin languages during 2004-22 in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Islamic Science Citation (ISC), and Google Scholar search engine. Moreover, the types of the searched studies were original research, review studies, and clinical trials. Using keywords of Foot pronation, Foot orthoses, Medical soles, and Motion-control shoes, 52 relevant articles were selected, and 22 articles regarding the effects of orthoses and shoes on foot pronation were finally analyzed. Eight articles also reported that reducing forces imposed on the joints, absorbing shock, preventing pronation-related running injuries, and improving muscle activity occurred when using orthosis. Furthermore, 4 articles reported improving sports performance in athletes, reducing the ground reaction forces, and changing the frequency of muscle activity. Finally, 2 articles showed that motion-control shoes prevented intensifying the injury due to increased fatigue and subsequently increased mechanical loading during running. The results of the present study demonstrated that foot orthoses and motion-control shoes could have positive effects on balance, improving the activities of the lower limbs and reducing foot pronation and force imposed on the foot and lower limb joints.

Today, many people in society choose running as a general or special activity in order to improve their physical and physiological capabilities. Choosing the right shoes in endurance running can have a great impact on the athlete's performance. Physiological energy economy and maximal oxygen consumption are of particular importance not only among runners but among all athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare VO2 Max values and physiological energy economy when using double density spike shoes compared to simple spike shoes. Current study is semi experimental. The statistical sample of the current study includes 30 runners from Ardabil city, who were organized in a group, and the parameters of physiological energy economy, maximum oxygen consumption, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and 1600 meters running record were measured during running with both double density spiked shoes and regular spiked shoes. Also, to analyze the data, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used at a significance level of P=0.05. The results of the present study showed not statistically significant difference in the values of maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and 1600 meters running record with two simple and double density shoes after performing 1600 meters running test. However, the systolic blood pressure values while running with double density shoes were less different than the control shoes (P<0.001). It seems that the use of double density shoes does not have much effect on maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and physiological energy economy. Therefore, in order to receive more confidence and make a more decisive conclusion, there is a need to conduct more research.

Fatigue is one of the effective factors in changing the electrical activity of muscles, so that this index is directly related to the increase in the potential of muscle injuries and performance loss in various sports stages. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the electrical activity values of the lower limb muscles before and after fatigue in the people with a history of Covid-19 compared to healthy people during walking.

The present research was of semi-experimental and laboratory one. The statistical population of the present study included women with a history of Covid-19 and healthy women in Ardabil province. A statistical sample of 28 people with an age range of 18-30 years was selected by purposive sampling. The statistical samples included two groups of 14 healthy people and 14 people with covid-19. The method of asking people for their history of contracting the Covid-19 disease was in such a way that at least two months had passed from their infection and their PCR test results were already positive. healthy people didn't have any symptoms and had negative PCR results. Electromyography data were analyzed using Datalite Biometric program before and after the fatigue protocol. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis, and bonferroni post hoc test was used at the significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed significant group-by-fatigue interaction effect for frequency of the vastus latlarais (P=0.031), vastus medialis (P=0.029), and gluteus medius (P=0.035) muscles during loading response phase. The reduction of frequency content at post-test compared with pre-test in healthy group was greater than that Covid-19 group.

It seems that the difference in the frequency of electrical activity of the muscles of the lower limbs in different phases of walking after fatigue in people with Covid-19 compared to healthy ones can be a serious reason for the occurrence of injury and decrease in the stability of the joints during walking. However, more confirmatory researches in the future are needed to prove this relationship.

Genu varum is one of the abnormalities of the lower limbs. The aim of the present study was to review the effect of exercise training and support tools on biomechanics of transitional movements in people with genu varum.

The present study was a review article. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was from the beginning of 2010 to the beginning of March 2023, which was done in the citation databases of WOS, ISC, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. 32 articles related to the effect of exercise training and support tools on genu varum were analyzed.

Findings of four articles related to aerobic exercises showed an increase in peak reaction forces and loading rate. Findings of six articles showed the positive effects of resistance-corrective exercises due to the improvement of balance and Q angle. Results of two articles showed a reduction in the severity of the abnormality due to the frequent use of the medical floor. Eleven articles discussed the positive effects of orthosis, braces, and wedges. Two articles indicated the increase of Q angle and balance due to the use of kinesio taping. One article demonstrated that the use of kinesio taping can reduce muscle strength. Six articles mentioned the negative effects of the exercise protocol or support tools or have not reported any significant differences.

It appears that performing resistance-corrective exercises along with the continuous use of support tools is more effective compared to performing aerobic exercises.

Researches in recent decades show that rehabilitation has a significant effect on the improvement of knee complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the effect of various exercise protocols and the use of support tools on transitional movements’ mechanics in the older adults with knee osteoarthritis between the years of 2003-2023. The current study was a library and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and English was from the beginning of 2003 to the beginning of march 2023, wich was done in the citation database of Wos, SID, Magiran, Scopus, ISC, PubMed and google scholar. 63 related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of one article showed no improvement in pain after performing Pilates exercise protocols. Also, one of the articles showed that training on land and water does not have a significant effect on improving balance in people with osteoarthritis. The results of two researches about taping showed a reduction in pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A review of 7 articles on different types of orthoses showed pain reduction in knee osteoarthritis patients. Also, the study of 3 articles showed that physical activity for patients with knee osteoarthritis with low intensity can improve the pain and symptoms related to knee osteoarthritis. The results show that rehabilitation exercises and continuous use of support tools reduce pain and improve transitional movements’ mechanics in individiuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Obesity and overweight have become global problems that can affect the mechanics of running in affected individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the mechanics of running in obese or overweight individuals.

The present study was a library and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and English was performed from the beginning of 2003 until the beginning of January 2023. This search was conducted in various databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Additionally, the type of selected studies included original research, review articles, and clinical trials. Seventeen related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to running mechanics in overweight or obese individuals were analyzed.

The review of three articles showed that there is a direct relationship between an increase in body mass index (BMI) and an increase in plantar pressure. Additionally, the results of two articles were related to the increase in loading rate in obese individuals while running. The findings of two articles indicated the collapse of the arches of the feet and ultimately the reduction of shocks caused by running. Examining the results of one of the articles showed that in overweight or obese individuals, doing exercises such as running can be a reason for micro fractures of the tibia. The findings of one of the articles also showed that people with a high body mass index have a lower range of motion than people with a normal weight while running. Finally, the findings of three articles in the field of muscle electrical activity showed that in overweight individuals, activities such as running can be effective in reducing the strength of plantar flexor muscles.

It seems that obese and overweight individuals are at risk of injury during running due to biomechanical reasons.

The ankle joint is one of the most vulnerable joints in the body due to weight bearing. Pronated foot is one of the most common complications of the lower limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise protocol in water and theraband on the electrical activity of lower limb muscles in people with pronate foot during walking.

The present research was a clinical trial study that was conducted in a semi-experimental and laboratory. The participants of the present study included 45 students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran,  who had pronated foot. They were selected purposefully and divided into three equal groups. The age range of the subjects was 18-25 years. To measure the electrical activity muscles of lower limbs, it was recorded using an electromyography device. Electromyography data were analyzed using biometric datalite program. In addition, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and bonferroni post hoc test was used, and the significance level was P≤0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between time*group activity of the gastrocnemius (P=0.001) and semitendinosus (P=0.046) in the three groups of training in water, theraband and control during the heel contact phase. Therefore, using the appropriate post hoc test (LSD), it was shown that the activity of the gastrocnemius muscle in the post-test compared to the pre-test in the group of training in water (P<0.001; d=6.08) and theraband (P<0.001; d=3.66) had a significant increase of 24.03 and 16.46%, respectively. The activity of the semitendinosus muscle in the post-test compared to the pre-test in the water training group (P=0.041; d=4.98) and theraband (P=0.048; d=4.76) had a significant increase of 21.06 and 19.01%, respectively.

According to the present study, it seems that doing exercises in water and thera-band can play an effective role in improving the range of electrical activity of the muscles on lower limbs of people with pronated foot during walking. In addition, according to the effect size, it was found that training in water had a better effect on the activity of the gastrocnemius and semi tendinosus compared to thera-band.

Running related fatigue in people with a history of COVID-19 can lead to an alteration of ground reaction forces due to electromyography changes. The aim of this study was to compare the peak values of ground reaction forces before and after fatigue in women with a history of COVID-19 and healthy women during walking.

In the present quasi-experimental study, the statistical sample included 14 women with a history of COVID-19 and 14 healthy women in Ardabil province in 2021, who were selected by convenience sampling. People with the history of COVID-19 had a positive Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test during the disease engagement. Bertec force plate with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz was used to record the ground reaction force data during walking. Data were analyzed using independent two-sample t-test.

The results did not show any statistically significant difference in mean changes of pre- and post-test across healthy and COVID-19 women (p>0.05). However, the values of pre- and post-test mean differences of lateral ground reaction forces approach a significant level (p=0.055) with a high effect size value (d=0.83).

It appears that the inability to apply a compensatory mechanism during the appearance of fatigue in people with COVID-19 can be a serious reason for the occurrence of injury and reduce joint stability during walking.

Pronated foot, as one of the common foot abnormalities can affect the biomechanics of the lower extremity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the scientific research related to the application of various exercise protocols on foot pronation complications, as well as to make favorable summary and provide more appropriate information from previous research. In this study, the search for articles in Persian and Latin languages in 2019-2022 was carried out on WOS, Magiran, PubMed, Springer databases, and Google Scholar. The number of 52 related articles was selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After another review on these papers, 18 articles that evaluated the effects of training protocols on body mechanics in individuals with pronated feet were selected.

It seems that performing exercise to improve balance, strengthening the quadriceps muscles, and not change the lower extremity joints angles during activity has been effective. Therefore, it is suggested that rehabilitation professionals consider reinforcement activities in the process of recovering pronated using the principles and science practice.

Obesity and overweight have become a global problem today. Resistance exercises have the highest effect on muscle strength, which can lead to the improvement of people's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with a double and flat pyramid pattern on the muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs of non-exercising and overweight handball players.

This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the present study includes handball players from Zanjan who did not practice sports for at least 6 months. The statistical sample of this study was randomly selected from among 36 athletes and divided into three groups of 12 people (double pyramid group, flat pyramid group and control group). The exercise program of flat and double pyramid groups was carried out for eight weeks (three sessions per week). No program was considered for the control group and they did not have any special activities. Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was used for the normality of data distribution. Correlation t and ANOVA statistical tests were used to investigate intra-group and intergroup differences, respectively. All statistical analyzes were performed using spss software version 22 and EXELL software version 2010.

The muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs of nonexercising and overweight athletes showed a significant increase during eight weeks of resistance training with a double and flat pyramid pattern (P=0.001). The results of the T-test of correlated groups showed that eight weeks of resistance training with a double pyramid pattern had a significant effect on the muscle strength of the lower limbs of untrained and overweight athletes (P=0.001).

The results of the present study showed that strength training with double and flat pyramid yielding pattern was effective in improving the strength of untrained athletes. It seems that the double pyramid exercises were superior to the flat type exercises in increasing strength or muscle mass.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Arch Support insole on vertical GRF variables and time to peak compared to healthy group among handball players with pronated foot during jump and landing three-step shot technique.

The current research was semi-experimental pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 20 male handball players with pronated foot.  Participants were purposefully assigned into one of two groups: pronated foot and healthy group.The arch support insole used in this study had a bulge on the medial longitudinal arch part. Bartek's force plate device was used to measure the ground reaction force components during the three step jump. Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measurement was used at a significant level of p≤0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the anterior-posterior (p=0.004) and vertical (p>0.001) components of the ground reaction force in the pronated foot group during jumping in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test. There was a significant reduce in the time to pick the vertical component of the ground reaction force in the pronated foot group in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p<0.001). Also, There was a significant reduce in the medio-lateral (p=0.001) and vertical (p>0.001) components of the ground reaction force in the pronated foot group in the post-test compared to the pre-test at the moment of landing. In addition, there was a significant increase in the time to pick the vertical component of the ground reaction force in the pronated foot group in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).

According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the use of arch support insoles might lead to reduce ground reaction forces and increase time to pick the components of the ground reaction force during landing and increase ground reaction forces and time to pick during jumping in handball players with pronated foot, that can lead to reduce injuries and better performance.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of immediate and long-term water and Thera-Band exercises on the ground reaction force in people with pronate foot during walking.

The current research was semi-experimental with a repeated measurement design with a control group. The statistical sample of the present study included 45 male students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with pronate, with an age range of 18-25 years, who voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups of exercises in water, exercise with Thera band and control. Walking speed and peak components of ground reaction force were investigated in three pre-test stages, immediately and after 8 weeks of training in water and traband. Bartek force plate with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz was used to record the ground reaction force during walking. Also, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

The results showed that walking speed increased significantly after 8 weeks of training with theraband (p=0.032) and training in water (p=0.025) compared to the pre-test. The vertical component of the ground reaction force in the heel strike phase after 8 weeks of training in water (P=0.002) and theraband (P=0.032) had a significant decrease compared to the pre-test.  Moreover, the vertical component of the ground reaction force in the push-off phase after 8 weeks of training with theraband had a significant increase compared to the pre-test (P=0.015). In addition, the anterior-posterior component of ground reaction force increased significantly in the push-off phase after 8 weeks of water training compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).

According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the exercises in the water and the traband have long-term clinical and therapeutic effects on people with pronate and can be useful for correcting the walking pattern.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders of the knee area. Previous studies have pointed to the positive effects of exercise. Therefore, it is very important to check the types of exercise protocols for the treatment of this condition. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the scientific framework of research related to the application of various exercise protocols on patellofemoral pain syndrome, as well as to make a favorable summary and provide more appropriate information from previous researches. In this review study, the search for articles in Persian and English languages in 2022 (until November) was carried out on WOS, Magiran, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Springer databases. The keywords of patellofemoral pain syndrome, knee and knee rehabilitation were used to extract articles. 100 relevant articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After reviewing 100 articles, the number of 53 article titles that were close to the research title met the criteria for inclusion in the present study. After re-examining the articles, 25 articles were selected with the aim of examining the exercise protocol on patellofemoral pain.

It seems that sports exercises with the aim of strengthening the muscles around the knee joint are effective in the recovery process and reducing the pain of people suffering from patellofemoral syndrome.