احد ستوده

Brown bear (Ursus arctos) is classified as a Least Concern (LC) species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but its distribution have decreased as the largest carnivore in the country during last decades, and hence it is important to protect its habitats. In this research, the habitat suitability of brown bear in Arasbaran biosphere reserve, as one of the most important habitats of this species in the northwest of Iran, was considered. For the habitat suitability modeling of this species, Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) method and ENFA software were used. Results showed that 23.6% (20245ha) of Arasbaran biosphere reserve were suitable for species. The suitable habitats were recognized to be in areas with elevation range of 900 to 2400 meters above sea level, 30 to 70 percent of slope. In addition, the variables of forest with 75-100% canopy cover, semi-humid climate, elevation range of 1500-2000 meters above sea level, Northern hillsides, 45 to 70 percent of slope, humid climate, permanent rivers, forest with 50-75% canopy cover have the most effect on the selection of the species habitat. The suitable habitats for brown bear are generally distributed in the Oskuloo, Makidi, Hejrandost, Aliabad, Naposhteh, Balasang, Ilankesh, Abasabad and Khril. Prevention of development (Tourism) in the suitable habitats of brown bear, and, determination of corridors and movement routs of the species outside of the Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve in future studies were suggested in the route of this research.

In the present research the position of public participation in Yazd Great Garden plan has been evaluated. In the first stage, based on the method of qualitative analysis, through interviews with local people, the position of public participation in the stages of approval and implementation of the plan was pathologically evaluated. The results of the studies show that local people are very dissatisfied with the lack of transparency and information by the municipality during the approval and implementation of the plan. In the second phase of this study, the trend of changes in the urban landscape in the study area (from 2001 to 2020) was evaluated using landscape metrics in FRAGSTATS software. The results of this evaluation showed that, during this period, many constructions have been done in this area. The size of barren patches has increased by 283%. The size of garden-agricultural patches has decreased by 80% and the size patches of construction has increased by 196%. In general, in spite of the goals of the mentioned plan to protect the gardens, the area and connectivity of garden and agricultural patches has been reduced and fragmentation is increased. Summarizing the results shows that if public participation was used in the approval and implementation process and information was provided in a transparent manner, the goals of the project were achieved, and local gardeners acted as the supporter of the municipality in the project.

A patch is a unit of the structure of the land or almost homogeneous part of the land that has a hierarchical structure and is considered as a homogeneous and recognizable ecosystem that is completely different from its surroundings. Two parameters of size and shape of habitat patchs affect the types and number of animals in it. These two parameters are important components in the design and planning of areas for species protection. Therefore, this study has studied the relationship between two parameters of size and shape of habitat patchs in Adoroshk watershed. During the spring and summer seasons of 2019, Adoroshk animals were identified. A total of 14 species of mammals and 26 species of birds were identified in Adoroshk. The highest amount of richness, diversity and uniformity of species was observed in shrub patch and the lowest amount was observed in high density shrub and grassland spots. FRAGSTATS 4.2 software was used to calculate the metrics used in the research. Data analysis using Spearman correlation and values of species diversity from Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Hill, Brillouin and McArthur indices, species richness with Margalf and Mann-Henick indices Calculated. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between Simpson and Brillouin diversity index and Margalf and Mann-Henick richness indices with AREA and PARA criteria. Also, a significant relationship was observed between biodiversity indicators and physical parameters of patchs at the level of one percent, and small patchs are preferred in habitat design and management for animals.

Paying attention to vegetation preservation is one of the pillars of design and management of areas. For this purpose, in this study, the study of richness, diversity and uniformity of plants in the geomorphological zones of Adoroshk watershed was studied. In Arc GIS software environment, using georeferenced topographic map, the boundary of the area was drawn according to cartographic principles. Habitat geomorphological zones were identified by visual interpretation of Google Earth software images and mapped in Arc GIS software. During the spring and summer of 2019, Adoroshk plants were identified. In total, the amount of vegetation in the area was 16.56%. Biodiversity indices were used to calculate the richness, diversity and uniformity of plants and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare biodiversity indices in geomorphological zones. If the differences were significant, the groups were divided into two. The two were compared by Mann-Whitney test. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the difference of geomorphological zones in terms of all indicators is significant at the level of one percent.  The Mann-Whitney test showed that the deposit areas are richer in terms of richness than the rocky and alluvial areas.

Chemical industries often have risks for the environment and communities, due to the use of complex facilities and processes. Also, in the ammonia tanks, the probability of risk of explosion is high, owing to their specific characteristics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risks of explosion scenario at the ammonia tank in the Kermanshah petrochemical complex

To achieve the purpose of this study, the Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method was used to estimate the probability of reliability in the basic events. In this study, after drawing Fault Tree for identifying basic events, the probability of basic events was estimated by means of expert’s elicitation, and the probability of minimal cut sets was computed through Boolean logic gates.

According to the results, the probability of occurrence of the top event was obtained equal to 0/054997. In the minimal cut set prioritizing, the failing of pressure safety valves identified as the most effective factor in the top event occurrence, and afterward failing the control valves and human errors were identified.

This study indicates that, based on expert elicitation, a fuzzy error tree method can be used to assess the risk of various scenarios in the industry. Overall, in assessing the risk of the explosion scenario in the ammonia reservoir, it was found that some minor defects, and even human error, could be considered as a major contributor to the explosion.

The weather fluctuations are important influential factors on vegetation cover. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify elements of climate changes including temperature and precipitation, and its effect on vegetation changes in Sefidkuh protected area located in Lorestan province using Landsat satellite images. So, at first the climate was determined and zoned based on de Martonne climatic index using temperature and rainfall data of 9 synoptic stations in the Lorestan province for a term of 17 years from 2000 to 2017. Then, vegetation index was computed and zoned using ETM+ images of Landsat 7 satellite in 2004 and OLI images of Landsat 8 in 2017 and finally, the relationship between climate change and vegetation was investigated. According to the results of this study and based on the de Martonne climatic index, the highest level of the area (7737.8 ha) was related to semiarid class with good cover in 2004. On the other hand, the lowest level was related to very humid class with weak cover (0.7 ha) and very humid class with excellent cover (4.5 hectare). But, these classifications have been changed, and the lowest level is related to the excellent cover (4,4169 hectares). In fact, the area of vegetation with good and excellent cover has decreased from 2017 to 2004 (from approximately 37000 to 14000 ha), and the climate of study area has changed to semi-dry.

Population growth and urbanization have caused many changes in land use and land cover that has been greatly affected by the structure, function and service of the ecosystem. Since 2008, more than half of the world's population has lived in urban areas, which, according to the United Nations, 80 percent of the world's population will be urban by 2050, and this continuous increase will lead to the rapid expansion of urban areas. Most of these cities are located in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa, where a considerable part of them are arid and semi-arid countries. Estimates show that 85 percent of total Iran's lands are under arid and semiarid conditions climate. Arid areas with dry climate, poor vegetation, lack of water, limited rainfall and very fragile environment are identified. These characteristics cause the vulnerability of urban ecosystems. Considering that the function and performance of the environment depended on the composition and distribution of their structural elements, to better understand the dynamics of land, it is necessary to study the changes in spatial patterns. Information on land use changes over time can predict future changes and also be used to identify land a principled and sustainable design and planning,  also to determine the improper process of land change and prevent its spread. Landscape metrics can be used to identify this spatial pattern and it's change.  Applicability of landscape metrics is for the Quantifying of the landscape change and also it's used for analysis and planning of land uses. Metrics is a useful tool for designing and finding exact relationships between the structure and function of landscape functions. Accordingly, this study has tried to study and measure changes in landscape structure of Yazd city by using landscape metrics for three decades in this region from destruction and fragmentation of natural patterns and help planners and policymakers for the orientation of sustainable urban development. The aim of this study is to quantify and measure changes in spatial patterns of land use in Yazd city by using landscape metrics in two levels of class and landscape during the period of 27 years. Also, the distribution and composition of spatial patterns of land use have been investigated in two levels of green and built-up patches that have a major role in ecosystem function.

In this study, Landsat 5 at 1991 and Landsat 8 at 2017 satellite images have been used. After performing the necessary corrections on the satellite images, the classification was done using the maximum likelihood method. according to the diversity of vegetation in the area, three categories including bare land, vegetation and built-up were identified and classified. In order to investigate the accuracy of classification, error matrix and statistical parameters of the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were used. The kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of the classification images for 2017  and 1991 are 0.81, 90%, 0.83 96%, respectively. The Fragstats 4.1 software was used to calculate the landscape metrics. In the present study, according to the aim of the study, Class Area (CA), Number of patches (NP), Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), AREA, Radius of Gyration (GYRATE), Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance (ENN), and Contagion landscape metrics (CONTAGE) were selected and evaluated at the class and landscape level.

In this research, by studying different metrics in the two scales of class and landscape, it was inferred that the landscape in open land and green spaces are being crushed and discrete over a period. While built-up has become more integrated and more expansive over the period, it shows the destructive effects of human activities on the environment. During the studied period, the highest increase in area to other classes belongs to the built-up class. In this study, the maximum number of patches is related to other classes of a green space class. The number of vegetation patches increased and the number of patches opens land and urban class decreased. The results of this metric along with area metrics show the phenomenon of fragmented in Yazd city. Changes in agricultural and gardening land use to residential areas cause disintegration of vegetation patches. The mean patch size of the built-up class has increased and in two vegetation and open land decreased. It shows that the impervious area in the studied city has increased. The average distance metric of each cell in the patches with the center of gravity in two classes of open land and vegetation decreased and the largest reduction is in the green space class. The Euclidean nearest-neighbour distance metric of patches in all uses has been increased which is related to open land.

The results of the study of metrics changes in the class area show that the built-up has increased by 4346.82 ha in the studied period. The reason for this is the increase in the population of Yazd city, which in 1991 and 2017 were 275298 and 529673  respectively. Therefore, more space is needed for the growth and expansion of the city, which causes the physical development of the construction. Due to the spatial expansion of the city, about 1667.61 ha of the agricultural lands and gardens in Yazd city has been destroyed and integrated into urban infrastructures. Increasing human infrastructure and activities without considering the capacity and ecological capability of this area can cause many environmental problems. Therefore, in order to prevent further degradation of the environment and reduce its quality. Monitoring and evaluation of land use patterns should be measured continuously so that they can be used as a guide to assess the current status of the urban ecosystem.

The purpose of this study is to identify internal factors (strengths and opportunities), external factors (weaknesses and threats) and strategies for capacity evaluation of environmental strategic assessment in water resources of Iran. For this purpose, interviews with experts and extensive studies of effective indicators at three levels of individuals, system, and organization were identified and used to develop effective management strategies. Using strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats at three levels (individuals, system and organization) in the form of Internal and External Factors Evaluation matrices, SWOT analysis was applied. Finally, strategies were scored using Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix. Considering the importance of optimizing and protecting water resources in the current unsatisfactory conditions, and the results of SWOT and QSPM matrices, it is suggested that all existing capacities in the community be employed to carry out an ever-increasing environmental assessment to curb impacts of non-experts and short-sighted views in the executive level in water resources sector. We also suggest consideration of the infrastructure and capacities available for the implementation of the strategic environmental assessment in the context of national development programs in water resources to pave way for achieving a smoother sustainable development.

Nowadays environmental strategic assessment as a tool for incorporating environmental considerations into the early stages of decision making has attracted the attention of planners. Scholars have attributed characteristics such as attention to the relationship between different layers of decision-making from policy making to implementation, consideration of cultural- political context and organizational structure of development as well as reflection of socio-economic considerations to environmental strategic assessment.

Despite these characteristics, the usual process of strategic environmental assessment does not have the ability to comprehensively assess the effects of cultural, social and ecological contexts. Criteria that do not provide clear results to decision makers are also used to measure the sustainability of development types. For this reason, in this study, the process and structure of the strategic environmental assessment based on the theoretical foundations of the resilience approach has been improved. Based on the resiliency approach, uncertainties and disturbances in socio-ecological systems can be analyzed. It is also incorporated into the evaluation process by reference to the multi-scale concept resiliency approach.

In this study a three-step process for strategic environmental assessment is proposed. Each step is based on the basic concepts of the resiliency approach.

The sum of these characteristics makes environmental assessments possible on the basis of the unpredictable future, the inevitability of change, and the vulnerability of ecological systems.

Groundwater quality evaluation is very necessary to provide drinking water. Groundwater excessive consumption can cause subsidence and penetration of saline groundwater into freshwater aquifers in Ajabshir Plain, on the Urmia lake margin. The main goal of the current project was to evaluate the groundwater quality by employing the qualitative indices of groundwater and GIS. Ten parameters of 15 wells including EC, TDS, total hardness as well as the concentration of Ca++, Na+, Mg++, K+, SO4--, HCO3- and Cl- were analyzed. At first, the maps of parameters concentration were prepared by the kiriging method. Then based on WHO drinking water standards, the maps were standardized and ranked for drawing the maps of quality indices. The results showed that quality index changes were in the range of moderate (61) to acceptable (81). Removing the single map method of sensitivity analysis detected the quality index was more sensitive to the K+ parameter. Finally, the quality index from the eastern north to the western south of Ajabshir Plain and the other areas was ranked in the acceptable and moderate classes, respectively.

Development of various industries, despite providing human welfare, has potential risks for mankind. Due to its extensive operations and activity and also the potential risk for humans and the environment, the petrochemical industry is considered a high-risk industry. The purpose of this study was to assess and prioritize the risks resulting from process activities in Kermanshah petrochemical complex using two approaches (i.e., the traditional and fuzzy FMEA method). Material and methods: The present study was an analytical-field research that has been conducted in Kermanshah petrochemical complex for 10 months. In this study, the product lines (urea and ammonia) were investigated and also a team of five experts was formed. In addition, an initial list of the most important risks and hazards in the environmental field was prepared and then, by using Brainstorming and Delphi Technique, the list was corrected. Finally, environmental risk assessment in the form of traditional and fuzzy FMEA methods was evaluated. According to the results, 38 risks were identified by traditional FMEA. The highest priority risk was related to hydrogen and ammonia gas emissions when the ammonia unit was out of service by RPN number of 491. The lowest priority risk belonged to ammonia effluents by RPN number of 28. Also, the highest risks to air pollution, as well as the causes of the risks were related to defects in the system and connections. The results of input fuzzification and output FMEA method showed that among the 15 identified risks in the petrochemical complex, the highest number of fuzzy priority in the health section was related to noise pollution (0.75), in the safety section was falling from the heights (0.75), and in the environmental sector for the reduction of ecological resources (0.613). Comparing these two approaches suggest that the traditional FMEA is powerful in the early stages of risk assessment process, and on the other hand, the fuzzy approach is more flexible and user-friendly in the stage of prioritizing the risks.

Shirkouh mountain is located in Yazd province and is surrounded by arid and semi- arid regions. In fact, it means that this area is the coldest part of Yazd province. The geographic location of this mountain made it a very sensitive ecosystem. Due to these reasons, its vegetation cover plays a very important role in weather conditions and welfare of people living around.
In present study some elements such as satellite images, Remote Sensing technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used for surveying climate changes. In this regard, the relationship between climate and temperature changes (as an indicator of climate) and changes in the amount of vegetation in two hot and cold months were obtained using the sampling and satellite data.
The results showed that in April from low temperature to the high temperature NDVI index increased but in Jun, NDVI will increased before 11°and after that this amount will decreased.
The NDVI in same type of plant was different in various classes of temperature ranges. This NDVI difference in various temperature classes in April (Colder period) was more visible than Jun (Warmer period). So it can be inferred that NDVI changes in the same vegetation type in different periods of the year is not change regularly because of elevation and temperature changes. The difference between the hot and cold habitats in a mountainous area can be reduced by increasing the ambient temperature, which is an appropriate indicator to assess the effects of climate change.

One of urban management levels is urban environmental management, based on the use of modern approaches such as resilience thinking in order to have cities with flexible ecosystem services to ensure viability and more sustainability and to provide natural dynamism for the reactions of urban systems to environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the resilience of ecosystem services in Yazd to introduce a framework for evaluation of such services. The process of evaluating the resilience of ecosystem services is been presented in three steps, the first, includes the selection of ecosystem services status determination criteria with respect to ecological conditions and data access in Yazd. The second step was to estimate the current status of selected criteria for testing the resilience of ecosystem services in Yazd. The third step was to evaluate the city in terms of such services. The overall evaluation results of resilience showed Yazd 25,641 in resilience suffering. It indicates that Yazd is in the range of resilience; therefore, measuring the trend in city’s sustainability and resilience along with concentrating on the description of the current status of urban ecosystem services can help develop plans to make decisions to maintain and promote the quality of ecosystem services and to improve environmental conditions as a result. The current study is the extension of relationship between urban resilience and ecosystem services.

Urban green spaces as social infrastructures, reduce air pollution, absorb aerosols, adjust temperature, increase relative humidity and mitigate the storms effects, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Mashhad, with a population of 2,807,464, is the second populous city in Iran. Because of physical development in this city, a vast green space destruction has occurred, which is the opposite of sustainable development model. This study examines the composition and spatial distribution of green spaces and its changes in Mashhad between 1984 and 2013. For this purpose, satellite images of Landsat TM (Landsat 4) and OLI sensors (landsat8) were used. Then, four landscape metrics such as PLAND, AREA, ENN and PD were calculated for different zone of Mashhad. Results showed that during the time period severe destruction were occurred in size and spatial composition and configuration of urban green space in the city. For the meantime, the current urban green space mosaic network has not appropriate extent and unity to provide necessary ecological services to support and improve environmental quality of the city.

Environmental management system attempts to create and pursue requirements for the organizations to prevent catastrophic damages causing to their surroundings. One of the most important environmental aspects of thermal power plants is the impact on water resources. Moreover to high level consumption, the produced wastewaters will added to other pollutants.
The produced wastewater from the combined cycle power plant was monitored during one year. To compare pollutants from industrial wastewater with environmental standards, Kolmogorov–Smirnov’s test was employed. The main aspects of wasting and contaminating consumed water resources of power plant has been studied by using Preliminary Hazard Analysis and William fine techniques. Also the effective actions were performed to decrease and monitor the determined aspects.
The results have been showed that industrial wastewater has not any heavy elements contamination with 99 percent of certainty. Among the effective risks on water resources, 77 risks with low priority, 60 risks with medium priority and 12 risks with high priority has been identified. The chemistry refinery’s section and steam’s unit had the most identified risks. Among the risk controlling strategies, reducing risk’s intensity with 73 percent is the most effective strategy. Also, 14 percent of strategies refer to exclusion, 10 percent to transfer and three percent to acceptance of risk
Combining risk assessment methods and environmental pollutants concentration measurements could increased the accuracy and validity of the results by systemizing the identification process.

To investigate relation of slope, aspect and elevation in predicting spatial distribution of tree and shrub species in arid forests of south Yazd, 125 sampling plots were selected in randomized block pattern in five sub-district of study area. In addition to topographic factors, presence of plant species and their frequency were measured and recorded. Logistic regression was conducted and in the case of significance, suitable model was provided. Distribution map of species was drawn according to probabilities derived from logistic regression analysis. To determine accuracy of maps we used 20 percent of primary data. According to these data the rate of accuracy was in range of 90-75 percent. Finally relations between topographic factors and presence of species were interpreted. Results found that elevation is the most important factor for predicting spatial distribution of plant species in study area and predicts from 16 to 46 percents of variations in presence. But slope and aspect were not suitable to be included in the models. According to thresholds determined in the results it can be said that Acer cinerascens and Amygdalus eleagnifolia can be regarded for planting in higher elevations but Amygdalus lycioides is suitable for planting in lower elevations.

This research is done to investigate the effect of environmental education on improvement of elementary school students’ attitude about animal rights by Semi experimental method. The statistical population was including the elementary school students, boys and girls of a public school in the city Bardaskan.Sixty girls and sixty boys from fourth, fifth and sixth grades were selected through a simple random method, then the selected samples were divided into two experimental and control groups of 30 students. At first a pretest was given to both groups. After two weeks of pretest, at the end of the training sessions of both experimental and control groups a post test was applied. The related data of pretest and posttest were collected by a questionnaire based on attitude towards animal rights. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated through Cronbach alpha (0/64). The Ancova covariance analysis test was used for analyzing the information. The test results showed that presenting active and purposeful education to students has a significant effect on students attitude improvement towards animal rights and also there is no significant difference between male and female student's responses (sig = 0.38).

Baghe-shadi in Yazd province is one the forests which is reported to be an area with high rate fire occurrence. The aim of this study was to model and map the fire risk area using geographic information system and remote sensing. In this study Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with human related factors (distance from road, distance from settlements, and distance from vegetation), climatic related factors (air temperature and rainfall), and physiographic related factors (elevation, slope, aspect) were selected. Vegetation cover was estimated using Landsat OLI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Weights were determined from specialists through questionnaire. Weight of each factor, elevation, slope and aspect, temperature, precipitation, distance from roads, distance from settlements and vegetation cover was achieved through multiple criteria decision making model, then areas with five susceptible classes were determined using GIS. Results showed that vegetation related factor and human related factor with weights of 0.569 and 0.204 are the most important factors respectively. In order to assess the accuracy of developed model, fire susceptibility map of was compared with the previously fired area. Result of comparison showed very high and high risk areas are corresponding to the controls area. Receiver operating charasteristic (ROC) test confirmed the high level (0.88) of accuracy of presented model.

Evaluating the environmental effects is one of the appropriate ways to achieve the sustainable development that can be considered as a planning tool for managers and programmers. The environmental impacts of Bafgh Anomaly Iron ore have been studied. In this regard, the most important environmental and economical-social factors that are influenced by project were identified by preparing the checklist from experts and proficient’s opinions. Subsequently, based on the Pastakia matrix method, the environmental impact assessment of project was carried out in both construction and exploitation steps. Results show that 2 positive medium effects, 1 positive low effect, 4 positive negligible effects, 7 negative negligible effects, 2 negative low effects and 3 negative medium effects are observed in environments in structural step, while 2 positive medium effects, 2 positive low effects, 3 positive negligible effects, 5 negative negligible effects, 2 negative low effects and 3 negative medium effects exist in exploitation step. Also, the environmental management and monitoring was prepared for all divisions, so that, in physical division, the air, soil and sound parameters should be continuously measured, in biological division, diversity, density, regeneration and migration of and fauna and flora should be controlled seasonally, and also the leakage and dispersion of sewages and wastes and dusts should be continuously monitored. About natural events, crisis management and risk evaluation should be done seasonally. Also, Public contribution and attaining satisfaction of society and their continuous notification and increasing the environmental knowledge of staff should be performed.

To investigate the relationship between slope، aspect and elevation and quantitative characteristics of plant species، totally 125 sampling plots were selected in a block systematic design. In each sampling، plot presence، number، height، diameter at breast height (for trees) or root collar (for shrubs) and crown diameters were measured and recorded. Also، we recorded vegetation type according to the portion of species in the plot. Correlation analysis was conducted according to the scale of variables using Pierson، Spearman، Phi and Cramer and Eta coefficients. Results found that elevation is the most important factor affecting presence and density and also type in the study area. Altogether، Atlas Pistach (P. atlantica F. & M) and Wild Almond (A. scoparia Spach.) in low elevations and Maple (A. cinerascens L.)، Marsh-arrow-grass (A. lycioedes Spach.) and mountain almond (A. elaefnifolia Spach.) in higher elevations had better conditions. Slope had a negative correlation with presence of Wild Almond and Send Cherry (Ephedra spp)، and positive correlation with the presence of other species. Also، Wild Pistach trees present in southern aspects showed more basal area and volume in these aspects. Results of this research can be used in the detection of suitable points for development of plant species. Regression analysis showed that frequency of almond and Send Cherry and average height of almond and wild Pistach were predictable according to elevation and slope. Of course، coefficient of determination was low in all cases.

Today the world is experiencing an unprecedented urbanization. Population growth and urbanization are effective factors on increasing the air temperature in urban areas which cause heat island on these areas than surrounding and the resulted effects from that can play an important and major role in air quality and consequently public health. In this study, Landsat 5 TM data in 2009 as a case study in Tehran metropolis was studied and mono-window algorithm was used for retrieving the distribution of land surface temperature and determination of local heat island effects. In addition, the correlation between LST and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the normalized difference build-up index (NDBI), the normalized difference bare land index (NDBaI), the normalized difference water index (NDWI), were analyzed to explore the impacts of the green and bare land and the water and build-up land on the urban heat island. The results indicate that the effect of urban heat island in Tehran is mainly located in west industrial and east and southeast Mountain regions. The correlation between LST and NDVI, NDBI, NDWI, NDBaI also indicates that the negative correlation of LST and NDVI and NDWI suggests that the green and water land could weaken the effect on urban heat island, while the positive correlation between LST and NDBI and NDBaI means that the built-up and Bare land can strengthen the effect of urban heat island in our case study.