فهرست مطالب اسماعیل قلی نژاد

This experiment aims to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of polyamines on growth traits, root characteristics, physiological traits and seed yield and yield components of the Camelina plant at different levels of salinity stress, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was done in 2021 at Payam Noor University. The first factor was the salinity stress with Urmia lake water at three levels (0, 15 and 30 dS/m) and the second factor was foliar spraying polyamines at four levels (spermine, spermidine, putrescine and control (spraying with water)). The results showed that the salinity stress of 30 and 15 ds/m in comparison with the control decreased root diameter (16 and 4 percent), root dry weight (39 and 17 percent), root volume (43 and 31 percent), relative leaf water content (60 and 23 percent), chlorophyll a concentration (57 and 13 percent), chlorophyll b concentration (61 and 21 percent), the number of capsules per plant (52 and 25 percent), the weight of 100 seeds (30 and 5 percent), seed yield (52 and 10 percent), and biological yield (38 and 10 percent), respectively. But salinity stress at 30 and 15 ds/m increased leaf temperature (12 and 6%), carotenoid concentration (56 and 46%), and leaf proline concentration (44 and 40%), respectively. Foliar spraying with spermine, spermidine and putrescine in comparison with no foliar spraying, enhanced the number of capsules per plant (26, 23 and 24%), weight of 100 seeds (28, 17 and 12%) and seed yield (38, 8 and 21 percent), respectively. On the other hand, it reduced the effects of salinity stress. Therefore, it seems that the Camelina plant can tolerate salinity up to 15 dS/m. Foliar spraying with polyamines can be a good approach to improving the tolerance, growth and yield of Camelina under salinity stress conditions.

A major challenge in global agriculture is to produce more food for another 2.3 billion people by 2050 worldwide. Salinity is a major stress that limits the supply of food products. The total land area is about 13.2 billion hectares, of which 7 billion hectares are arable and 1.5 billion hectares are under cultivation, and about 23% of the cultivated lands around the world (about 345 million hectares) are affected by salinity stress and its amount is increasing day by day. Plants can be classified into two types, halophytes (which can resist salinity) and glycophytes (which cannot resist salinity and eventually die), and most major crops belong to this second category. The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, management and control of salinity and oxidative stress in agricultural plants.

This article is a review article that was obtained by searching related articles in reliable sites (Google scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID.

Salinity have adverse effects on various plant characteristics such as physiological, metabolic, growth, germination, strength, quantity and quality of plants. The most important damages caused by salinity stress include ion imbalance due to reduced absorption of necessary ions, accumulation of harmful ions and dehydration due to decreased water absorption which reduces protein synthesis, transpiration, ion transfer and finally decreases seed yield. Mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance include ionic homeostasis, compatible salt accumulation and osmotic protection, antioxidant regulation, polyamines, nitric oxide, and hormonal regulation of salinity tolerance. Under stress, reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are produced, which damage cell structure, proteins, cell membranes, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and eventually cause cell death.

Enzymatic or non-enzymatic antioxidants play a very important role in protecting plants against oxidative damage. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase are enzymatic antioxidants and ascorbic acid, glutathione, carotenoids and tocopherols are non-enzymatic antioxidants which can reduce the damage caused by reactive oxygen species.

Soil salinity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is one of the factors that limit the growth of plants. Excessive accumulation of sodium and chloride ions leads to reduced growth and imbalance of nutrients. The use of exogenous polyamines, including putrescine, spermidine and spermine, is considered as an effective method not only in determining their role in response to salinity, but also as a way to increase plant resistance to salinity. Camelina is an oilseed product of the Brassica family, which contains other bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic products and as a new source of essential fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of different levels of sodium chloride and foliar spraying of spermine, spermidine and putrescine on seed yield and the concentration of leaf and root nutrients in Camelina plant. The experiment was carried out in March 2022 as factorial design based on a completely random design (CRD) in the form of pot culture with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The salinity stress treatment was with Urmia lake water at three levels (0, 15, 30 ds/m). Foliar treatment at 4 levels 1- Foliar spraying with spermine (2 mM), 2- Foliar spraying with spermidine (2 mM), 3- Foliar spraying with putrescine (2 mM) and control (no foliar spraying). The application time of foliar spraying was done every 3 days (totally in 6 stages) after establishing three seedlings in the pot and reaching the four-leaf stage. At the end of the Camelina plant growth season, to calculate the seed yield, the seeds in the capsules of three plants in each pot were separated and weighed. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS software (version 9.1) and MATATC, and comparison of means was also done by Tukey's test at the five percent level. Excel program was also used to draw graphs. The results of this research showed that the salt stress was 30 and 15 ds/m compared to the treatment without salt decreased leaf potassium (52 and 17%), root potassium (44 and 37%), leaf magnesium (50 and 28%), root magnesium (56 and 24%), leaf zinc (58 and 47%), root zinc (39 and 29%), leaf iron (10 and 2%), root iron (57 and 23%) and seed yield (52 and 10%), but it increased the amount of leaf sodium (89 and 82%), root sodium (39 and 11%), leaf calcium (14 and 6%) and root calcium (76 and 28%), respectively. Also, salinity stress caused a decrease in the ratio of potassium to sodium absorption, but increased the ratio of calcium to the sum of sodium and potassium in the roots and leaves due to the increase in the amount of sodium and the decrease in potassium. At all salinity levels, foliar spraying with polyamines increased leaf and root potassium, leaf and root magnesium, leaf and root zinc, leaf and root iron, by reducing the amount of sodium in leaves and roots. Also, foliar spraying with spermine, spermidine and putrescine compared to no foliar spraying, increased the seed yield by 32, 8 and 21%, respectively. The results of this research showed that foliar spraying with spermine, spermidine and putrescine by improving the absorption of macro and micro elements in roots and leaves, increasing the ratio of potassium to sodium and the ratio of calcium to total sodium and potassium in roots and leaves could moderate the effects of salinity stress and improve the seed yield of camellia under salinity stress conditions and it prevented excessive reduction in seed yield.

In order to investigate the profile of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of camellia oil in response to salinity stress and polyamines, an experiment was conducted in March 2022 in a factorial layout based on a completely randomized design as pot culture (open air) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The salinity stress treatment applied using Urmia Lake water at three levels (0, 15, 30 dS/m). Foliar treatment carried out in 4 levels, including 1- Foliar spraying with Spermine, 2- Foliar spraying with Spermidine, 3- Foliar spraying with Putrescine and control (no foliar spraying). The results showed that with the increase of salinity stress level, the percentage of saturated fatty acids increased but the unsaturated fatty acids of grain oil decreased. Also, the salinity stress of 30 and 15 dS/m increased the saturated fatty acids (6 and 4%, respectively) and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (9 and 6%, respectively), but decreased the percentage of oil (17 and 9%, respectively), monounsaturated fatty acids (4 and 2%, respectively), polyunsaturated fatty acids (3 and 1%, respectively), reduced oil yield (62 and 21%, respectively) and grain yield (52 and 10%, respectively) compared to the control. Foliar spraying with polyamines decreased the percentage of saturated fatty acids and increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated index, oil stability percentage, oil percentage, oil yield and grain yield. Therefore, foliar-applied polyamines are proven suitable to mitigate the salinity stress and improve oil composition and increase the quantity and quality of camellia grain yield.

In order to investigate the effect of polyamines on antioxidant activity and biochemical traits of Camelina under salinity stress conditions, a pot (as poen air) experiment was conducted at Payame Noor University (PNU), Iran in March 2022 as factorial layout based on a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and 3 repetitions. The salinity treatment was at three salinity levels (0, 15 and 30 dS/m) and 4 foliar spraying levels including 1- spermine (2 mM), 2- spermidine (2 mM), 3- putrescine (2 mM) and control (pure water foliar spraying). The results showed that with the increasing salinity stress, oil and protein contents and dry seed weight, chlorophyll index, shoot organic and mineral percentage decreased, but protein percentage, shoot ash percentage, soluble sugars, antioxidant activity and ion leakage percentage increased significantly. Salinity stress of 30 and 15 ds/m compared to the control, reduced the chlorophyll index (32 and 15 percent) and mineral percentage (19 and 3 percent), oil percentage (17 and 9 percent), dry oil weight in pot (62 and 21 percent) and dry seed weight (52 and 10 percent), but protein percentage (9 and 3 percent), ash percentage (33 and 30 percent), soluble sugars (32 and 20 percent) and antioxidant activity (21 and 13 percent) increased, respectively. Also, foliar spraying with polyamines increased the above traits, but decreased the percentage of ion leakage. Therefore, in order to decreasing the effects of salinity stress and increasing the dry seed and oil weights in pot, spraying with polyamines, especially spermine, is suggested.

Regarding the importance of nutritional management in saline conditions and the need to investigate the nutritional aspects of the new quinoa crop, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different levels of salinity stress and different nano fertilizers on the morphological characteristics and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa forage.

This experiment was conducted on factorial experimental based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research field of Urmia University during 2017-2018. The first factor was salinity stress with water of Lake Urmia at three levels (0, 16, 32 dS m-1) and the second factor was nano-fertilizer at five levels (potassium, zinc calcium, silica, and no foliar application (control)).

The results showed that the highest and lowest values of plant height, leaf dry weight and inflorescence dry weight were obtained from the treatment without salinity stress and salinity stress at 32 dS m-1, respectively. Salinity stress at 32 and 16 ds/m, compared to the control, increased crude protein (5% and 3%), soluble carbohydrates (15% and 14%), acid detergent fiber (23% and 7%), neutral detergent fiber (20% and 5%) and crude fiber (10% and 5%), respectively, while it reduced the total ash (27% and 17%) and dry matter digestibility (22% and 8%). Also, foliar application of nano-fertilizers improved forage quality traits such as crude protein, total ash, dry matter digestibility and soluble carbohydrate content and unfavorable qualitative traits such as neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude fiber decreased.

Therefore, in order to improve the growth, increase the quality of quinoa forage, and reduce the effects of salinity stress, foliar application with various nano-fertilizers, especially calcium nano-fertilizer, is highly recommended.

To investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on the nutrient concentration of leaf and grain and biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates was done in 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels (stress at vegetative growth stage, after plant establishment to flowering; stress at reproductive growth stage, from flowering to flowering end; stress at grain filling stag, from the beginning of filling to maturity; no stress, control) and the second factor is foliar spraying at four levels (ascorbic acid, 2 mM; salicylic acid, 2 mM; nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, 2 liters/1000 L water; control, water spray). The results showed that dehydration stress had a significant effect on leaf and grain elements and biochemical traits. Dehydration at different stages of growth reduced chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and soluble sugars compared to the control but proline content increased. Mean comparison showed dehydration stress in vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth stage and dehydration stress in grain filling stage compared to control (without dehydration stress) increased proline content by 15%, 28% and 31%, respectively. However, dehydration stress at vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth and grain filling stage reduced grain weight by 4, 20 and 20%, respectively, compared to the control (without dehydration stress). Foliar application by increasing proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigment content, increased quinoa grain weight. Foliar application of ascorbic acid, complete micro-nanofertilizer and salicylic acid increased the chlorophyll a content by 2, 13 and 5%, respectively, compared to the control (spraying), respectively. It seems that foliar application of salicylic acid had a more positive effect than other modifiers at different stages of dehydration.

One of the methods that has been used in recent years to deal with dehydration and drought stress in many plants is the use of root symbiotic fungi (mycorrhiza). Ecological and physiological studies have shown that mycorrhizal symbiosis often results in better absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Due to the importance of oilseeds and especially sesame, the study of commercial cultivars in terms of genetic variation, phenotypic components and heritability of traits is important. Sesame due to its high oil content (52-42 Percentage) and its proper quality (low cholesterol and the presence of some antioxidants) play an important role in human health and on the other hand the plant tolerates dehydration and drought stress. Currently, water stress is the most important and common factor in reducing yield in arid and semi-arid regions. High heritability for a trait indicates that the major part of phenotypic variance is due to genetic variance, while in low heritability, genetic factors have a smaller share in phototypic diversity. The aim of this study was to estimate the variance components and heritability of grain yield and related traits in 8 commercial sesame cultivars under different irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the heritability of grain yield and yield components in sesame, 8 commercial cultivars were studied in three separate experiments using factorial split plot based on randomized block complete design with three replications in research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping seasons. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three different levels of irrigations (normal irrigation: irrigation after 70 mm evapotraspiration of crop or ETc, moderate drought stress: irrigation after 90 mm ETc and severe drought stress: irrigation after 110 mm ETc) and factor B included three levels: two species of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots (factor C) consisted of eight commercial cultivars of sesame.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment, genotype and the interaction of environment × genotype on most of the studied traits were significant. In optimal irrigation regimes, moderate and severe drought stress under inoculation and non-inoculation conditions with mycorrhiza, the highest genetic variance was observed in biological yield, number of seeds per square meter and seed yield, respectively. The highest heritability in optimum irrigation conditions without mycorrhiza inoculation of traits (seed yield and number of grains per capsule), in optimum irrigation conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza (both two species) (seed yield and 1000 seed weight), in moderate drought stress conditions and no inoculation with mycorrhiza (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of seeds per capsule), under moderate drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under moderate stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intradices (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under severe drought stress conditions and without inoculation with mycorrhiza (stem diameter and 1000 seed weight), under severe drought stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (stem diameter, number of seeds per capsule and number of seeds per square meter) and in conditions of severe drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intraradices (stem diameter, number of seeds per square meter and 1000 seed weight) were observed. Seed yield, biological yield and seed yield components had high genetic gain and genetic advance in all three different irrigation conditions. Among the components of grain yield, considering that the heritability of number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight in all three different irrigation conditions is higher compared to the number of capsules per plant, so selection through number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight to increase seed yield will be more efficient.

Therefore, commercial sesame cultivars that have more seeds per capsule and a 1000 seed weight can be used in breeding programs to produce cultivars with high seed yield. According to the information of this study, only general heritability can be calculated, but since many studies on commercial sesame cultivars in interaction with different conditions of irrigation and inoculation and non-inoculation with mycorrhiza have not been done, so this study can useful for researchers.

Drought stress affects various aspects of plant growth (vegetative growth, reproductive growth, flower formation, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation). To reduce the effects of drought stress on plants, it is important to determine the mechanisms of plant response to drought stress. In response to drought stress, plants experience morphophysiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular changes with the ultimate result of improved root system, leaf structure, osmotic regulation, relative water content, and stomatal regulation. The phenotypic manifestations in plants facing drought stress include drought escape (early or short growing period, day length sensitivity, and tiller control), drought avoidance (developed root system, stomatal conductance, size and frequency of stomata, accumulation of abscisic acid, and cuticle thickness and waxy crust on the leaf), drought tolerance (osmotic pressure regulation, passive regulation, active regulation, proline accumulation, and displacement of sap phloem materials), and recovery (improvement). Management methods to improve drought stress tolerance include the development of tolerant cultivars, the use of external osmotic protectors such as glycine betaine and proline, spraying with plant hormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid (aspirin), gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, brasino steroids, and polyamines, application of foreign substances with antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), and nitric oxide, foliar application of micronutrients such as iron and zinc, spraying with trace elements such as silicon and selenium, and microbial interactions of plants such as growth-promoting bacteria and fungi. This review article is a content analysis study that was carried out by searching related articles in reliable sites (Google scholar, Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, Sid) aiming to investigate the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, drought stress management, and control.

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation regime at three levels (supplying 100, 75 and 50% of net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting method of wheat at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that the highest grain-yield’s water use efficiency (1.38 kg m-3), dry mass water use efficiency (3.22 kg m-3), carotenoid content (1.02 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll ratio a to b (3.52) and grain protein percentage (9.89%) were obtained from supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement. But the maximum grain yield (7093.30 kg ha-1) and dry mass (15282 kg ha-1), chlorophyll a (1.59 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll b (0.56 mg/g fresh leaf weight), total chlorophyll a and b (2.15 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight) and protein yield (806.85 kg ha-1) were obtained from supplying of 100% of net irrigation water requirement. Planting three lines on the ridge increased grain yield, dry mass, flag leaf area, grain-yield’s water use efficiency, dry mass water use efficiency, carotenoid content, photosynthetic pigments and protein yield by 29, 33, 31, 29, 33, 38, 7 and 35%, respectively. In general, based on our findings in this study, planting the wheat on the ridge was superior to the traditional method in terms of grain yield and water use efficiency. Also, reducing irrigation water consumption by up to 50% of net requirement did not cause a significant difference in grain yield and dry mass. Therefore, in order to save water consumption and improve water use efficiency, supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement along with planting three lines on the ridge is recommended.

The selection of genotypes based on multiple traits is a fundamental issue and an important part of the process of plant breeding. In the present study, the efficiency of selection indices based on phenological, morphological and physiological traits was studied to improve sesame grain yield. The evaluation of 25 sesame populations was realized in a completely randomized design with 10 replications under Urmia conditions in 2017.The results showed that phenotypic and genotypic correlations between grain yield and No. of capsules per plant, No. of grains per capsule, No. of branches, leaf temperature, leaf index and biological weight were positive and significant. By regression and path analysis, the No. of capsules and No. of branches were identified as the variables of the first-order cause and biological weight, harvest index, leaf index, plant height and chlorophyll as the second-order cause variables, among which only plant height had a direct negative effect. In order to obtain selection indices, two optimal and basic methods and ten different vectors of economic values of traits were used. The vectors were based on the analysis of correlation, regression, path and broad sense heritability. The third and fourth indices, in which the first-order cause entered the model, showed high relative efficiency and in terms of these two indices, and the sesame populations with code number of 12, 17, 18 and 19 populations were identified as the most desirable populations. Finally, it is suggested that the efficiency of these selection indices be evaluated in the field

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the heritability of oil and protein content of seed in lines of sesame under different irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal fungi, 8 lines of sesame were studied in three separate experiments as factorial split plot layout based on a randomized block complete design with three replications in research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three different irrigation regimes and factor B included three levels: two species of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots (factor C) consisted of eight sesame lines. Studied traits were including oil percentage and yield, protein percentage and yield, nitrogen percentage and chlorophyll index. Under optimum irrigation conditions, the maximum heritability was observed for protein percentage (0.88) and chlorophyll index (0.79) in inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi G. mosseae. Also, under moderate drought stress, the highest heritability was observed in chlorophyll index (0.70) and protein percentage (0.63) in inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi G. mosseae. In nine different environments of experiment, the maximum genetic variation of traits was observed for chlorophyll index, oil yield and protein yield. In all three irrigation conditions, the most phenotypic, genetic and environmental variance was observed in traits of chlorophyll index and protein yield. Therefore, with selecting traits such as chlorophyll index and protein percentage in breeding programs would improve oil and protein yield.

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes different amounts of irrigation at three levels (supply 100, 75 and 50% net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that there was no significant difference between different levels of irrigation for yield traits and grain yield components (except 1000 grain weight). Traits such as number of spikes per unit area, grain yield, biological yield and spike yield were significant differences for planting methods. Mean comparison showed the highest number of spikes per unit area (676 spikes), grain yield (7773.3 kg ha-1), biological yield (17696 kg ha-1) and spike yield (0.91 kg m-2) was obtained from three planting methods. The highest chlorophyll index and relative leaf water content were obtained from supplying 100% of the net irrigation requirement and the highest internal temperature of leaf, proline and ion leakage percentage were obtained from supplying 50% of the net irrigation requirement. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll index was observed in the three-line planting method on the ridge and the relative leaf water content was observed in the five-line planting method on the ridge. Due to water shortage and drought, irrigation of 50% of the net irrigation requirement (reduction of 50% of water volume) and planting of three lines on the ridge is recommended.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a like-cereal plant with high nutritional value and tolerant of abiotic stresses. Quinoa has recently been recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad for cultivation in saline areas with limited water supply, but there are not many studies on the growth characteristics and nutritional needs of this plant in the country. Nanotechnology has made possiblity to use nutrients and reduces the cost of environmental protection. Salinity stress is one of the most important limitations of crop growth in arid and semiarid regions. Due to the importance of salinity stress, nano- fertilizer and quinoa plant, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of spraying different nano-fertilizers on leaf and seed nutrient concentrations and some physiological traits in quinoa under salinity stress.

This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the research farm of Urmia University in the pot during 2017. The first factor was salinity stress (Lake Urmia water was used) at three levels (0, 16 and 32 dS /m) and the second factor was nano-fertilizers at five levels (calcium, silica, zinc, potassium and control (no foliar application). To determine the amount of potassium and sodium, first standard solutions of each of these elements were prepared and the concentration of the elements was read by the flame-photometer (Clinical pfp7 model) by flame diffusion method, first the standards and then the main samples. Measurements of calcium and zinc were also read by atomic absorption spectrometer (model AA-6300). Statistical analysis of data using SAS software Ver. 9.1 and MATATC were performed and the means were compared by LSD test at the level of 5%.

Results showed that salinity stress of 32 and 16 dS/m compared to control traits leaf calcium (56 and 53%), seed calcium (52 and 48), chlorophyll a (32 and 14%) and chlorophyll b (28, 12%) decreased respectively; but the amount of seed zinc content (45 and 36%), carotenoids (30 and 18%), proline (33 and 15%), soluble sugars (24 and 8%), seed sodium (20 and 19%) and leaf sodium (56 and 48%), increased respectively. Foliar application of nanofertilizers in comparison with the control increased the amount of seed calcium, seed zinc, chlorophyll a and b and proline content. The highest amount on leaf zinc (67.66 mg/kg) were obtained from the treatment without salinity and spraying with zinc nanofertilizer. Also, the highest amounts of seed potassium (1.95%) and leaf potassium (3.86%) were obtained under salinity stress of 16 dS/m and foliar application of calcium and potassium, respectively.

The findings of this study indicated that different levels of salinity stress caused negative effects on all traits affecting quinoa growth. The highest reduction in traits was observed in salinity stress of 32 dS/m. Spraying with nano-fertilizer via enhancing chlorophyll and proline content, seed zinc and calcium led to increase total dry weight and seed yield of quinoa. Therefore, to improve the yield of quinoa especially in salinity stress conditions, spraying of nano-fertilizers is suggested.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on some morphological and physiological characteristics and yield of Quinoa, a pots factorial experiment, based on a completely randomized design, with 16 treatments and 6 iterations has been done during 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels, stress at the vegetative growth stage, stress at the reproductive growth stage, stress at seed filling stage, and no stress (control). The second factor is foliar spraying of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, and control (water spray). Water deficit stress at different growth stages decreases plant height, a number of laterals, dry weight, fresh weight of vegetative organs, root volume, fresh, and dry weight of root and root length, compared to the control. However, electrolyte leakage and leaf temperature are increased. Results show that water deficit stress at post-anthesis stage decrease grain yield via decreasing 1000-grain weight. Foliar application of growth regulators by improving yield components, increase the yield of quinoa under water deficit stress condition. Therefore, according to the results, it seems that the use of stress modulators in quinoa under water deficit stress with stimulating growth and metabolism, lead to water deficit stress tolerance.

In order to investigate the effect of super absorbent polymer (A200) and manure on reducing drought stress effects in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications. This study was done at the research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan (Saatlo) during 2017-2018 cropping seasons. The first factor was irrigation at two levels: normal conditions (irrigation after 75 mm evaporation from class A pan) and drought stress conditions (irrigation after 220 mm evaporation from class A pan). The second factor was super absorbent polymer 200 kg ha-1, manure 40 ton ha-1, their concomitant application and the control (no manure) and the third factor included wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heidari and Zarineh). The results indicated that drought stress, as compared to the normal irrigation reduced grain yield about 32%. Separate and concomitant application of super absorbent polymer and manure in comparison with the control, increased grain yield by 20, 22 and 33%, respectively. Between cultivars, Mihan cultivar for grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, grain per spike and spike per square meter was superior under two different moisture conditions. Application super absorbent polymer and manure with increasing plant access to water and decreasing drought stress led to improved grain yield components including, 1000-kernel weight and grain per spike in wheat different cultivars that cause to increased grain yield. Under optimum irrigation and drought stress conditions, the highest income from grain yield and straw was obtained from the use of manure and Heidari cultivar.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Protein, magnesium, fiber, potassium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, B vitamins, vitamin E and antioxidants are among the substances that are abundant in the seeds of this plant. Quinoa is one of the few edible plants that has all 9 essential amino acids in the body. Water scarcity is one of the limiting factors for crop production worldwide. Low rainfall and irregular distribution cause drought stress during the growing season of crops. Plant protection can not only increase stress tolerance, but also improve plant growth and yield. Therefore, it can be said that the proper use of this material can be considered as one of the most important management strategies in increasing the tolerance of various stresses in crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress modulators on morphological characteristics and quantitative and qualitative traits of quinoa forage under water stress conditions.

This experiment was conducted as a pots factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates during 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels: 1. stress at vegetative growth stage (after plant establishment to flowering), 2. stress at vegetative growth stage (from flowering to flowering end), 3. stress at seed filling stage (From the beginning of filling to maturity), 4. no stress (control). The second factor is foliar spraying at four levels: 1. ascorbic acid (2 mM), 2. salicylic acid (2 mM), 3. nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer (2 liters/1000 L water) and 4. Control (water spray).

The results showed that water deficit stress had a significant effect on morphological characteristics, quantitative and qualitative traits of quinoa forage. Foliar application significantly increased crude protein (CP), dry matter digestibility (DMD), fresh forage yield, stem diameter, dry weight of shoot, leaf, and flower and significantly decreased acid detergent fiber (ADF), netural detergent fiber (NDF) and crude fiber (CF) in quinoa forage. Interaction of drought stress and foliar application on all forage quality traits (except ash) was significant at 1% level. The highest amount of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) (23.65 percent) was obtained from water-deficit stress treatment at the stage of vegetative growth and foliar application with salicylic acid.

Irrigation is more important in the reproductive growth stages of quinoa (flowering and seed filling period) compared to the vegetative growth period. Also, to moderate the effects of water-deficit stress, improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of quinoa forage, foliar spraying with drought stress modulators is recommended.

Sesame is one of the oldest and most important oilseeds in Iran and the world due to its nutritional value. In the present study, 25 sesame landraces collected from different regions of the country were evaluated in terms of phenological, morphological and physiological traits in Urmia climate. The ANOVA results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the landraces in terms of all traits at 1 % probability level. The results of descriptive statistics also confirmed this. Leaf index, number of branches per plant and number of capsules per plant had the highest phenotypic and genotypic diversity coefficient, while day to flowering and capsuling along with oil percentage had the lowest value for these coefficients. Seed yield as the most important trait had a moderate general heritability. The studied sesame landraces were divided into three groups by cluster analysis. The landraces in the first group were in good condition in terms of yield and yield components traits, and if the goal is to select high-yield genotypes, selection from this group will be more effective. In contrast, the third group, which included only one landrace, showed lower values in terms of yield and yield components and had longer-term phenological stages. In principal component analysis, the first component showed positive correlation with yield and yield components except of two hundred grains weight. The results of the present study can be used in sesame future breeding programs.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application different nano-fertilizers on modulating negativeeffectsof salt stress on quinoa, in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the research farm of Urmia University in the pot during 2018. The first factor was salinity of irrigation water using (Lake Urmia water at three levels: 0, 16 and 32 dS/m and the second factor was nano-fertilizers at five levels: calcium, silicon, zinc, potassium and control (no foliar application). The results showed that salinity stress caused negative effects on all traits affecting quinoa growth. The highest decrease in traits was observed in salinity stress of 32 dS/m. Salinity stress of 32 and 16 dS/m compared to control decreased plant height (20 and 17%), inflorescence number (48 and 36%), root volume (44 and 40%), main root length (41 and 23%), root dry weight (68 and 30%), relative leaf water content (26 and 13%), chlorophyll index (15 and 7%) and 1000-seed weight (31 and 23%), respectively; but increased ionic leakage by 14 and 6%, respectively. Foliar application with nano-fertilizer compared to control increased the yield, yield components and morphological traits. The highest seed yield was obtained under optimum conditions and severe salinity stress (32 dS/m) by foliar application with nano-fertilizer of zinc and silicon, respectively. Under severe salinity stress, foliar application with nano-fertilizer of silicon compared to non-foliar application increased the dry weight of inflorescences, total dry weight and seed yield by 35%, 16% and 43%, respectively, and moderated the effects of salinity stress. Foliar application with nano-fertilizer via enhancing chlorophyll index, relative leaf water content and improving root characteristics, led to increase yield and seed yield components of quinoa. Therefore, it seems that foliar application of nano-fertilizers is suitable to improve the yield of quinoa especially in salinity stress conditions.

To estimate genetic parameters of yield and yield component of chickpea, six chickpea genotypes were crossed in complete diallel crossing scheme in glass houses of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2007. Parents, direct and reciprocal crosses (36 entries) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with four replications at Grizeh station, Sanandaj, Iran in spring of 2017 growing season. Plant traits including day to flowering, day to maturity, plant height, seed no.pod-1, pod no.plant-1, drought tolerance score, 100 seed weight and seed yield were measured and recorded during the growing season. Statistical analysis for F1 hybrids and parents as well as diallel analysis were performed using Griffingchr('39')s model 2 of method 1. The results showed that there were significant differences between parents and F1 hybrids, which indicated a wide genetic variability for traits of interest. It was revealed that it would be possible to improve the agronomic traits of chickpea using this genetic resources. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for plant height, 100 seed weight and seed yield and the important role of non-additive component in inheritance of these traits was identified. Maternal inheritance had important role in heritability of seed no.pod-1, pod no.plant-1, drought tolerance score and seed yield. Samin" and FLIP 96-154C parents had the highest general combining ability for seed yield, respectively. The effects of specific combining ability revealed that, under conditions similar of this study, Azad × FLIP 96-154C cross was the best specific combiner for seed yield and seed no.pod-1. Considering the results of this study, there was considerable variation in cytoplasmic genes carried by these chickpea genotypes that can be used in breeding for dvelopment of high yielding, with yield stability and early maturity, chickpea cultivars.

Soybean is a plant that has a moderate tolerance to drought stress. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting soybean production by about 40%. In addition, drought stress reduces seed vigor as a result of stress conditions. Positive effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the increment of dry matter and plant biomass, especially in low-irrigated conditions and in dry areas have been proven. The reason for the increase in crop yield in mycorrhizal inoculated plants is their water balance in water deficit stress conditions and as a result, absorption of water and mineral elements. Rhizobium bacteria, carbohydrates, and other foods are catched from the phloem vessels and the received energy is used to convert nitrogen to ammonium ion and eventually amino acids. Japonicum rhizobium bacterium is not naturally found in soils of Iran and the bacteria should be added to the soil along with seeds.

This experiment was carried out to determine the germination characteristics, seed vigor and its related traits in soybean Kosar cultivar grown under drought stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza and bacteria with three replications during 2018. In the field experiment, drought stress included optimal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation), moderate stress (irrigation after 110 mm evaporation) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 150 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan), mycorrhizal fungus in three levels, mycorrhiza-free, and inoculation with glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium bacterium in two levels, including no inoculation and inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum.

The mean comparison showed that the seeds obtained under normal irrigation, inoculation with mycorrhiza and bacteria had the highest dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, percentage and germination rate. The lowest electrical conductivity of the seeds and the mean time of germination were obtained under these condition. Severe and moderate drought stress reduced stress tolerance index, root tolerance index and stem tolerance index, seedling vigor index and seed vigor index compared to optimum irrigation about 42-23, 38-18, 30-18, 50-26 and 41-21) percent, respectively. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices increased the seed vigor index, radicle lentgh, plumule lentgh and seedling length compared to non-inoculation with mycorhizal fungi by 48-42, 27-26, 41-37 and 35-33 percent, respectively. Inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum increased radicle lentgh, plumule lentgh and seedling lentgh compared to non-inoculation with bacterium by 21%, 16% and 18%, respectively. The highest water percentage in seedling tissue was obtained under optimum irrigation conditions, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and inoculation with rhizobium bacteria.

According to the results of this study, in all three different irrigation conditions to improve germination and increase seed vigor, the use of mycorrhiza fungi is effective especially glomus mosseae and inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria.

Germination characteristics, germination rate and duration of soybean Kosar cultivar on seeds obtained under different irrigation conditions were investigated. The effect of mycorrhiza and bacteria on seed vigor and related traits were evaluated under different levels of drought stress. The damage done to the seed membranes due to the interaction of irrigation and inoculation with mycorrhiza and bacterium was investigated.

In order to investigate the effect of soil application of humic acid on grain yield and yield components inchickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017. Factors were irrigation at two levels of full irrigation and drought stress (20% of full irrigation from flowering to harvesting) and humic acid at four levels of 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg per pot. The results showed that drought stress reduced dry weight of leaf, number of grains and pods, total dry weight and grain yield. Application of humic acid in two years increased the value of all studied traits under full irrigation. In the first year, application of 2.5 and 5 mg humic acid increased 1000-grain weight, and total and leaf dry weight under drought stress conditions, respectively. In the second year, with higher consumption of humic acid, grain yield, total dry weight and harvest index increased significantly under drought stress conditions. Application of 7.5 mg humic acid in the second year, produced the highest proline under optimum irrigation (393.10 mg kg-1 DW) and drought stress (507.90 mg kg-1 DW) conditions.

Safflower is known as valuable oil plant due to its high quality of seed oil and the presence of more than 90% of unsaturated fatty acids. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Coexistence with mycorrhizal fungi increases growth, improves yield, and increases plant resistance to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coexistence with mycorrhiza on the tolerance of spring safflower cultivars at different levels of drought stress by measuring some quantitative and qualitative traits.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot based on randomized complete block design at research farm of Urmia agricultural high school during 2014 with three replications. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three levels of irrigation including optimum irrigation, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress and factor B included mycorrhiza in two levels: non-inoculation (control) and inoculation with mycorrhiza species Glomus mosseae. Sub plots (factor C) consisted of five spring safflower cultivars (Padideh, Gol Mehr, Goldasht, Safheh and Mexic).

The results of variance analysis showed that Severe drought stress compared to optimum irrigation reduced 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per head, number of head per plant, seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by about 29, 30, 33,58, 62 and 63%, respectively. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi compared to non-inoculation increased seed yield, chlorophyll index, protein yield, 1000-seed weight and biological yield by about 14, 13, 14, 5 and 39%, respectively.

One of the best methods for improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of safflower cultivars, especially under drought stress conditions, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Also, in all three different levels of drought stress conditions, among the cultivars studied, Padideh cultivar was superior to other cultivars for yield and this cultivar is suitable for cultivation in this area.