الهام حیدری

Title: Exploring Administrative Litigation and Competent Authorities within the Spanish Legal SystemAbstract:Comparative law endeavors to assess the strengths and weaknesses of legal branches, particularly those that have recently evolved, including administrative law. The Spanish administrative law system holds significant relevance for examination due to its unique characteristics. Spain's political system and administrative procedures reflect decentralization, yet recent events underscore public unease regarding administrative decisions and policies, imposing a dual responsibility on the judiciary. This research delves into how the Spanish administrative law system navigates citizen grievances against governmental actions. Through numerous amendments, Spain has progressively sought to enhance citizen-government engagement, aligning judicial procedures with European Union standards to safeguard citizen rights and foster urban development. The study investigates the evolution of administrative laws in Spain, highlighting efforts to bridge the gap between citizens and the government, and the influence of European Union regulations on judicial proceedings, ensuring consistency with citizen rights.

In the recent years, the emergence and increase of interest in remote working has brought organizational communication into a new field. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to provide a model of organizational communication in the context of remote work. The method of this research is thematic analysis. At first, 90 scientific works were identified in reliable scientific databases, and after reviewing the content related to the research, finally 30 works were directly used to determine the primary codes. To measure the validity of the research, two methods of researcher self-review and transferability were used, and for reliability, two methods of retesting and between two coders were used. Based on the analysis, a complete set of final themes including 32 primary codes, 21 basic themes, and 9 organizing themes was provided. Therefore, the factors affecting organizational communication include internal states, communication skills and social intelligence of the individual along with the level of formality and organizational complexity. In the field of organizational communication methods in the context of remote working, working from home, hybrid work and selective methods were extracted as operational methods, and open communication and interaction were extracted as communication methods. Also, two groups of individual requirements including home communication atmosphere and remote work skills and organizational requirements including human resources, political and technical factors have been proposed. Its consequences include organizational citizenship behavior, employee support behaviors, organizational identity, organizational commitment, and employee job satisfaction. Also, its implementation faces two groups of cultural and infrastructural problems.

Geological diversity has created a new branch of the tourism industry called geotourism , where geological and geomorphological features are explored . The main focus of geotourism on geological elements includes two items, form and process . There is a set of geological forms and processes in places , which are called geosites . This has given rise to a new branch of tourism called geotourism , which examines places that have the ability to attract tourists and management aspects that can help the local community for economic development. In the first stage , it is very important to know the abilities and characteristics of the studied area . Scientific, tourism and educational evaluation of geosites in the region is the basis for optimal exploitation and sustainable development. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the Garmsar region, which has led to the development of geotourism. The impact of tourists and mines that have been created by humans, the Tastkan caves that have changed the strength of the salt caves, and also the role of natural factors, have all led to the environment's reaction

Evaluation of professional identity and research productivity of inbred and non-inbred faculty of two major public universities of the country.

Research is practical in terms of purpose. Investigating the variable of research productivity in the field of scientometric studies by the method of citation analysis and professional identity is a survey type. The statistical population is all faculty members in technical-engineering and basic sciences educational groups in Shiraz University 349) and Shahid Beheshti University (402), which were selected based on simple stratified random sampling according to educational groups, 260 people. In order to collect data in research productivity, scient metrics was used and in professional identity, Alruz and Khasawnehb (2013) questionnaire was used.

In the studied universities, inbred faculty and non-inbred faculty did not have a significant difference in professional identity. Only in two dimensions, skill-oriented and self-oriented, inbred faculty showed a higher average than the noninbred faculty. The chi-square test showed that there is a difference in the research productivity indicators of the total number of articles, articles in the Web of Science database, total citations without self-citation, total number of citations, articles published in conferences, and the number of patents between inbred and noninbred faculty. But there is no significant difference in the number of books and H index.

In terms of professional identity, there is no difference between inbred and noninbred faculty in the two educational groups of basic sciences and technical engineering, while there is a difference in research efficiency in most indicators between these two groups.

The aim of this study is to ascertain the variables that impact the evaluative decision-making process of assessors within the employee performance evaluation framework of Tehran Municipality. The performance appraisal system within this organization, being a crucial aspect of human resource management, encounters obstacles such as the issue of inaccurate assessments made by performance evaluators. The employed research methodology was qualitative content analysis, and data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. The study's population and sample comprised 27 officials and experts affiliated with the Tehran Municipality. Through the analysis of descriptive codes obtained from interview transcripts, a total of 73 initial codes were identified, which were further categorized into 24 concepts belonging to 9 subcategories. These subcategories were then classified into 4 overarching themes, namely: factors pertaining to the evaluator, factors pertaining to the evaluated employee, organizational factors, and extraneous factors. The primary approach to discerning the determinants that impact evaluators' assessments is to concentrate on the instruction of a proficient evaluator subsequent to the identification of the benchmarks for a competent human resource evaluator. Moreover, transitioning from conventional evaluation approaches to a proficient evaluation framework can significantly mitigate the adverse impacts of evaluators' prejudiced assessments. Furthermore, it is recommended to provide assistance to the personnel of the Municipality in the implementation of a sophisticated performance evaluation mechanism, while also mitigating the impact of managerial authority and external factors on the evaluative process.

In recent decades, Muslim thinkers have grappled with the crises facing the Islamic world, especially in Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria. The persistent conflicts and the contradiction between the rights of Muslims and non-Muslims have led to the realization among Muslim intellectuals that political and legal structures need reformation. These structures, often incompatible with modern Western legal norms and democratic ideals, have posed significant challenges to the concept of "citizenship," a cornerstone of democratic societies. In response to these challenges, neo-Mutazilites, including thinkers like Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid, Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, and Hassan Hanafi, have utilized modern methodologies such as linguistic analysis and philosophical hermeneutics to re-examine Quranic texts.This research focuses on Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid's perspective on citizenship rights, exploring how he proposed a theory of citizenship in Islamic societies by employing modern human sciences methodologies like linguistics and hermeneutics. Abu Zaid argues that citizenship rights are rooted in humanism, emphasizing that the concept of citizenship has not been fully realized in most Islamic societies due to the lack of freedom of opinion and expression. He asserts that to establish citizenship rights, fundamental components of human rights such as freedom must be acknowledged. Abu Zaid aligns his views with the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, emphasizing the inherent freedom and equality of all human beings. In his perspective, every individual possesses the power of reason, granting them the right to participate as active citizens.Abu Zaid challenges traditional notions of identity in Islamic societies, asserting that identity is often solely related to religion, neglecting other aspects. He connects this discussion to the concept of pluralism, highlighting the need for a broader understanding of identity in the discourse of citizenship. Additionally, Abu Zaid employs hermeneutics to contextualize the Quranic texts within historical and cultural frameworks. He argues that religious texts, including the Quran, are influenced by their cultural and historical contexts, requiring linguistic analysis to interpret them in accordance with contemporary conditions.Critics have questioned Abu Zaid's approach, particularly concerning the definition of "text" and the use of modern humanities methods to interpret divine matters. Despite these criticisms, Abu Zaid's vision aligns with Western thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, emphasizing that rulers cannot arbitrate all religious matters for citizens. He advocates for freedom of opinion as the foundational principle for achieving citizenship, believing that human rationality should guide the roadmap for the post-prophetic era. Abu Zaid's unique interpretation of Sharia focuses on creating a citizenship custom where religious morals replace mere legalities, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between the rule of law and citizenship.

The aim of current research was designing and validating the scale competency of the educational group as a professional mentor for teachers learning.

To design and validate the scale, descriptive-survey method with methodological type (Polit and Hungler, 1999) was used. The first stage was a systematic review. For designing the scale, data was collected from all the related papers between 2000 to 2021, which was first formally validated by several experts and then using stratified random sampling method based on districts/regions/provinces, the statistical population was selected was selected as 260 of highschool Headteachers in Fars province and the scale was distributed among them. To calculate the convergent validity, Spearman correlation coefficient was used as well as first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability.

In the first stage, the initial scale was created with 3 subscales, 19 dimensions and 93 items by analyzing the previous studies. In the second stage, after calculating the validity and reliability, 12 items were omitted because of the low correlation coefficient and lack of validity, and 81 items were confirmed because of high correlation with total score and subscales. The validity of scale structure was approved due to the high factor load of knowledge (0.78), attitude (0.70) and skill (0.94) subscales, and with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of educational groups competency (0.84) scale, Knowledge (0.88), attitude (0.84) and skills (94.94) scales, the reliability of these scale and its subscales were also confirmed.

the final scale was designed with 3 sub-scales; knowledge subscale with dimensions of Knowledge related to teacher evaluation, student evaluation, student learning, teacher improvement and empowerment, educational supervision and guidance, and content knowledge; Attitude subscale with dimensions of personal and collective attitude; And skill subscale with the dimensions of effective communication with beneficiaries, technology, research, decision-making and problem solving and conflict, monitoring students' academic achievement, professional teaching, developing a learning culture throughout the school, creating inclusive learner-based learning, guidance and help of the teacher to manage student behavior, teachers motivation and monitoring the equipment and optimal use of teaching aids, and 81 items

The aim of this research is to identify the consequences of using social media in the organizational environment. In terms of practical purpose, the current research is of mixed exploratory approach. The statistical population of the research in metacomposite method is a collection of related articles and studies in the field of information technology, social media entrepreneurship and related concepts. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative stage includes a group of experts from Babana data processing companies, Royan cord blood bank, Snap online supermarket, and DJP company. Library studies and interviews were used to collect data, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. In the inferential statistics section, fuzzy Delphi technique was used. Based on the research findings, a total of 4 categories including management, individual, communication and organizational, 14 themes and 36 concepts were identified as suffixes of social media in internal organizational environments. Therefore, considering the positive effects of using social media in internal organizational environments, the studied companies should emphasize the use of these media more than before.

The role of the victim in committing crimes is one of the important topics that is discussed and investigated under the title of scientific victimology. In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate the question that from the point of view of jurisprudence and law and in the light of scientific victimology, how can the role of the victim in adultery with seduction and deception be analyzed. This article is descriptive and analytical, and the mentioned question has been investigated using the library method. The findings indicate that the role of scientific victimology in Iranian jurisprudence and criminal law is very limited, and in “Hadd” crimes, the victim cannot be given a role. Regarding the role of the victim in adultery accompanied by seduction and deception, the discussion of seduction and deception is basically considered if it is effective in achieving satisfaction and is not discussed as an independent factor. In fact, to examine the role of the victim in adultery with seduction and deception, one should focus on the element of consent. If sexual intercourse took place without consent, it is considered rape and the perpetrator is sentenced to death, and the victimized woman is not criminally responsible. Proving adultery by force in a situation where adultery was accompanied by seduction and deception is the responsibility of the victim and it is simply not possible because the punishment is very heavy for the offender, especially since there may be previous acquaintance and there are signs of consent in the seduction and there is deception. Sex in a situation without coercion is considered adultery and in such crimes there is no victim and the victim is also a criminal.

The principle of proportionality in criminal law is considered one of the fundamental principles, which entails determining punishments that correspond to the social harm caused by the crime. In the case of drug offenses, the application of this principle during the legislative stage requires careful consideration and subtlety on the part of the Legislature due to the complexity of such offenses. By taking into account the effective factors in the application of the principle of proportionality, unjustness in the determination and implementation of punishments can be minimized, and the expected goals of punishment, such as deterrence, can be better achieved. The behavior of the offender, the nature of the committed crime, the role of the accused, their involvement in the crime, and the severity and gravity of the offense are among the most influential factors in the application of the principle of proportionality in drug offenses. However, the Legislature in the Anti-Drug Law has solely emphasized the proportionality between the quantity of drugs and the level of punishment, disregarding other essential factors.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of neuroleadership on the effectiveness of staff training with the mediating role of social capital in knowledge-based companies. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. In this study, the statistical population consists of the employees of the Science and Technology Park of the University of Tehran. Also, the sample of this research is consisting of 17 companies with a number of 152 full-time male and female employees, which were selected by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire that was selected from previous studies. Data analysis was performed using a structural equation modeling approach and partial least squares method using SPSS and PLS software. It is suggested that knowledge-based companies should improve the effectiveness of employee training, regarding the organizational neuroleadership dimensions including trust, sympathy, stability, and hope, and act in stable and transparent ways to reduce the level of tension and worry. Managers can also involve employees in organizational activities, considering the dimensions of social capital and proper foundation, and strengthening the thinking that employees have an essential role in the future of the organization and it clearly increases the effectiveness of employee training.

In recent years, the economic potential of the tourism industry has attracted the attention of economic players. Studying the performance of active businesses in this industry and identifying effective factors in it has become more important. One of the variables that have been studied in this regard has been entrepreneurial orientation. Most studies have shown that entrepreneurial orientation positively affects performance as a unidimensional construct. However, scholars have urged to investigate the effects of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation on performance separately due to the existence of contradictory results and different conceptualizations. Moreover, adding other variables as moderators or mediators of this relationship has been helpful. In the present research, the effects of innovativeness, proactiveness, and riskiness on the performance of Iran's tourism sector firms, considering the mediating effect of marketing capabilities and the moderating effect of learning culture, have been studied.

This study aims at investigating the relationship between market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. These variables have been acknowledged by various scholars as having a significant impact on company performance. Company performance is influenced by a variety of factors, and researchers are attempting to uncover the roots of this performance in order to enhance the competitive potential of companies. Insurance companies, as they operate in a competitive industry and possess close relationships with customers, were selected as the focus of the study.

This study explored the impact of market orientation on business performance, examining the mediating role of social networks acceptance. A survey was conducted among senior executives of the Asian insurance company branches in Iran. Cochran's formula was employed to determine the sample size, resulting in a statistical population of 158 managers. The questionnaire had two sections: demography and research variables, including market orientation, social networks acceptance, and business performance. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and SmartPLS software were used to analyze the data.

The study set out to examine the relationship between market orientation, social media acceptance, and business performance, and all four hypotheses were confirmed. It was found that market orientation has a positive impact on business performance, and this relationship is mediated by social media acceptance. The second hypothesis, which states that market orientation has a positive effect on business performance, was also validated. Additionally, the third hypothesis, indicating a positive link between market orientation and social media acceptance, was also supported. Finally, the fourth hypothesis, demonstrating the positive impact of social media acceptance on business performance, was also confirmed.

Regarding the results of this research, it is evident that market orientation has a positive impact on business performance. Asia Insurance managers should prioritize market-oriented structures and processes to ensure high levels of performance. Additionally, the findings suggest that companies should focus on creating marketing plans that emphasize market orientation. Market orientation is also linked to increased acceptance of social networks. Invested in new technologies, companies can identify the needs of their customers and establish strong relationships with them through social networks. The research concluded that social networks acceptance is directly correlated with improved business performance, indicating that insurance companies must utilize social networks to attract new customers and increase loyalty among existing customers. It is crucial for Asia Insurance to focus on market-oriented strategies and incorporate social networks into their operations to achieve better business performance.
The sample of this study is limited to managers of the branches of the Asian insurance company, exclusively located in Iran. Therefore, future scholars can expand this research to other geographical locations and industries, with potentially larger samples. Additionally, the investigation can explore the influence of other mediating or moderator variables, such as cultural aspects and leadership styles, on the relationship between market orientation and performance.

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopic method in comparison with PCR in the detection of Plasmodium vivax parasites in suspected malaria cases.

In a cross-sectional study, out of 207 febrile patients suspected of malaria, for microscopic diagnosis, blood sample was taken from each person's finger and spread, and after staining with Giemsa dye, were examined with a 100 X optical microscope lens. Whole blood samples were collected from all suspected individuals and rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and also DNA extraction and PCR was performed. To check the validity of different methods while calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, drawing ROC curve, Kappa coefficient (к) was used to measure the agreement of the tests.

In this study, microscopy and RDT compared to PCR have sensitivity of 96% and 94% and specificity of 100% and 98.2%, respectively also, the kappa coefficient in the microscopic method is 0.96 and the RDT was 0.91.

Considering the values of sensitivity and specificity, as well as the high kappa coefficient in the microscopic method and RDT, both methods have a very good agreement with the PCR.

The present study investigated the impact of human resource quality on employee performance with an emphasis on organizational virtue. The method of this research was a quantitative research in terms of the applied goal, in terms of the descriptive and correlation method, and in terms of the method of data collection. The statistical population includes all the employees of Saba Battery Energy Resources Development Organization of Tehran in the number of 400 companies in 1401. The statistical sample of employees was estimated to be 196 people using the Morgan and Karjesi table using simple random method. Organizational virtue was measured with a 15-question questionnaire by Cameron et al. (2004), employee performance with a 37-question questionnaire by Lari et al. The quality level of human resources was 45.6%, organizational virtue was 68.4%, and employee performance was 70.8%. The results of the analysis of structural equations with PLS software showed that the quality of human resources directly affects the performance of employees by 25% and organizational virtue by 32%, and organizational virtue directly explains the performance of employees by 62%. Also, the quality of human resources affected the performance of employees with the mediating role of organizational virtue by 45%.

Concerning the legislative role of members of parliament in Iran, the present paper aimed to identify factors affecting their perception during passing laws through a behavioral approach. Sampling was carried out via judgmental method and was continued till reaching saturation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parliament member. The answers to interview questions in addition to documents such as negotiation proceedings were analyzed. Employing grounded theory, codes, concepts and categories were obtained as a result of data analysis. Five propositions were obtained after linking three categories at selective coding stage. Data analysis found personality, education, experience, personal feelings, emotions and feelings as individual factors affecting perception of MPs. Perceptions, the main category of research consists of direct and indirect perception as two subcategories and sense making, sense breaking, and sense giving as its concepts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of individual resilience and transformational leadership on team innovative work behavior with respect to the mediating role of team resilience and the moderating role of learning climate.

Design/ methodology/ approach:

 This study is applied in terms of object and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. In this study, the statistical population consists of the employees of Mofid Securities and the sample size of 261 employees selected by simple random sampling method. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling approach and partial least squares method using SPSS and PLS software.

The results reveal that individual resilience and transformational leadership have a significant impact on team innovative behavior. The moderating effect of learning climate in this relationship is significant, but the mediating effect of team resilience in the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative team behavior is not significant.

Limitations & Consequences: 

 This study considers team resilience as a one-dimensional concept, while in some of the criteria for measuring this variable, different and varied dimensions for measuring it are presented, which may limit the generalizability of the results of this study.

Practical Consequences: 

The present study provides the basis for examining the consequences of team resilience by focusing on the separation of tangible consequences such as employee turnover rate, organizational performance, etc. and intangible consequences such as employee participation, employee commitment.

Innovation or value of the Article:

  Due to the high importance of resilience and activity under high work pressure condition in most of the jobs in organization, investigating the mentioned concepts could bring new insights.

In all legal systems, witness testimony is considered as one of the most important proofs of crime. Witness protection programs have the ability to be implemented for all witnesses who are at risk of threats to life, lateral and financial security. But this necessity is more felt in the crimes that happen in a collaborative manner or criminal groups, in this research, to explain the mechanisms of preventing witnesses from being seen as criminals in proving crimes, as well as the challenges facing it in the legal system. Iran and the International Criminal Court will pay.

The current research is descriptive and analytical.

In Iran, although preventive mechanisms have been foreseen, but according to the available facilities and the allocated budget, as well as the current conditions of judicial institutions, it is very difficult to support witnesses and informants, and the legislations made in this In line with the existing facts, it is very far from the existing facts. Also, Article 68 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court mentions the issue of protecting the victims, and based on this, a mechanism is foreseen in it, which, while protecting the victims, allows the participation of Neha provides in the judicial process. But it seems that the court was not very successful in applying this possibility and the fear of future problems led many victims to refrain from testifying.

Given that the relationship between religion and murder needs to be studied and analyzed a lotsome have attributed it to religion in connection with the killing of infidels and consider it a religious violence, while others, by acquitting religion, link this abnormal behavior to the dominant culture in a society. Because there is no justification for such violence in religion on the other hand, in criminology, in the discussion of hate crimes, theories have been proposed regarding the appropriateness of religion and violence.They consider the stability of religion as the cause of violence and the variability of religion as the cause of non- violence also, some do not consider the victimes behavior, speech, actions, gender, ethnicity, and lifestyle to be ineffective in committing a crime against him. But the truth is that the rulers and the people of the society, with a baseless understanding, gain an understanding of religion. They suffer from such violence. Because a correct understanding of religion does not create this violence, and there is not infidelity of one person any reason for discrimination in his financial and citizenship rights.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of organizational virtuousness on social capital with the mediating role of organizational commitment and the moderating role of spiritual intelligence, applying structural equation modeling. The studied population incorporates the employees of the Eghtesad Novin Bank, which is a private bank in Iran. In order to gather data, a standard questionnaire was distributed among the employees. In the end, 560 questionnaires were returned. The data analysis was done through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Based on the research findings, organizational virtuousness affects social capital positively. Organizational commitment also mediates the relationship between organizational virtuousness and social capital, and spiritual intelligence plays the role of moderator in the aforementioned relationship. In other words, all hypotheses of the research were confirmed. The findings of the present research show the importance of organizational virtuousness, organizational commitment, and spiritual intelligence in order to strengthen social capital.

One of the pillars of criminal investigation is testimony, which helps to discover the truth and issue a just verdict. However, paying too much attention to the probative value of the content of testimony has made lawyers neglect one of the most important pillars of testimony, which is to protect the security of the witness in the trial process. Therefore, in this research, we are dealing with the issue of what mechanisms are foreseen in the criminal system of Iran and also in the International Criminal Court for the protection of witnesses?

In terms of purpose, this research is practical and in terms of information gathering, it was done in a documentary way and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way.

In different legal systems, the issue of witness protection has been taken into consideration. Based on this, the minimal witness protection programs can be implemented for all witnesses at risk of threats to their life, physical and financial security. One of the solutions offered to protect witnesses in Iran’s legal system is not to confront the witness with the accused. Another solution in this field is hearing testimony through remote communication devices. This is possible thanks to the development of technology and electronic litigation. Also, maintaining the rights and safety of witnesses in the International Criminal Court takes place in three forms: protection-security, protection-psychological programs and programs to keep the identity of witnesses hidden.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of managers 'managerial skills on teachers' job satisfaction. The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study were primary school teachers and principals of Shiraz in the academic year 1300-1400 to 773 people (690 teachers and 83 principals) of which about 244 people based on Krejcie and Morgan table and simple random sampling method as sample size. Teachers and 83 people were selected by census sampling method as the sample size of principals. To collect data from the standard questionnaires of managerial skills Katz (1974) with a coefficient of reliability (0.881) and Minnesota job satisfaction (MSQ) with a coefficient of reliability. (0.854) were used whose validity was confirmed by academic experts and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient test. Structural equation technique was used to analyze the data using SMART PLS and Spss statistical software. Quantitative findings The test of research hypotheses showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between managerial skills of school principals and job satisfaction of teachers. The results also showed that the component of human skills has the most power in relation to job satisfaction of teachers.

Observing a reasonable time in criminal proceedings is one of the important components of a fair trial which at the same time is associated with the benefits and interests of the accused, the victim and the society. In Article 3 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1392, the legislator has emphasized the need to observe this principle in criminal proceedings by using the phrase "in the shortest possible time". However, in domestic law, there is no criterion for assessing the observance of the said principle, and it is difficult to estimate its observance in various cases. The findings of this research, which is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method, demonstrate that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) contains variables that can be used as criteria for compliance with the principle of reasonable time in criminal proceedings. Examination of the judgements issued by the Court shows that the complexity of the case, the actions and behavior of the applicant, the actions of the parties involved in the case, the multiplicity of investigating authorities, etc. can be considered as important and decisive variables and act effectively in assessment of unjustified waste of time in criminal proceedings. The above conditions are different in each case and, as a consequence, the determination of the normal length of time before the trial is not consistent with the facts.

Today, management consultancy services have become important in the economic structure of developed countries. In successful businesses, consultants help the managers to make better decisions, find solutions to their problems and even implement new strategies. However, in Iran, management consultancy is still under-developed and many challenges prevent it from flourishing. The present research aims to explore the challenges of management consultancy development in Iran. The research was conducted using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. The interviewees were twenty expert consultants. The results showed that the challenges of management consultancy development in Iran can be classified into three main themes: demand-side factors, supply-side factors and, contextual factors. The research findings can be inspiring for the policymakers, consultants, and clients to play a more effective role in the economic development of Iran through developing management consultancy. Implementing the proposed solutions to the development dilemma of management consultancy in Iran requires the collaboration of many different actors.

Women's victimization and violence against them is one of the problems of the world today, which has gradually attracted the attention of governments as well as women's rights activists. Meanwhile, the role and position of women's NGOs in empowering women victims and prevention of secondary victims, has become a powerful tool in combating violence and developing the criminal justice process and has emerged as one example of participatory criminal policy. In the criminal proceedings of Iran, with the enactment of Article 66, it is possible for women activists to declare a crime and participate in the proceedings. Although this article is objectionable in some ways, it shows a clear vision for the future of the participation of these organizations. In Afghanistan, especially in recent decades, women's civic organizations have been established as start-up projects. Although the activities of these organizations face a legal vacuum during the proceedings, they have been able to provide significant services to the Afghan women's community in the field of preventive action.