الهام فاطمی

Changes in living conditions in modern times have led to the continuously evolving needs of people, especially students at institutions of higher education. Different needs require appropriate guidance and counseling, and improving counseling services for students necessitates assessing their problems and demands. This study aimed to investigate the guidance and counseling needs of students at Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study from 2020-2022, 598 students of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (Semnan, Iran) were selected using a multi-stage method. The data collection tool was a 34-item questionnaire assessing students' guidance and counseling needs across five domains: personal growth and development, career needs, educational needs, family and marriage, and emotional/psychological needs. Students specified their level of need for each item as "need it very much" (4), "need it to some extent" (3), "need it a little" (2) or "don't need it" (1).

Career counseling and personal growth and development were identified as the most essential counseling needs for students. These two areas were the most necessary across both genders, educational levels, faculties, and marital statuses. The most important specific needs were "focusing the senses" for personal growth and development, "familiarity with job opportunities" for career needs, "time management" for educational needs, "dealing with life problems" for family/marital needs, and "coping with life stress" for emotional/psychological needs.

The findings showed career counseling and personal growth and development needs as the foremost counseling needs for students. Thus, implementing extracurricular workshops by experienced professors in specialized fields could address these requirements and reduce student concerns. While facilitating academic progress, such training prepares students for post-graduation roles in society.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder which can contribute to decrease in daily life balance.This study is carried out to compare the effects of aerobic walking and strength training programs on improving balance in women with osteoarthritis.

Forty women with knee osteoarthritis were assigned randomly into two experimental (aerobic walking and strength training program) groups. Both groups exercised 3 days per week for 4 weeks. Static and dynamic overall stability index was evaluated three times by Biodex balance system and the average of each index was recorded.

Static balance score with open eye was significantly improved in the aerobic walking group (P=0.031) But this index did not change significantly in the strength training group. No significant difference discovered between two groups in term of other dynamic and static balance scores.

The results showed that aerobic training was effective on the static balance with the open eyes but these interventions had no significant effect on dynamic balance and static balance with closed eyes. Another study with a larger sample size is recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one-session transcranial direct current stimulation  (tDCS) of cerebral cortex with and without step practice on foot function in patients with chronic stroke.

It was an interventional and clinical trial study. Forty patients with chronic stroke were randomly assigned into four groups, Sham tDCS, tDCS, tDCS + Step exercise, and Step exercise. Timed up and go test was carried out with asymmetrical position of feet, affected leg behind of the unaffected leg before and after of intervention. In this way, anodal tDCS (2 mA) was applied over the primary motor cortex for 20 minutes.

The interactive effect between time and groups has been significant (P=0.002, effect size=0.36). The follow-up test showed that the Timed up and go test time did not show a significant difference between the other groups after the intervention (P<0.05).

The use of anodal electrical stimulation of the brain with and without a step training was both effective in reducing Timed up and go test time, but no difference was observed between the two interventions

Identification of the counseling needs of students contributes to the improvement of guidance and counseling process in universities, thereby laying a proper foundation for the academic achievement of these individuals. This study aimed to determine the counseling needs of students in the rehabilitation school of Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran in 2017.

This descriptive-cross sectional research was performed on 193 students. Data were collected using a 34-item questionnaire scored based on a four-point scale to determine the counseling needs of students in different areas. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by content validity and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

In this research, the mean priority of counseling needs of students in order of importance was 2.59±0.80, 2.55±0.73, 2.54±0.75, 2.47±0.76, and 2.42±0.82 in the fields of occupational, individual growth and development, educational, psychological and emotional, and family and marriage needs, respectively. According to the results, female students had a higher need for counseling (P=0.018). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between students studying in different fields and with different GPAs in terms of mean counseling needs.

According to the results of the study, the highest counseling priority was related to occupational and individual growth and development needs. Therefore, it is recommended that universities and higher education centers pay attention to the provision of an opportunity for growth and academic achievement of students and to the prevention of their academic failure in the design of student counseling programs.

Bazaar in the cities shows value, development and success and its relationship with population also its reaction against social problems is noticeable. All of the time, Bazaar has directed relation with people’s every day’s lives, and axis of economic and social attraction. Anyway the rote and place of bazaar in Islamic cities society is completely clear and is considered as a known identity in the world. So the importance of this research is because of the qualified situation of texture Bazaar in Sanandaj and Sulaymaniyah in urbanization architecture economic and social of it. That any intervention in it, will reflect in the whole city and people’s lives. This intervention is not only done for this valuable heritage but also for rehabilitation is done to improving the situation. So analyzing these tow bazaars is done for evaluating and staffing the economic and social factors. The way of data collection is in geodage for it is 3.53 and also that least average is for feeling that is 1.2. Also in (T) test for social – economic shows that the difference in the indictor means are low and negative which declares the amount of archived average is smaller than test value (p<0.05).

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) that occurs after eccentric exercise can cause limitations in sports activities, especially in professional athletes. Relatively, different studies have been designed to prevent and control the consequence of the DOMS. Previous studies have confirmed the impact of local vibration (LV) and whole body vibration (WBV) to reduce the symptoms of DOMS. However, the effects of these two methods have not been compared in any study. The aim of the present research was to compare the effects of LV and WBV to prevent the symptoms of DOMS.

Forty-nine typical, non-athletic volunteers were assigned randomly into two experimental (LV and WBV) and a control groups. The VT group received 50 Hz vibration on the left and right quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles for 1 min. The WBVT group, the intervention was one minute of vibration (35Hz) using a vibratory platform with 100° of knee flexion. The control group did not receive any intervention. Then, three groups walked downhill on a 30° declined treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hour. The DOMS symptoms (isometric maximum voluntary contraction force of quadriceps muscles, DOMS level by visual analogue scale, thigh circumference and Serum Creatine Kinase) were measured before and 48 hours after the intervention.

The WBV and LV groups showed significant changes in the DOMS symptoms in the form of less maximal isometric and voluntary strength loss, lower creatine kinase levels, and less muscle soreness (P <0 .05) compared with the control group. However, the intensity of DOMS was not significantly different between the WBV and LV groups (p>0.05).

This study showed that the LVand WBV had same effects on the DOMS symptoms. The LV procedure is more convenient and more economical to be used by the athletes, its application is recommended.

Background and Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. It is the main cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain and disability in elderly population. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on pain relief and reducing disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A total of 45 female patients participated in this randomized controlled study.The patients were randomly divided into three groups of low level laser, high power laser, and placebo laser. All patients, received standard treatment. Pain at rest and knee function were assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), respectively before, immediately, and six weeks after the intervention. Low-power laser and high-power laser had immediate and long-lasting effect on reducing pain and disability (p<0.001). The immediate and lasting effect of these two interventions between the two groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). High power laser was found to have similar effects to low power laser. LLLT is believed to be more appropriate since it is more economical for both therapist and patient.

(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT201502224549N8

Patients are cornerstone of medical student teaching. Patients´ satisfaction increases their participation and improves the educational process. In this account, the aim of this study was to assess patients´ attitude and feeling toward the presence of rehabilitation students in educational clinics of Semnan University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 291 patients who referred to educational rehabilitation clinics of Semnan University of Medical Sciences during 2014-2015. The data was gathered by using a questionnaire with 17 items.
Mean score of patients’ feeling toward presence of medical students was 3.85out of 5 total scores. Overall, 85% of patients were relaxed during history taking, examination and treatment by students. Considerably, there was a significant statistical difference between mean and standard deviation of the patients´ feeling who were informed about presence of students (3.92±0.55) and those who were not informed. (3.60±0.84) (p=0.002).
In general, patients felt comfortable about presence of rehabilitation students during history taking, examination and treatment. Patient Satisfaction will be increased by being aware of student's presence, reducing the number of students and keeping patients ´privacy.

Background and Obesity is one of the health problems, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Many studies investigated the effects of using whole body vibration (WBV (with other methods on body composition. However, no study has examined the effect of WBV alone on body composition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of WBV with exercise and WBV alone on body composition in young healthy adults.
This clinical trial was conducted in 390 healthy adults, who were obese or overweight. The samples were randomly divided into three groups of WBV alone, WBV with exercise, and control. The intervention was carried out three times a week for 12 weeks. The control group received no intervention. The body composition indices were measured before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using parametric tests in SPSS, version 18. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Compared to the control group, significant reductions were noted in the mean scores for body composition, body fat percentage (BFP), body mass index (BMI), and weight in the intervention groups (P WBV and WBV with exercise could reduce BFP, BMI, and weight; there was no specific difference between the two methods. Thus, WBV alone can affect body composition in young healthy adults.

It appears that the level of fear of movement changes deep trunk muscle activity in the patients with low back pain (LBP). There is no study to investigate the relationship between deep trunk muscle activity and fear of movement in the patients with LBP. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between abdominal muscle activity and pain, disability and fear of movement during standing postural tasks in females with chronic nonspecific LBP.
Forty four females participated were asked to maintain their balance during standing on the platform stability levels of Biodex Balance System (BBS). Concurrently, ultrasonography (US) data about abdominal muscles thickness measurement were transferred and saved to process offline. The pain intensity, disability and fear of movement were assessed by valid scales and questionnaire.
There was not significant correlation between abdominal muscle thickness changes and pain and disability intensity (P>0.05), while significant and inverse correlation between deep abdominal muscle thickness changes and fear of movement was observed in the patients (P It seems that increases in fear of movement decrease significantly deep abdominal muscles activity in the patients with LBP. This relationship demonstrates the importance of cognitive behavioral therapy and controlling fear of movement on improvement of deep abdominal muscle activity in the patients with LBP

Regarding to the importance of foot in maintenance of balance, it seems that flat foot can affect complex postural and balance control. In this study dual-task paradigm has been used to investigate the amount of attention needed for balance controlling in patients with flat foot than subjects with normal foot arch.
30 participants (15 male &15 female, mean ages 22/30±2/61 years) with flat foot and 30 participants (15 male &15 female, mean ages 22.30 ± 1.70 years) with normal foot arch were placed in two groups. Static & Dynamic balance tests were performed by Biodex Balance System SD under condition of single leg stance, in two forms of open and closed eyes. Measured parameters were total, anterior-posterior and medial-lateral stability indices.
The within group comparison of single and dual tasks in control and flatfoot groups in static (open & closed eyes) and dynamic (open eyes) balance tests did not show any significant differences (P>.0.05). The within group comparison of single and dual tasks in two groups in dynamic balance condition with closed eyes showed significant differences (P The participants with flat foot have equal attentional demands in balance control compared to participants with normal foot arch.

Impaired postural control affects the safety and quality of movements during daily life activities and physical exercises. One of the effective factors on postural control is the muscle flexibility. Despite the relative high incidence of hamstring shortness, no study has yet evaluated the relationship between hamstring shortness and dynamic and static balances. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between hamstring shortness and dynamic and static balances in young healthy individuals. This cross sectional study was carried on 40 healthy young subjects (20 cases with and 20 cases without the shortness of hamstring as control). The 90-90 test was used to measure the hamstring length. To evaluate the quality of balance control, subjects stood on a force plate and Biodex system on one foot and level of displacement of centre of pressure was used as an index of static and dynamic balances, with and without external perturbation. The comparison of mean and standard deviation of the center of pressure displacement with and without external perturbation, showed no significant difference between the two experimental and control groups. The results of present study showed that the hamstring shortness does not significantly affect the static and dynamic postural balance control.

Obesity is one of the health problems. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Strengthening exercises are usually used to reduce localized fat. Many studies have investigated the effect of whole body vibration on body fat, while there is no study to evaluate the application of local vibration on local fat thickness. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of local vibration and sit-up exercise on abdominal local fat thickness in the young healthy women. This experimental study was carried out on 54 healthy young women who were obese or overweight. They were randomly assigned in one of the following three experimental groups: local vibration, sit-up exercise, (3times a week for 12 weeks) and control group (no intervention). The local thickness of abdominal fat and the waist circumference were measured before and after intervention. Mean and standard deviation of local fat thickness before and after intervention showed that abdominal local fat thickness significantly decreased in the vibration (p< 0.05) and Sit-up exercise (p< 0.05) groups. In the vibration group, mean changes of local thickness of abdominal fat was significantly higher than the sit up exercise group (p< 0.05). The mean changes of waist circumference did not show significantly difference between three groups (p=0.155). This study showed that local vibration can reduce abdominal local fat thickness in young healthy women. The results also indicated that local vibration is more effective than exercise alone on the abdominal fat reduction.

As quadriceps (QC) and hamstring (H) work functionally in concentric and eccentric contraction pattern in the activities of daily living, it is necessary to evaluate functional H/Q ratio. The functional Hamstring/Quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) has not been investigated in the patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we compared functional and conventional H/Q ratio in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Thirty five patients with knee OA (21 females and 14 males 45-70 years old) were participated in this cross sectional study. Maximum torque of QC and H were evaluated during concentric and eccentric contraction (at 30°/s, 60°/s and 90°/s) and isometric contraction (at 30°,60° and 90° of knee flexion). Conventional H/Q ratio was calculated by maximum torque of H concentric or isometric contractions divided by maximum torque of QC concentric or isometric contractions. Functional H/Q ratio was calculated by maximum torque of H eccentric contraction divided by maximum torque of QC concentric contraction. The findings indicated that conventional H/Q ratio in compared with the functional H/Q ratio in lower angular velocity did not show significant difference statistically while this difference was significant in higher angular velocity. Higher significantly functional H/Q ratio was found in higher angular velocity (P< 0.005). Considering that the daily activities and exercise therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis are doing in lower velocity, not only the strengthening of quadriceps muscle but also quadriceps and Hamstring muscles balance should be noticed in exercise therapy of these patients. Also our findings showed functional H/Q ratio increased in higher angular velocity in patients with knee OA like normal subjects.

Any disturbance in balance control procedures may increase the risk of injury during sport activities. Knee deformities such as genu valgum and genu varum may perturb the line of gravity passing the lower limb joints and so disturb dynamic and static balance indices. This study was designed to investigate the effects of genu valgum and genu varum deformity on the static and dynamic balance indices. A total of 90 non-athletic female university students were assigned in one of the three experimental groups; normal knee (n=30), genu varum (n=30) and genu valgum (n=30), according to their knee conditions. Static and dynamic overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) and falling risk were evaluated three times by Biodex balance system, and the average of each index were recorded. No significant difference was seen between groups in term of dynamic and static OSI and APSI, while significant lower stability was found in the genu varum group compared to normal groups in term of dynamic and static MLSI (p<0.05). A significant increased in falling risk was also seen in genu varum group, compared to the normal group (p<0.05). The results showed that mechanical disturbance due to the genu varum deformity may perturb the medial-lateral balance indices in both static and dynamic situations. This may indicate that genu varum deformity may increase the normal postural sway in the medial lateral direction and increase falling risk as well.

Using anti-inflammatory medicine injection such as dexamethasone acetate (DXA) is a common treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Iontophoresis and phonophoresis of DXA are two other ways which may help to introduce DXA locally to inflammated tissues. This study has been deigned to compare the effect of iontophoresis and phonophoresis of DXA on the CTS treatment. 35 mild or moderate CTS patients (51 affected hands) were randomly assigned in one of the two experimental: iontophoresis (25 affected hands) and phonophoresis (26 affected hands) groups. Subjects in iontophoresis group received 10 sessions of iontophoresis of %0.4 DXA solution (DC, 0.2 mA/cm2, 20 min) over the wrist of the affected hands while the other group received 10 sessions of phonophoresis of %0.4 DXA jell with pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz, 1 W.cm-2, 5 min). The strength of hand and thumb grips, paresthesia, pain, motor and sensory distal latency and evoked potential of median nerve were measured before and after intervention and after 4 weeks follow-up. Comparisons of the mean changes showed more increase in hand grip (P=0.006) and thumb grip (P=0.0002), less pain perception (P=0.001), shorter sensory (P=0.0001) and motor (P=0.0008) distal latency and higher sensory and motor (P=0.0001) action potential in the phonophoresis in compared with the iontophoresis group. Our results show that using phonophoresis of DXA is more effective for CTS treatment, than the iontophoresis method. More studies are needed to investigate the role of different parameters used during phonophoresis of DXA in the CTS treatment.

The internal evaluation which is done by the members of the different departments is the best way to judge about quality of education and to identify its strong and weak areas. With regard to the important role of evaluation in the quality of education, the aim of this study was to conduct an internal evaluation of the department of physiotherapy in order to optimize the educational quality of the different parts of the department. This descriptive-cross sectional study was done to evaluate some variables such as: educational goals, optimal leading of the department, instrumental and physical equipments, clinical educational environment, and student measures about educational style and teaching quality of practical and theoretical courses of scientific members of physiotherapy department. To collect data, questionnaires and checklists was provided by the faculty members of the department of physiotherapy. These instruments were given to the faculty members (to evaluate themselves) and the students (sophomore and senior students of physiotherapy to evaluate the theoretical courses and the junior and senior students were asked to evaluate the clinical courses). After collecting each instrument, results were categorized according to the modified Gourman scoring scale. According to the modified Gourman scale, means were obtained from internal evaluation of physiotherapy as in follow: professional–theoretical lessons were in good ranking, clinical courses were in good ranking, educational and physical equipments (evaluated by scientific members and students) were in more than satisfied ranking and evaluation of head of group and scientific members were in good ranking. Generally, results showed physiotherapy group was in good category. Obviously, to reach an ideal level, we should make some changes, for example, encouraging and strengthening weak areas and maintaining strong areas.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease in all joints that is generally treated with drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physiotherapy. Although NSAIDs are widely used to treat the pain and stiffness associated with knee OA, the high incidence of serious upper gastrointestinal side effect with NSAIDs can limit their use. Therefore physiotherapy plays a vital role on OA treatments. One modality that has mostly used recently is low level laser. Despite its widespread usage, the results of the experimental and clinical studies are conflicting. However, very few controlled clinical studies of low-power laser applied for the treatment of knee OA have been reported and the findings of these studies are also contradictory. This study was performed to assess the effects of low level laser on knee OA. This single-blinded clinical trial was performed on 36 adult patients (45-75 years old) with knee OA. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of active laser with standard treatment and placebo laser with standard treatment. A Gal-Al-As diode laser device with a power output of 30 mW and a wavelength of 830 nm was used in the study. The standard treatment was ultrasound¸ transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, infrared¸ the straight-leg raise test in supine position, and the subjects were treated for ten sessions¸ 5 times per week and for a period of two weeks. Then pain at rest, duration of morning stiffness, active range of knee flexion and the quality of life with WOMAC index were assessed before and after the intervention. Although, there were significant differences before and after the intervention of all criteria in both groups (p<0.05), no significant differences were observed between two groups with respect to those criteria. This study revealed that application of low level laser is not efficient for the knee OA treatment.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of the joints and also a main physical disorder in the elderly population. One third of people older than 65 years-old suffer from OA. It is predicted that by 2020, OA is the most frequently reported chronic condition among the elderly. The treatment includes drugs, physical therapy, and surgery. Massage therapy is an alternative treatment option to relieve the symptoms, which is not usually used for knee OA. As there are very few trials in the literature regarding knee OA treatment, this study is set to examine the effects of Swedish massage on knee OA. In a randomized clinical controlled trial on the effect of massage therapy of the knee OA, 46 female adults (at least 35 years of age) with knee OA were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomized in one of the two groups: the experimental treatment group receiving the standard treatment (ultrasound, infrared and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) with Swedish massage and the control group who received the standard treatment only. Before and after the intervention, the pain and the quality of life were evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis index. There were significant differences in the pain level and quality of life before and after the intervention (P<0.05). The findings showed significant improvement in the mean WOMAC and VAS scores in the two groups (P<0.001). The changes in VAS and WOMAC scores were compared between the two groups which demonstrated significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001). Massage therapy is efficacious in the treatment of knee OA. It is recommended to combine this method with the other physiotherapy methods for knee OA.

Careful planning on health care may prevent the spread of disease and reduce the expense for treatment. Regarding the importance of health care in the clinical centers including physiotherapy clinics, this study was designed to investigate the rate of bacterial contamination of electrotherapy’s pads which use in the physiotherapy clinics of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (Iran). 20 electrotherapy’s pads were sampled from three physiotherapy clinics. In order to find any contamination, the samples were cultured in the Medical School’s microbiology laboratory. A questionnaire was used to collect data about the method of washing and sterilizing used in the physiotherapy clinics. The laboratory results showed all sampled pads were infected, while different pattern of contamination were seen among clinics. Normal skin flora of bacteria was found in the sampled pads from two clinics that used normal washing method and Whitex sterilizing method, while more varieties of contamination including; Klebsiella, Serratia and Enterobacteria were found in the other clinic that used just normal washing method. The results indicated that the all sampled pads were contaminated and this could be considered as a potential factor for transfer contamination between patients and therapists. These results confirm the importance of using substituting methods such as disposable pad, sterile electrolyte jell, and or using standard sterilizing method to disinfect the electrotherapy pads. More research is needed to control and prevent the ways of transfer contaminations in the physiotherapy clinics.

Hamstring shortening may cause postural defect and gait abnormality. Recently, it has been shown that application of whole body vibration may increase muscle flexibility in normal subject. This study has been designed to find out the effect of local hamstring vibration on the hamstring shortening. 30 non-athletic females (aged 18-22 yrs) who suffered from hamstring shortness were participated in the study. They have been assigned in one of the two experimental groups: vibration group (3 times a week for 8 weeks) and control group (no intervention). The subjects in both groups were not allowed to perform any sport activity during 8 weeks of study. Before and after the intervention, the rate of hamstring muscle shortness was evaluated by passive knee extension (PKE) test. The findings showed that hamstring muscle length was increased significantly in the vibration group (p=0. 000), in term of decrease of knee joint angle during PKE test. While no significant change was found from the control group (p=0.181). Also vibration raised muscle flexibility on average 15 units while in control group it was only 0.73. This difference was statistically significant. Local hamstring vibration is a suitable method to improve hamstring shortening. It is recommended to combine this method with other muscle elongation methods to find the most beneficial method for muscle shortening.

Inversion sprain is a result of abnormal forces of plantar flexion and inversion applied to the lateral side of the ankle. This injury recurs in 10% of non-athletes and 80% of athletes. It is believed that Changes in conduction of deep peroneal nerve following inversion sprain and instability occurred following it, to be a cause of recurrence of inversion sprain. Evaluation of the motor branches of deep peroneal nerve in inversion sprain in non-athletes persons is the base of this study. Mechanical instability is assessed through anterior drawer test and talar tilt test and electrical assessment is done first and four weeks after injury in 11 patients in each mechanical instability group of the ankle. All patients had the first incidence of unilateral inversion sprain and normal side was considered as control in the same patient. Electrical assessment of deep peroneal nerve included following: (1) Deep peroneal nerve motor conduction studies in three levels of knee, leg and ankle, (2) Electrical evaluation of tibialis anterior muscle both at rest and minimal contraction. Studies revealed significant changes in temporal dispersion in three levels of knee, below the head of fibula and ankle and motor latency in knee and ankle levels both at the first and second evaluation and motor nerve conduction velocity in leg at the first session in two extremities but no significant difference between mechanical instability was noticed. Also there was a significant difference in recruitment interval of tibialis anterior muscle in comparison of normal and involved extremity and mechanical instability at both sessions. Findings of this study indicated that in lateral ankle sprain deep peroneal nerve incurs is happened and its prognosis is dependent on severity of nerve involvement and grade of instability.

It is for many years that researchers are searching to find a way to treat muscular disorders including weakness and atrophy, which are consequences of the lack of movement. Therefore, clinicians are always waiting for a way to prevent these weakness and atrophy, especially when active movements are forbidden. In addition, there has always been a question whether muscle performance can be improved without performing any joint movements or muscle contractions. Studies have shown that mental practice can be a good answer for it. However, this effective, negligible risk and low cost method are not used by therapists. The present study was performed to compare the effects of mental practice and maximal Isometric exercise on increasing grip muscle strength. This study was carried out on 37 young healthy female (18-25years old) who randomly divided into mental practice, Isometric exercise and control group. The mental practice group performed imagined maximal isometric contraction of grip muscle for 3 weeks and the isometric exercise group performed maximal isometric contraction of some muscles, while the control group didn’t perform any imagined or physical practice at the same period of time. The amount of maximal grip strength was determined by hydraulic hand dynamometer before and after training. Data analysis was carried out using paired t-tse. Performing mental practice and maximal isometric contraction produced a significant increase in isometric strength of grip muscles (p=0.000). While the control group didn’t show any significant changes (p = 0.453). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the mental practice and the isometric contraction group. It is suggested that therapists combine this new method with the other common methods in their rehabilitation programs.

Spasticity is one the signs of upper motor neuron injuries. Spasticity is as inter ventional factor result in gait, posture and function difficulties. There are different methods to reduce spasticity such as drug therapy, physical therapy, etc. The physical therapists use bobath inhibitory technipues for decreasing spasticity. The relatively new method in treatment of patients with spasticity is electrical stimulation. There are a controversy in results of studies that evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation on spasticity. The purpose of present study is a comparison between bobath technique with electrical stimulation and bobath technique alone on spastic patients. Fourty patients with upper motor lesion who had spasticity in lower extremities participated in the study. The subjects divided into two groups. Group A was received bobath technique with electrical stimulation and group B received only bobath technique. Before and after intervension, the spasticity assessment was performed by measurement of passive dorsiflexion range of motion, Tibialis anterior strength and Gastrocneminus tone with Ashworth scale and H-reflex. The results of this study indicated that the improvement induced by both methods were statistically significant for all parameters measured (p=0.000). In group A, increasing passive dorsi flexion range of motion and decreasing Gastrocnemius tone was greater than group B. These differentes were statiscally significant (p=0/001). However, there was no significant difference between two groups with respect to tibialis anterior strength increase and H-reflex activity decrease. To decrease Gastrocnemius tonicity and increase passive dorsi flexion range of motion, bobath inhibitory with electrical stimulation was more effective than inhibitory technique alone.