نشریه حفاظت زیست بوم گیاهان
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 18، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Plants (medicinal, industrial and edible) Rangelands are one of the most valuable resources in the vast range of natural resources of Iran, which, if used properly, can play an important role in creating jobs in local communities. In order to estimate the economic value of (Gundelia tournefortii L.), dependence degree of natives and its share in rural household income compared to the function of forage production and the amount of direct and indirect employment from it was done in a number of conventional arrangements in Damavand. Sampling of vegetation was performed by systematic-random method in the areas identifying plant types and the amount of surface cover, densit, forage production and grazing capacity was measured. The results showed that the total gross income from the operation of forage per year was 66066000 thousand Rials, its cost was 19387260 thousand Rials, net profit was 46678740 thousand Rials and economic rent was 3842 thousand Rials. Also, the total gross income from the exploitation of artichokes in the study area per year was 202500000 thousand Rials, its cost was equal to 89610000 thousand Rials, net income was 112890000 thousand Rials and economic rent was equal to 9291 thousand Rials. Taking into account the number of households and individuals affiliated with the region ranchers, the direct and indirect employment of the forage production during one year was 86 and 257 jobs, respectively, and the number of employed people using Gundelia tournefortii L. was 72 and 216 jobs, respectively. Considering the projected income from the two functions of exploiting Gundelia tournefortii L. and forage production and importance of economic value on local communities it seems that the management of invasive plants in rangeland ecosystems should be such that while maintaining the health and integrity of these ecosystems, it causes transparency and facilitates processes. Decide on the multifunctional use of rangelands and an efficient approach to range management.

Rangeland plans are designed and implemented as a practical tool in the management and exploitation of rangelands. The purpose of implementing these plans is to achieve specific goals in the management and sustainable development of rangelands. Therefore, it seems necessary to evaluate the impacts of the implemented plans in order to identify and solve problems and challenges and strengthen the positive effects. This study conducted to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of rangeland plans in the Kalaleh county from the viewpoint of stakeholders and experts. Documentary research and survey method were used to evaluate the theoretical dimensions and complete the questionnaires, respectively. The statistical population are stakeholders and experts. Based on the Cochran sample siza formula and according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 109 stakeholders randomly participated in the research. Also, 25 experts complete the questionnaires. After confirming the validity of the questionnaires, Cronbach alpha coefficient was obtained 0.82 and 0.80 for stakeholders and experts, respectively. Average ranking is calculated for prioritization of the economic and social impacts. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the mean value of the economic and social impacts between stakeholders and experts. According to the viewpoint of the stakeholders, implementation of rangeland management plans has provided confidence and peace in the field of rangeland ownership for stakeholders. Also, by preserving rangelands, it has increased the trust of the stakeholders to the executive department of natural resources and experts, and has provided their more effective participation in the implementation of plans.Important and considerables impacts of the implementation of range management plans from the viewpoint of experts are including: increasing the awareness and culture of stackholders, increasing trust of the stakeholders to the executive sector and improve their participation in the implementation of the plans. The results showed that there is a significant difference in economic impacts between the viewpoint of experts and stakeholders (P<0.05). But, it was not observed a significant difference in social impacts (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, rangeland management plans in the study area have been successful in achieving social goals, but in the economic field, there are weaknesses, especially in improving income and livelihood conditions and creating job opportunities for stakeholders.

Flora study of Asadli-Rokhtian region with an area of ​​30,000 hectares in 25 km south of Bojnourd city located in North Khorasan province with an altitude of 1700-1900 m was performed. The aim of this study was to introduce and identify different species, medicinal plants and plants with low risk of extinction and rarity. The plants of the region were collected by survey method from May to August of 1991 and identified then handed over to the herbarium of Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch (IAUM). The results of study showed 27 families and 61 genera including 69 species that Astragalus khoshjailensis from Fabaceae and Echinops khorassanicus from Asteraceae were reported as endemic elements for Iran and Convolvulus calyerti from Convolvulaceae, Sclerochorton haussknechtii from Apiaceae and Rosa webbiana from Rosaceae were rare species, Taraxacum hydrophilum belonginig to Asteraceae and Verbascum speciosum from Plantaginaceae  were reported as low risk of extinction from this region Also, 18 medicinal species belonging to the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginceae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Salicaceae, Rosaceae, Papaveraceae and Resedaceae were introduced. The largest families in the studied region were Brassicaceae and Asteraceae with seven species, Fabaceae with six species, , Lamiaceae with five species, Liliaceae, Rosaceae and Papaveraceae with four species,. The life forms of specimens included, 36.23% therophytes, 34.78% hemicryptophytes, 13.04% geophytes, 10.14% chamaephytes, and 1.14% cryptophytes. The maximum and minimum chorotype percentage belonged to Mediterranean region with 1.44% and Irano-Turanian with 68.11. Regarding to the results, the high percentage of therophytes and hemicryptophytes indicated the cold and dryness of the region, the destruction of vegetation due to road construction, livestock grazing and the 10-year relative drought of the region.

Quantitative methods to the evaluation of vegetation are the basis for describing and analyzing the plant communities and density as one of the main characteristics plays an important role in evaluating the performance (short and long effects) of rangeland ecosystems and management decisions. Therefore, the efficiency of plotless plant density methods in different density intensities and distribution patterns have been examined using a simulated population based on the real density of Astragalus albispinus (control method) in a semi-arid region of Marjan, Boroujen. Simulation schemes in the three density intensities and three distribution patterns within eight 40×100 m sampling units were designed. The predictive precision and accuracy of seven distance-based methods in various density intensities and distribution patterns were investigated comparing with the control method and the ideal point error index. Overall, angel order method in regular distribution pattern and point centered quarter method in random distribution pattern were the best plotless density methods of plant populations in low density. Third closest individual method was the most accurate and precise method of density among the studied methods in other different density intensities and distribution patterns. Therefore, in selecting the most appropriate distance method for estimating the density, the type of distribution pattern and in some cases the intensity of plant species density should be considered to achieve an unbiased estimation of plant populationʼs density, accordingly, the different habitats of this plant species can be monitored and evaluated in terms of management and utilization.

Investigating spatial and temporal changes in the composition of plant species and communities is an essential step in assessing pasture health conditions, understanding the evolutionary processes of the local ecosystem, and developing rangeland management strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of supervised classification of Landsat 8 satellite images in mapping the plant communities in the southern rangelands of Yazd province. To do so, we selected and sampled 90 training samples from areas that showed a homogeneous composition of plant species up to a minimum radius of 60 meters from the central point in 2015, and then; plant communities were separated based on the prevalence of the percentage of cover crown. A Landsat 8 satellite image of OLI sensor on May 29, 2015 was used after geometric, atmospheric and radiometric corrections. In the present study, the final accuracy of six supervised classification algorithms including parallel classification algorithms, the minimum distance, the Mahalanobis distance, the maximum likelihood, the neural network and support vector machine with radial kernel were examined in the separation and determination of the range of the plant community. Based on the results, the maximum likelihood algorithm and the neural network had the highest accuracy with the final accuracy of 96.4% and 84.8% and Kappa coefficient of 0.95 and 0.82, respectively. In general, the results of this study showed that in order to differentiate and classify different plant communities in the study area, the maximum likelihood algorithm has good results and combining field studies with remote sensing is a very suitable capability in segregating and classifying the plant types and communities.

Since gas transmission to forests and forest dwellers has become more serious recently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gas transmission on the wood consumption and forest degradation by forest dwellers in Babolkenar area. For this purpose, 168 families, 36 security guards and 19 technical experts were selected and then questionnaires were prepared for each group. The questionnaires were filled by the field interviewers through the direct interview (According to the Likert scale, 1= very low, 5 = very high). New constructed roads were recorded after gas transmission using the field survey method. Then, the degraded area was calculated. The binomial test was used in order to compare the opinions of different groups. Degraded area due to excavations and road construction was calculated using AutoCad and ArcGIS software. According to forest dwellers, the use of municipal gas had largely prevented tree cutting (value of 4, based on the Likert scale), while security guards and experts stated it had slightly reduced the tree cutting (value of 3). Forest dwellers believed that the use of urban utilities had reduced the destruction; however, security guards and experts disagreed. The estimation results of the wood volume before and after the gas transmission showed that the views of all three groups were the same; they believed that the wood consumption decreased significantly in the first and second six months after the gas transmission. Results showed that the length of roads (15385 m) and stock routes (30772 m) were increased after running the gas transmission and the degraded area of the total forest area was calculated to be about 12 ha.

To manage and conserve biodiversity, comprehensive knowledge of spatial patterns of species richness and diversity and effective factors on them is necessary. The changes of diversity and richness indices at an altitudinal gradient (700 meters) in Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) forests “Taf catchment in Khoram Abad” was investigated in this study. The physiographic and soil properties, and tree canopy cover were measured by the two 500 m2 sampling plots in each 100 m altitudinal classes. The three randomly located subplots (4m2), was used to investigate the ground herbal layer in each sampling plot. Based on the results there is not any significant correlation between richness, evenness, and diversity indices with altitude and slope, while a negative significant correlation was seen between evenness and diversity indices with tree canopy cover. Contrary to the absence of correlation between evenness and diversity indices with soil properties, there is a positive correlation between the amount of soil clay and silt and negative correlation between soil OC, K, N, and sand with richness indices. The results of PCA analysis showed that the amount of K, P, OC, saturated water content, pH, altitude, and tree canopy cover are the most important environmental factor in the study area. Despite the absence of specific patterns in richness, and diversity indices along the altitude gradient, the findings show that tree canopy cover affects evenness and diversity indices, and the soil properties affect richness indices.

The inconsistency of uses is one of the most important threats to forest ecosystems, especially to their biodiversity. The goal of this research was to assess landscape degradation in Dadabad area. For this purpose, landscape indicators were calculated by using a land use/cover map of Dadabad area of Khorramabad city. For land use/cover mapping, Landsat satellite image (1988, 2003 and 2018) was firstly pre-processed, and then, Maximum Likelihood classification approach was undertaken done to categorize the image into different land use/cover categories. The results showed that the forest had the highest rate of land use conversion. The forest area in the study, which is considered as its natural vegetation, has decreased from 36.28% (5429.91 ha) in 1988 to 32.87% (491849.95 ha) in 1397. According to the NP index, the increase in agricultural land use during the first to third periods of the study is extremely rapid and shows a 1.5 fold increase. The findings indicate that most of the destruction and land use changes has occurred in forest. Access to the national forests and rangeland and on the other hand and proximity to the Khoramrood river, has led to the development of non-productive agriculture and subsequently with the reduction of production capacity in these lands, bare soil will increase over the years. Such changes is often the result of human intervention, in addition to the negative effects on the environment, will increase the damage from natural disasters. Hence, the authors emphasize the need for the planning and implementation of land regeneration plans and protection of the ecosystem of the region.

Today, one of the most important issues in the Iranian rangeland management system is the lack of a clear and transparent picture of the most important problems in them. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively investigate the root causes of winter rangeland problems from the perspective of users and experts. One of the most widely used evaluation and analysis tools is the DPSIR concept model (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response). First, in order to study and prioritize, the factors affecting the destruction of Shahroud winter rangeland were identified and classified in the form of a questionnaire using the Likert scale method. Then, with DPSIR conceptual model, different components were analyzed and management solutions were presented. Results showed that the first effective driving force in these rangelands is the need for employment and food, which directly causes compressive factors such as economic problems of local communities, increasing erosion and reducing the level of rangelands. Ecosystem services which are affected by these conditions are provision services (forage and water production with a score of 0.7), regulation (soil conservation with 0.63) and cultural services (landscape beauty with 0.5). The second driving force is the need for water and climate change, the main pressures of which are the lack of clear rules for water abstraction as well as the lack of attention to indigenous knowledge and its effect is on regulatory services (water quality) and cultural services (educational opportunities). The next driving force is human settlements and infrastructure, lack of access to fuel and mining development is one of the most important pressures. These effects can be seen on regulatory services (increased erosion by 0.63 points), cultural (aesthetic; 0.32) and supportive services (decreased biodiversity; 0.53). The results indicated that the important strategies for managing these rangelands are training new jobs and creating alternative livelihoods.

Identification of plants in an area is essential for other studies such as ecological research, ecosystem management and plant conservation. In this study, the flora and plant diversity of Qezel Ozan- AqDagh altitude gradient rangelands, Khalkhal County in southern Ardabil province were investigated. For the study of flora, plant samples were collected and identified. Field harvesting were carried out in 2018, then chorology and life form of the species were determined. Then, richness, evenness and diversity indices were measured in the elevation classes. Based on the results, 31 family, 105 genera and 137 plant species were identified in the study area. Asteraceae (25 species), Poaceae (18 species), Fabaceae (16 species) and Lamiaceae (13 species) are the most important family in the region. The palnts life spectra based on Raunkiaer’s method showed that hemicryptophytes and trophytes were the most abundant biological forms in the region with 46% and 35%, respectively. In addition, results showed 47% of the species belonged to Iranian and Turanian vegetative zone. Among the vegetative forms, forbs had the highest abundance (73.72% of species). The results of analysis of numerical indices of species diversity and richness showed that these indices complied the Humped-shape pattern and at the different elevation classes have significant differences. The highest numerical values of diversity indices of Simpson (0.78), Shannon-Wiener (1.87) and richness indices of Menhinic (1.49) and Margalf (2.37) obtained in middle elevation class. The evenness index also showed an inverse relationship with elevation. The results of this study can be used to suggest plant species for restoration of the study area and similar areas.

Forest and rangeland fires are an uncontrollable type of fire that occurs in areas with flammable plants in nature. The study area is Gilan-e-Gharb city, which is located in Kermanshah province. In order to conduct this research were recorded all fires that occurred in national resources in the city of Gilan-e-Gharb in a fire season in 2019. The data collected in this study include the name of the place, the type of national sources (forest, rangeland, etc.), the fire date, the fire start and end time, the fire area, the fire duration, the area location as UTM. The results showed that 94% of natural resource fires have human causes and 6% of them related to natural causes. Among the human factors of fire, the most common cause of leakage (71.9%) is in fires. Among the human factors of fire, the recreational cause has the highest frequency (71.9%) on fires created in the national resources. The highest number of fires recurrences in the affected areas related to the Piakoleh and Miandar (Nawdar), Millianei, national resources adjacent to the village of Kolah-e-Daraz Olya and the Ghasem-Abad ridge. About 633 hectares of national resources in the region have affected by the fire, which the highest amount of them related to Shiakuh, Sarkesh and Paikoleh with about 150, 95 and 78 hectares, respectively. The highest rate of fire related to rangeland, which is about 48.4% of fires. There are six months of fires in the study area, and on average, there are a fire on every three days. Furthermore, on average, each fire takes about 46 minutes to control. The 30 minutes duration of fire has the highest frequency (29.7%) among diverse fire times. The highest rate of fire related to the fifth month of fire (October), which is equal to 29.7%. In order to effectively protection of natural resources, it suggested that the information obtained used to efficiently management, prevent and extinguish fires at the study area and the Zagros ecosystem in general.

The weather fluctuations are important influential factors on vegetation cover. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify elements of climate changes including temperature and precipitation, and its effect on vegetation changes in Sefidkuh protected area located in Lorestan province using Landsat satellite images. So, at first the climate was determined and zoned based on de Martonne climatic index using temperature and rainfall data of 9 synoptic stations in the Lorestan province for a term of 17 years from 2000 to 2017. Then, vegetation index was computed and zoned using ETM+ images of Landsat 7 satellite in 2004 and OLI images of Landsat 8 in 2017 and finally, the relationship between climate change and vegetation was investigated. According to the results of this study and based on the de Martonne climatic index, the highest level of the area (7737.8 ha) was related to semiarid class with good cover in 2004. On the other hand, the lowest level was related to very humid class with weak cover (0.7 ha) and very humid class with excellent cover (4.5 hectare). But, these classifications have been changed, and the lowest level is related to the excellent cover (4,4169 hectares). In fact, the area of vegetation with good and excellent cover has decreased from 2017 to 2004 (from approximately 37000 to 14000 ha), and the climate of study area has changed to semi-dry.

The flora of each region is the result of the biological responses of plants to current conditions and the evolution and adaptation of plants from the past to the present. Plants are one of the main pillars of ecosystems and their scientific identification in relation to their growing environment is of great practical importance. The aim of this study was to introduce the biological form and composition of plant elements in the southern slopes of Garmeh Malayer mountain rangelands in Hamadan province in 1396 and 1397. During field visits and surveys, plant species were photographed, collected and all plant species in the study area were identified and a total of 167 plant species were identified in the area. These species belong to 24 genera and 114 plant genera. Among these plants, the genera Compositae with 33, Leguminosae with 22 and Graminae with 18 species have the highest diversity. The chorology of the species also showed that the most abundant growing element in the region is related to Mediterranean-Iran Turanian (37%), Iranian Turanian-native (28%) and Mediterranean, as well as Siberian Europe (22%), respectively. . Also, the classification of plants based on Rankier biodiversity showed that there were 69 species of therophytes, 47 species of comfits, 9 species of cryptophytes and 42 species of hemicryptophytes. Most of the plants in the area are trophies, which indicates the destruction of these lands. Most of the plants identified in the area in terms of function were forage, wildlife and biodiversity, respectively; Perennial species also had the highest distribution in the region. The floristic study of plants in each area is important in terms of biodiversity recognition and natural resource management; Because one of the most important methods for recognizing the capacity, management, conservation of biodiversity reserves and preservation of genetics of vulnerable plants is the study of flora, which can provide valuable information to better understand, understand and manage the natural features of this area provided.

Non-timber forest products have an important role in the economy of rural household and income of this sector have a large portion of the total household income. Therefore, this study has been conducted to investigate the role of non-timber forest products on the livelihoods and income of villagers. So, questionnaires were used for data collection. First, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and then the reliability of them was determined by Cronbachchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s alpha coefficient. The statistical population of this study was 607 households which among them 200 questionnaires were completed. The results of this study showed that 14 non-timber products with different pharmacological, edible, and industrial uses are consumed by the locals. According to the results, the average harvested products were 4.71 kg, the average consumed products were 0.50 kg and the average annual income of non-timber products was 17.99 million Rials. The results of the Spearman correlation test showed that there is a significant positive relationship between income and harvest education of non-timber products. In addition, there is a significant positive relationship between income from non-timber products and migration prevention, as well as between employment in the non-timber products sector and the cost of harvesting (p≤0.05). Based on results, in the study area, 38% of the income of non-wood products harvest is related to Allium Jesdianum plant and followed by Allium akaka with 32% which has the greatest effect on income.

In order to investigate the morphological variation of maple (Acer monspessulanum L.) in Iran, five populations from different habitats were studied including Mazandaran, Isfahan, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Golestan. The evaluated characteristic were  including: leaf morphological traits (leaf length, width at 1/2 leaf length, leaf thickness, width at 1/4 leaf length, width at 3/4 leaf length, right vein length, middle vein length, left vein length, right lobe length , Middle lobe length, left lobe length, petiole length, sinus, leaf base shape, leaf tip shape, broad shape, relative petiole length), stoma (length, width, area, length to width ratio, circumference, density) and trichome. The results showed that the type of trichome was not different in different habitats and all were multi simple cell types. In spite of a few differences between populations, all populations had parasitic trichome. It sounds that trichome and stomata not to be suitable for Acer monspessulanum recognition. In the study of leaf traits, sampled individuals were separated from 5 populations in 4 clusters. The Yasuj and Mazandaran populations had the closest kinship to each other than the other populations and the Gorgan population had the most distribution. In general, considering the studied traits, it can be concluded that leaf traits including leaf sinus traits, leaf thickness, width at 3/4 leaf length, leaf shape, petiole length and leaf base shape were less affected by the environments that can be used as distinctive traits in the Acer monspessulanum species.

The Popoulus euphratica Oliv. is one of the most important trees in warm and arid regions due to its tolerance to high temperature and soil salinity. It is widely distributed in the Khuzestan province as a pasture on the banks of the Great Khuzestan Rivers, and is important in terms of support (preserving the river side walls and wildlife sanctuary) as well as producing timber and providing forage. In this study we analyzed changes trend and the land use change in Popoulus euphratica Oliv. city from a series of satellite images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data (1998, 2018) respectively were used to produce classified land use/cover map. Different landscape metrics of class area, largest patch index, number of patches, Patch Density and mean patch size were used to quantify landscape patterns. The images were classified by the most Maximum Likelihood. The number of patches of paddy and gazelle groves increased from 520 in 1998 to 1131 in 2018, and the density of patches during the 20-year period rose from 0.5343% to 1.1621%. The results show that with decreasing the habitat size of the Popoulus euphratica Oliv. fragmentation, density per unit area increased. Therefore, the results indicate that there is a growing trend of destruction of Popoulus euphratica Oliv. in the region.

The Convolvulus persicus, a psammophyte, is one of the endangered species according to several reports. In order to understand the effective factors in reducing the population of this species, some of ecological and biological characteristics such as soil properties, climatic factors, phenology and reproductive potential were studied in three populations of Goharbaran Sari, Naftchal Babolsar and Rostamroud Nour in Mazandaran Province. Soil characteristics showed no significant difference between the three regions except in a few traits. The soil texture in all three areas was very light due to the high percentage of sand. The EC of the soil was 0.5 ds/m, PH was neutral and 7.4 and micro and macro elements was lower than standard rate. The results showed that in all three cites the pollen viability was high and about 95%. But the rate of unfertilized flowers was considerable specially in Nour population and also, fruit and seed production precentage were low. The germination percentage of C.persicus was very low and about 10% in Sari and Babolsar populations and was zero in the Nour population. Due to the higher rates of growth and reproduction of C.persicus in Sari, it can be said that this cite is a better habitat for this species compared to the other two cites. It seems that the large numbers of unfertilized flowers, low seed production and very low germination percentage, as well as the beach destruction by human activities are the main reasons for the decrease of C.persicus populations.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are the most important ecological models used to model species distribution, identify new habitats, and protect endangered species. In this study, habitat potential modeling and determine the most important factors affecting on distribution of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) was investigated using MaxEnt model in Lorestan province. To map the potential distribution of Persian oak, 22 environmental layers were prepared in ArcGIS 10.4.1 and converted to ASCII format. Then 5064 species presence points were extracted using 1.5 × 1.5 km grid from the map of geographical distribution of the Persian oak species (1:250000) and converted to CSV format. After preparing the layers, MaxEnt 3.3.3 software was used to model distribution of the species. The results showed that 7 variables were more important among of the 22 environmental variables affecting on distribution of Persian oak. Annual mean temperature, Precipitation of wettest quarter and Min temperature of coldest month had the highest impact on distribution of the species with 38, 24.2 and 13.3 %, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.669 and the threshold value of 0.33 was used to convert the probability map to the presence and absence maps. The potential vegetation map of Persian oak shows that approximately 62.5% of the area of Lorestan province has the potential for growing Persian oak. The main new habitat is located in Khorramabad, Aligudarz, Kuhdasht and Poldokhtar, which recommended for restoration and rehabilitation.

Non-living environmental factors have a major impact on the distribution and yield of plant species. To this end, the relationship between soil and topographic variables on the response of Salsola kerneri (Wol.) Botsch plant species in Yazd province is evaluated. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used to investigate the speciesresponse to environmental factors. The results showed that S. kerneri grows in areas with cold arid climate with an average rainfall of about 100 to 120 mm and an average temperature of about 14 to 16 ° C. According to the studied habitats, S. kerneri is distributed at an altitude of 1750 to 2350 meters a.s.l. This species grows in clay-sandy loam soils with salinity between 0.7 to 4.5 and acidity of 8.2 and nitrogen content of 0.04. The average canopy cover of this species in Sadrabad and Khoranagh habitats is 1.8 and 1.3 percent, respectively. Response pattern of S. kerneri along the saturation moisture and litter percentage of soil surface, followed the monotonic increase model, and with the increase of these values, its frequency and percentage of vegetation increased. Conversely, the response of this species along the slope of the amount of electrical conductivity (EC) follows the monotonic decrease model, and with the increase of this factor, the presence and percentage of vegetation has decreased. response pattern S. kerneri followed the Unimodal model along the slope of sand, clay, limestone and altitude, and its optimal growth rate for these factors was 59, 23, 12 and 2200 meters above sea level, respectively. The results of S. kerneri phenology studies showed that the growth of this plant begins in the second half of March. Flowering usually begins in early July and seeds are formed in the third decade of September. Seed shedding begins in mid-November and continues until the first week of December, when the seed stage arrives. The best time to collect seeds is late October. Examining the ecological needs of S. kerneri in relation to topographic and soil factors, provided valuable information about this species that can be considered in vegetation management and rangeland improvement operations in similar areas.