امجد ملکی

Based on existing studies, earthquakes cause changes in the groundwater levels; however, the mechanism of these changes has not been accurately identified so far. One of the main objectives of this research is to determine the factors which directly or indirectly influence the intensity of the groundwater level changes after an earthquake. In this research, some of the factors that caused the increase or decrease of the groundwater level of the Sarpol-e Zahab aquifer after the earthquake on November 12, 2017, have been investigated. Linear regression analysis was used to compare the correlation between the factors which decrease or increase the groundwater levels and the groundwater level changes. The results show relatively high correlation between the RT (resistivity of the saturated zone multiplied by the thickness of the saturated zone) values and the increase in groundwater levels with a correlation coefficient of r=0.70. Also, the water table depth (WTD) with r=0.54 and the extensional area caused by strike-slip fault with r=0.48 had the highest correlation with the decrease in groundwater levels.

Various forms of geomorphology in the region are a reflection of the rate of tectonic activities in that region. Folded Zagros structural unit is one of the active tectonic areas of Iran, where evidence of tectonic uplift can be seen in its growing anticline (Ansari Lari et al., 2019).Geomorphic indicators are a useful and reliable tool in evaluating these activities. The change in the axis of the folds causes a change in the shape of the drainage basins. Quantitative measurements of the watersheds and drainage network of the region make it possible to study the role of active tectonics in changing the shape of the landscape and geomorphological effects of the region by measuring geomorphological indicators. Many geomorphological indices.In the current research, the watersheds and drainage networks of anticlines in the southwest of Ilam have been studied. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the morphometry of the drainage networks of this region based on geomorphic indicators and its relationship with the tectonics of the region.

In this research, first, scientific sources have been collected through library research. Research data includes DEM 30 meters STRM, topography map 1:50000, geological maps 1:100000, 1:250000 and Google Earth images. In order to evaluate the indicators and also prepare the final output map of the software Zmap, Arc Hydroo, SPSS, Arc Gis and of the indices ∆a, Ha, Dd, R, Bs Hi, Hs, AD, AR, FSI are used in order to investigate the tectonic relationship. The results of the indicators were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and the seismic data obtained from the ZMAP software were extracted and the seismic status of the basins was evaluated.And finally, the final result of the tectonic activity status of each of the sub-basins has been determined.

In this research, basins with parallel pattern and scaffolding have the highest increase in indicators R,RB,Hi,a,LN1 and have tectonic activity. The drainage pattern in most of the tectonically active areas is scaffold and parallel pattern(often on the side of anticline) and in some cases a branch pattern is seen in comb or eroded anticlines. According to the type of formations in the region, the waterways in Siah Kouh East and Samour flow in the direction perpendicular to the anticline axis. The difference in the results of morphometric indices is related to the type of formations in the region. Among the anticlines , the highest value of Δa is related to the black anticline of the to anticline Siah Kouh east (6.5), in anticline of Samour-Siyah Kouh East, the highest index LN1. The highest value is related to (Sieh Kouh East and Samour) with numerical values of 3.28 and 3.26 and In the Bifurcation index (R), the highest value is in anticline, Samour 23(0.34), 37(0.69) and The Siyah Kouh East (0.39) and the Siyah Kouh western is obtained (0.43) and in the hypsometric integral index (Hi).The highest Hi related to basin 32, 39 with a value of 0.67, 0.68 and basin 33 with a value of 0.56 (Siyah Kouh East). In the examination of HS, AR, FSI, Ad indices and seismic data of the regionAccording to the changes in the geometry of the folds in the region, the highest amount of tectonic activity in anticline, in order of age. In the Siyah Kouh East, the Siyah Kouh western, Samour and Gnu can be seen. in relational investigation between geomorphic indicators using Pearson's correlation coefficient between Dd-Dd1 indicators There is a strong positive correlation and On the other hand, there is a strong negative correlation between the pair of Dd-Hi indices

The present research shows that the use of indicators to determine tectonic activity together with other sources provide valuable information about regional developments and the drainage network are among the most important features that have been used in this study., Changes in the geometry of folds in the region in some parts of the region have caused significant differences in the pattern of the drainage network and the anomaly of waterways. The indices (AD, AR, Hs, Fsi), It indicates the most tectonic activity in the eastern Siah kouh, according to the age of folding and the amount of erosion, the ratio of the direction of folding, the distance between the axes of the anticlines and the inequality in the two edges of the anticlines. The differences in the type of indicators are somewhat dependent on the type of regional formations and the type of faults and changes in the geometry of fold.In examining the statistical compatibility between the studied indicators, this point is also determined that the differences in the formations of the region have the greatest impact on the variables. In the calculation and analysis of the seismic parameter are observed. The highest frequency of indices ∆a, Af, Df, Dd, FLi.Hi and branch drainage pattern according to the type of formation is obtained in the eastern and southeastern parts, away from the ZFF fault and close to the MFF fault. and in the western and northwestern parts of the region, the indices of ∆a, R, RB have the highest frequency ratio and the highest a-value parameter and other geomorphological evidences according to the type of formation of the region and lithology and the pattern of parallel drainage and scaffolding. In general, the most active basins in the region are basins 42 (east), 31 (south), 11, 18 (center) and 2 in the west of the region, and among the taqdis, Siah Kouh Sharq and Samourmi, and the highest ratio of abundance in Dd, R, RB, LNI, ∆a, Bs, indicators has been obtained in these basins from the point of view of geology. The ratio of the pattern of waterways network is also changed from branch to scaffolding and parallel according to these activities. there is a connection between flowing waters with different patterns and the way of formation of waterways with different ranks and branches and tectonic activity andForms of erosio and they can be reasons for hydrocarbon traps or water sources.

In recent years, the quantitative analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the watershed using mathematical indices has been widely performed for several purposes, especially to assess the flood risk potential of drainage basins. Morphometric studies in the field of hydrology were first initiated by Horton and Strahler in the 1940s and 1950s, respectively. Their goal was to study the important characteristics of river flow and distinguish them from other measurable characteristics of river flow. One of the first morphometric properties of the river that became quantitative was the hierarchy of different parts of the flow. Later, researchers in other parts of the world, due to the importance of this issue, performed much research in this field. This region has always suffered significant damage due to flooding. The lack of flow measurement stations on the rivers has made the need for mathematical models necessary to study the flooding status of the region. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the morphometric parameters and their relationship with the region's flooding, and provide mathematical models for flood study using factor analysis.

In this research, to study the flood of the watersheds of Kurdistan province and its relationship with morphometric indices, first, the boundaries of the selected watersheds were determined using topographic maps and ARC GIS 10.5 software. Morphometric indices were calculated for all studied basins. In the next step, the normality of the data was investigated. To evaluate the normal distribution of the data, the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. In the third step, the return periods were determined based on the instantaneous flood peak data using probability distribution functions. In the fourth step, factor analysis of the variables was carried out.

Investigating data adequacy is the first step in factor analysis. Therefore, first, the adequacy of the data was investigated. Considering that the obtained coefficient is higher than 0.60 (0.634), the data adequacy is acceptable for factor analysis. After determining the adequacy of the data, the data sharing was investigated and the data sharing table was extracted. The area variable has the highest commonality with other variables, which is about 97%, and then the length variable of the basin. Among the variables, the branch ratio variable has the least commonality with other variables. In the next step, the variance of the data was investigated and its table was drawn. According to the obtained data, the main variables were combined and categorized into three main and important factors. In the following, because the factors explain most of the variance of the variables, they were rotated. To make it more interpretable and better separation, the factors were rotated using Varimax rotation. After the rotation, the variables have formed a new structure by being placedin one of the three specified factors. Each variable is placed in one of the three specified factors according to its factor load, in such a way that each variable is assigned to one of the three main factors according to its highest factor load.Using exploratory factor analysis, the hidden factors in the 12 studied variables were extracted and three factors underlying the 12 studied variables were identified. Based on the results of this analysis, five variables of basin area, basin length, flow length, texture ratio, and drainage density are in the first factor. Five variables of elongation coefficient, basin shape, form coefficient, circularity coefficient, and compression coefficient are placed in the second factor, and two variables of stream frequency and branch ratio are placed in the third factor. Therefore, a name is chosen for each of the extracted factors, and other analyses are performed using these three new indicators. These three indices were named according to the variables of each factor in three variables: area, shape, and stream. Examining the collinearity of the data showed that the variables have suitable collinearity for modeling. As a result, regression analysis was performed. Because the calculations were done for more than one variable, multivariate regression analysis was used. In this study, discharge with return periods above 10 to 200 years was considered as the dependent variable, factor indices were obtained from factor analysis as independent variables, and a regression model was extracted for each of the mentioned return periods. The results showed that the models presented for higher return periods have a higher coefficient of determination (R2) and can predict floods with more confidence.

As a result of factor analysis, 12 variables were placed in three main factors, whose eigenvalues are greater than 1. These three factors include 78% of the data variance. However, the highest percentage of total explained variance is related to the first component, which is named area. This factor includes 35.369% of the total variance. Among the investigated variables, area, basin length, and stream frequency are the most effective variables in flood occurrence with 0.968, 0.963, and 0.838, respectively, and the branch ratio variable has the least effect with 0.359. After extracting the indices obtained from the factor analysis (indexing) using multivariate regression analysis, correlations were performed to the indices and the return periods above 10 to 200 years. Finally, for each of the return periods, a model for flood forecast was prepared. Examining the R2 of the models showed that with the increase of the return period, the value of this coefficient increased, which shows that the models created for higher return periods are more reliable and can predict floods more accurately.

In addition to damaging structural effects, earthquakes also have adverse environmental effects, including polluting water resources. In this article, the quality changes of surface water resources due to earthquakes are monitored. In the present research, in order to achieve the above goal, by using various data from Sunnynell 1 satellites, optical data from Landsat 8, and Madis satellite images, the data has been unified in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing. be placed In this research, by using the combination of satellite images (radar and optics), the Starfam algorithm, the spectral signature of Sentinel 1 data and the use of remote sensing indicators (MNDWI, NDVI and RGB color combination), water resources The studied area was identified and then the quality changes of surface water resources affected by the earthquake were obtained in the environment of ARC GIS and SNAP SANTINEL software. The results show that the earthquake caused shaking and displacement of the surface and subsurface layers of the earth and due to the karstic location of the studied area, it caused an increase in the concentration of dissolved anions and cations in water. In the studied area, the role of faults is very obvious. According to the geological structure of Zagros, Sarpol-Zahab city has numerous faults and the most changes of water resources are located in the main path of the faults and follow the fault lines of the region. Also, in terms of geology,

Earthquakes are considered as one of the most destructive natural disasters and at the same time the most sudden natural force that occurs as a result of failure and displacement of rocks below the earth's surface. Earthquakes are followed by many geomorphological hazards and environmental consequences, which cause great damage to vulnerable areas. Following the earthquake of November 13, 2017 Sarpol-e-Zahab-Azgaleh, many slope processes such as (landslides, landslides, subsidence, etc.), as well as natural consequences (changes in the flow of springs), economic, human consequences (destruction) Residential areas, roads, destruction of agricultural lands, orchards and fish farming complexes) occurred in the area, causing damage to areas affected by the earthquake. In this research, using satellite images, field operations, the required information about the occurrence of geomorphological processes and natural and human consequences in the region were collected and their location was identified and determined on a map. In addition, with the help of Arc GIS software, zones Exposed to location threats and some of the consequences of earthquakes, their location and map were plotted. The results of the study showed that the activation of most processes, amplitude instabilities as a result of weak geological structure, monotonic and morphological conditions of the region are affected by the occurrence of earthquakes, which their past history also confirms this. Preparing a final map to identify the location of complications and consequences in the region as another result of this study can be of great help in reducing the loss of life and property during

Morphometric analysis of a drainage basins and river network plays an vital role in understanding the hydrogeological behavior of the drainage basin . Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of modeling flood and its relationship with morphometric variables using multivariate regression. The research method is based on the destruction of morphometric parameters and statistical analysis, including correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. In this regard, first, the studied basins have been selected using ARC GIS 10.5 software, and the limits of each one has been determined. Then, their morphometric characteristics have been extracted. The Flood discharge has also been reconstructed in return periods of 2 to 500 years using easy-fit software. For modeling, first, the linear relationship between each morphometric variable as an independent variable with flood discharge as a dependent variable was investigated. After ensuring the linear relationship between variables and flood discharge, correlation between each variable and flood discharge was calculated. The variables with the highest correlation were watershed area, basin length, and surface flow length. Using multivariate regression, modeling was used for independent variables and flood discharge. The results show that as the return period increases, the relationship between independent variables and flood discharge increases, So that the correlation of the area with the return period of 25 years is 0.609 and with the return period of 200 years is 0.677.also, the proposed models have more validity for flood prediction using multivariate regression analysis in return periods above 25 to 500 years.

Rockfalls are one of the most serious natural hazards in terms of victims and economic impact, besides their interaction with many other natural phenomena. rockfall, defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth down a slope rockfall hazard and landslide risk analyses can be carried out using several methods. The aim of this paper is to study and evaluate the potential of rockfalls and landslides and zoning these areas. In this method, in accordance with the geometric dimensions, slop, the movement of the rockfall, their expansion, finally its effect on the study area have been tested. Ddigital data also Cone fall and Arc GIS software utilized to identify landslides in the study area. Rockfall risk area was calculated for slopes and two critical angles and the results were presented as a map of high fall risk zones. The results showing that the total area of rockfall is equal to 2467357 square meters and 520686 square meters of residential areas are under the risks of rockfall.

 Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and profundity. It may even cause the springtime fountain to flow that has dried up over the years. The use of remote evaluation technology in various earth sciences is very common compared to geocentric methods due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of images, and its little cost. Also, one of the important and unique capabilities of digital satellite data is its temporal, spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. These important features of satellite imagery allow for important studies such as the evaluation and monitoring of dynamic phenomena such as quantitative changes in water resources in temporal and spatial dimensions. Because in some cases the information obtained from a sensor alone does not meet the desired needs. Although optical multispectral data provide rich spectral information of various effects, it is significantly affected by environmental factors such as smoke, fog, clouds, and the amount of sunlight. Unlike optical sensors, radar data with virtual aperture (SAR) is independent of different weather and radiation conditions, as well as the sensitivity of its signal, scatter to target parameters such as structure (shape, orientation, size), roughness, and moisture content of the features can provide more information about the study area, but on the other hand, radar images cannot clearly identify the details and edges of objects. Therefore, combining different properties of optics images and radar data using image integration techniques can provide a more complete view of the target and provide higher accuracy and reliability for the results obtained from this method. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and the image combination method, the data have been standardized in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing.

Using the method of combining satellite images of quantitative changes of surface water resources, affected by the SARPOL-E-ZAHAB earthquake in the course of 7 days, 11/11/2017 to 17/11/2017, using radar data (S_1A-IW-SLC), With 100 m spatial baseline and Landsat 8 (OLI) optical data, and obtained by applying remote evaluation techniques and indicators to detect changes in water resources, including Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in ENVI software environment and then analysis in ArcGIS software environment.

Examination of the results of quantitative changes in surface water resources shows that in the time period of 7 days after the earthquake in the study area, the highest amount of small changes (in a decreasing manner) occurred in dams (HAMMAM Strait and GILANGH-GHARB Dam). As the Strait of HAMMAM dam decreased by 0.13 square meters and the Gilan GHARB dam decreased by 0.07 square meters. Also, small changes occurred in the surface (SARPOL-E-ZAHAB SARAB-GARM) (drinking water source of the region), SIRVAN river and canals), and there were a total of 7523421 square meters of changes in the surface water resources of the study area after the earthquake.

The earthquake caused the outflow of groundwater and decreased the volume of dams in the region and fed the surface rivers of the region, including (the Sirvan river) and finally caused water loss and in some places caused the drying of springs and Damage to normal living conditions.

Karst and karst cavities are one of the most challenging subjects. Given that karst areas cover approximately 20% of the land area, Identifying and investigating the location of karst buried cavities can be useful in various usages such as tourism development, subsidence prevention and karst water resources. In the rifts of Shaho, located in Kermanshah province, karst landforms, including caves and buried cavities, are well stretched. The current study attempted to identify rapid and early karst cavities using an easy and low-cost method in geomorphological studies. To this end, in Shaho rifts (Quri Qaleh cave and its surroundings), two geophysical methods namely Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetism (VLF) were utilized and compared. Initially, by determining the location of the cave on the ground, the profile performing route was designed perpendicular to the cave route. Then, 5 profiles were performed by VLF and 4 profiles by ERT method. Four ERT profiles perpendicular to profiles 2, 4 and 5 of VLF were taken and finally the results of the two methods were compared. In addition to determining the exact location of the cave, the results of both methods revealed anomalies outside the cave. Other findings of the research include the possibility of rapidly achieving the results and the cheaper use of the VLF method compared to other identification methods.

An earthquake is one of the most important natural events that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year around the world. An earthquake is an earthquake caused by the rapid release of energy, which often occurs due to landslides along a fault in the earth's crust. Earthquakes cause many geological-geotechnical instabilities such as multiple rockfalls, soil and rock landslides, runoff and mud flow, subsidence limestone caves, liquefaction, and expansion rupture. One of the most important effects of an earthquake is the displacement of the earth and the resulting morphological changes. Estimating the rate of land displacement and monitoring the morphological changes of this phenomenon in order to manage the crisis is one of the basic measures after the earthquake. In recent decades, extensive efforts have been made to monitor changes and displacements of the Earth's crust. With accurate alignment and ground observations, changes can be measured with great accuracy, which ground measurements are costly and can be measured sporadically. The use of remote sensing technology in the various earth sciences is very common due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images, and its low cost compared to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of measurement is to show and control the movements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquake, drift, subsidence. The use of radar, satellite images, and radar interferometry methods, due to extensive coverage and periodic imaging and with an accuracy of about cm, is a good tool to monitor changes in the Earth's crust. Satellite imagery of the Sentinel-1 satellite system, which has been made available to the public free of charge by the European Space Agency since 2014 and is currently being continuously imaged, is a good tool for earthquake monitoring. A radar imaging technique is a new tool used for the discovery and display of land subsidence.  In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and radar interferometry technique, the deformation of the earth's crust due to post-seismic movements in Sarpolzahab city has been investigated. 

In this paper, using radar imagery, the deformation field due to the seismic dimension of the county is obtained from 11/ 11/ 2017 to 17/11/2017 using radar data (S _ 1 A - IW), with a baseline of 100 m.

Examination of the results of deformation of the earth's crust after an earthquake shows; The highest rate of land subsidence in the north, northwest of Sarpol-e-Zahab city (about 90 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust) to the west, and land elevation around the epicenter (north of the herd), about 30 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust (towards Darbandi Khan) It has happened. The effects of subsidence and uplift caused by the earthquake in the study area in addition to morphological changes in the area have also affected the hydrology of water resources in the area. For example, earthquakes have caused significant changes in the volume of water in the Strait of Hammam dam and increased the volume of water resources in the Sirvan river.

The results of this study showed that the use of radar interferometry technique, in addition to being an efficient tool in estimating the rate of crustal displacement, can be used in relatively accurate estimation of quantitative changes in water resources resulting from crustal displacement.

In this study, to investigate the disturbance drainage basin, 80 sub-basins were determined. The maps of geology, drainage, raster maps, fault basin was prepared. The performance area and perimeter of the basin, number and length of channels, frequency of drain, angle General, Internal angle faulting density, and angle of internal and public were calculated. The number of faults in the fault zone is about 10 to 15. These fault zone rock properties of marl, limestone, flysch, limestone, dolomite and limestone were Cenomanian. Analysis of variance based on lithology and density fault factors showed that there was a significant difference between the studied variables. Results of mean comparison with Duncan test showed that the sub-basins located on fault zones 2 and 3 are most disturbed drainage, respectively. Multivariate analysis results indicated that sub without fault in a category. Sub-basins of 73, 50, 51 and 72, however, the role of the effects of no-fault. But according to studies done on morphometric characteristics of a fault in the sub-groups, respectively. Sub basin of 2, 13, 4, 6, 14, 16, 23, 8, 39, 34, 70, 77, 80, 52, 67, 78, 7, 12 and 79 were the only sub basin that is likely to have undiscovered fault, was high.

The Relationship between parameters of Geomorphology and hydrology, provides the possibility to watersheds that there are similarities in terms of geomorphology, by creating relationship between these Parameters, attempting to predict floods in watersheds that have data and its generalization to no data watersheds was similar to each other based on geomorphic parameters. In this context, several methods have been proposed. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) in the preparation of flood hydrograph and compare its performance with Snyder, SCS and Triangular unit hydrograph models, in the Mereg catchment, Kermanshah.  In order to implement these methods, information relating to 12 rainfall –runoff events were collected and the direct hydrograph was obtained. According to statistical indices, Mean Relative Error (MRE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), coefficient of bias and Nash Sutcliffe, compare observed and predicted hydrograph showed that the most efficient model in estimating peak discharge is GIUH method and after it Snyder, SCS and triangle methods have the next, respectively. According to the results, Snyder, GIUH, SCS and Triangular methods are respectively estimated as highest performance at the time to peak. Moreover, the results indicate overestimation of GIUH, SCS and triangular methods in estimating peak flows and overestimated and underestimated of Snyder and GIUH methods in estimating of the time to peak. The SCS method also has the best flood volume estimation.

In most cases, faults can be detected by signs; however, in many cases, the outcrops of these structures have not reached the surface of the earth, or deposits have been buried with evidence and indications. Such conditions, although the surface of the earth's crust on both sides of the fault is displaced and drifting up or down, however, the surface out crop of the fault is not observed at the ground or is limited to stacks and mild folds in sections along the fault. To identify these types of faults, geophysical methods, CO2 and soil radon measurements, seismic reflections and electrical imaging, lidar, penetrating ground radar or air geophysics can be used. Researchers who have studied the buried faults of the earth's crust have generally used geophysical methods. According to Giving and colleagues, the results of aerial geophysical data in order to identify hidden faults, if accompanied with evidence of geomorphology and topographic data, have higher scientific value. In this research, the aim is to find hidden faults through geomorphic interpretation methods.

Among the areas where active tectonics and faults have been buried and the river sediments have buried their works, the east of Kermanshah province is in the Harsin and Bisetoon plain. First, geological maps and topography, geomorphology, and geostructral were explored and interpreted. Based on the hypothesis of the separation of the Shirez anticlinal from the nape as one of the geostructural and morphotectonic evidence, and the flow of the Gamasyaw river and the morphology of the Tsetonic plain of Harsin, the overall boundary of the hidden faults was identified and mapped to geology. In the next step, by studying the data of aeromagnetism and the use of return-to-pole filters, vertical derivatives, analytical signal and tilt, a more precise location of the faults was maped. Then, on the 4 main faults identified, 5 sections of VLF As and Mg As were taken and the results of the previous steps were verified using the geoelectric method.

What is obtained from the results of a total of three methods used to identify hidden faults is a number of faults that have been scattered across the region. The first fault in the almost west to east direction from west of the Taqbostan elevations in the north of Kermanshah plain extends over the Taqbostan elevations, and after passing on the Prao and Bisetoon elevations, with the shift of direction from southwest to northeast to Barnaj, and from there with change the almost east-easterly direction enters the plain and continues in the south of the Khaneh-khode mountain, and after passing through the Sahneh plain, it again extends to the north-east by changing the trend. Between the Bisetoon elevations to the Sahneh plain, 5 faults along the north-south direction extend approximately from the first fault to the shores of the Shirez anticlinal. These faults have been driven by the sliding motion. Another fault that seems to play an important role in the region's morphology and history of geomorphology in the region has started from west of Kermanshah and in the south of the Paro elevations it continues along the southeast to the Harsin plain. Comparison of the results of the three stages of the research showed that what the aeromagnetism and geoelectrics identified as faults, geomorphology, with a small spatial variation, and a negligible distance, as a fault that must exist to justify the region's morphology had identified. Geomorphology is largely capable of treating anomalies and movements caused by faults that are sometimes detected in the field by interpreting geospatial maps and analyzing the geostructural of the area along with simultaneous surveys of geomorphic, topographic, satellite images and remote sensing maps that geologists can not be identified. What is certain is that the effect of hidden faults in the region's morphology is observed only in some areas where the effect of the fault has reached the surface directly and in the expected form; otherwise, in the identification and tracing of the hidden fault by geomorphology, we must look for indirect effects and the effects of long-term faults on morphology, especially geostructural, on a larger scale than the usual methods of morphotectonic studies. It can be said that geomorphology can be successful in finding hidden faults that it has a comprehensive view on geotechnical and past geographic of region. In fact, a thorough examination of the geomorphological nature of the forms is based on the interpretation of the function of the faults, in particular the hidden faults, which themselves sometimes lead to the finding of hidden faults.

Introduction One of the proper methods for utilizing water resources is the use of subsurface water in coarse gravel sediments by the construction of underground dams. Underground dam is a structure that blocks flow of subsurface water in alluvial deposits, which makes it easy to store water in porous layers and make the use of this water easier. Locating the site of underground dams requires extensive studies. The importance of locating due to impact of many criteria and factors such as hydrological and meteorological criteria, general geology, stratigraphic layering and permeability, topography, groundwater status and socio-economic factors. It takes a lot of time and money to study these factors using traditional methods. River grade, shape of the valley, volume of river runoff received, subsurface water quantity, depth of the bedrock to the surface of the earth, the high volume of alluvium in determining the location of the underground base are very important Locations with faults, spring and wells are inappropriate areas. The purpose of this research is identify suitable sites for construction of underground dams in the North-west of Kermanshah province as a region with appropriate rainfall in the wet season and abundant water requirement in dry season. In this research, with using decision support system (DSS) method, according to the factors and conditions in the study area, removal of step by step inappropriate places has been done. At the end, among appropriate sites, the suitable sites was determined. In this study, the thickness of sedimentary layers has been calculated using satellite images and trigonometric relationships with the least cost and credible accuracy. Using the drawing of altitudes and surface elevations buffer for streams, valleys with a standard width were identified. Methodology In the first stage of  this study, the digital elevation model (DEM) layer with 12M pixel size for study area was provide. Using it, areas with 0 to 5% slope classes were extracted and other areas were deleted. Using DEM and ARC INFO software, a layer of streams was created and overlaid with the slope layer. Streams with 0 to 5% bed slope were extracted. This new layer overlaid with the fault layer and the streams with fault in their beds were removed. It is economical to construct an underground dam in the local area of ​​the streams, with a maximum width and depth of the valley not more than 15 meters. For greater accuracy, a 60-meters surface buffer (30meters from the center of the stream to each side) was determined in the ARC GIS environment for the streams. Using ARC INFO software, a 15-meters altitude buffer was also drawn up for the streams. These two buffer were overlaid and the interleaved sites were extracted as appropriate valleys. For match the extraction points with the actual situation in the area, using the information layer of the villages, topographic maps and Google Earth software extraction points from the overlying surface of the elevation and surface were examined. In order to identify the sediment surface of the streams and their bedrock, extraction point sites overlaid with a 1: 1000000 geological layer of area and locations in inappropriate geological formations were removed for non-permeability. At the last stage, thickness of the sediments that were considered almost suitable at the field visit stage was calculated using the trigonometric relationships. Results and discussion Based on the initial result of overlaying of altitude and surface privacy (as an innovative operation), 257 locations were identified for the construction underground dams. Since this point of the sites is initial, based on local conditions, were examined. Using the topographic map of 1: 50000 area and villages of the region, points were evaluated. The point of a location located more than 500 meters from residential areas and agricultural lands was removed from the final map. Determination of the distance between the underground dams and residential areas depends on the topographic conditions. Forzieri et al. (2008) considered up to 15 km distance in Mali and Haji Azizi et al. (1390) 5 km distance from residential areas. At the end of this stage, number of suitable locations dropped from 257 to 33. With overlaying of the layers of the appropriate points with geological map, from a total of 33 points, 5 points were eliminated due to presence of dissolved formations (limestone) and the lack of coarse grained sediment for water storage. At the field visit, total of 33 locations were evaluated and verified. In terms of proper valley width to construct underground dams, the accuracy of the whole point of the area was confirmed. Regarding the suitability of seasonal flows for the construction underground dams, in the field survey and survey of hydrometric station data in the region, 10 other points due to being in permanent rivers were eliminated from the total points. Alluvium thickness has a direct and large impact on the volume of water stored in the reservoir (Mohebi e Tafreshi et al., 2014). According to studies, the thickness of 5 to 20 meters of sediment is suitable for construction underground in the study area. So, calculating the thickness of the sediment, 6 other site points were removed due to the unsuitable thickness of the sediments. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, 11 suitable spot locations were determined. By constructing underground dams in these areas, it is possible to store sub-surface water from the rain that goes unused, and in dehydrated seasons for drinking, agricultural irrigation, and the creation of new agricultural lands Used. In field studies, at the foot some of slopes, there were a lot of gravel. If, in one place, all conditions for the construction underground dam without adequate thicknesses are provided, it is possible to carry these deposits to the desired location to provide a suitable reservoir for storing water in that location.

 The most important environmental challenges facing the West of iran in recent years is the dust phenomenon, that today has become one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon occurs as a climatic phenomenon in all climatic conditions, that causes adverse social, economic, environmental and commercial impacts. In this research have used dust sources that have  been identified  by Jalali and Davoodi (2008) for study effects of surface features on the creation of dust sources on the west of the country. The study area is ​​about 1200,000 square kilometers that located in the east of middle east includes Iraq and parts of Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The aim of  this research is to evaluate geomorphic characteristics and surface sediments, land cover, and wind erosion potential of dust sources in the study area. For this purpose, on based on the Bullard (2011) classification, first, layers of geomorphic , soil and land cover class were prepared and classified to three groups low, medium and high, according to the relative importance of the classes in the release of dusts. Subsequently, using 40 data stations, wind erosion potential (EW) was calculated and zoned by Kriging method. The results showed that geomorphic characteristics have the greatest role in the distribution of emission control factors. Sand dunes in the geomorphic classes with a dust Emission Ratio of 35.3 unit have the greatest effect on the creation of dust sources. There is not much conformity between different classes of land cover and type of soil with dust sources, but there is compatibility between the wind erosion potential with dust sources and the most dust sources  created in areas with high wind erosion potential.

Vulnerability assessment and mapping of hazard pollution is raised on as an important management strategy to protect the karst. Karstic aquifers in semi-arid regions of the West of Iran with regard to the natural conditions of the region, are susceptible to contamination. Estimation of amount and vulnerability mapping of aquifers in the karst religion of Bistoun- Paraw – Kermanshah plain against poullution emissions using the COP model are theaims of this study. This model using of three parameters - covering layer (O), concentration of flow (C) and regime of precipitation (P) - assesses the vulnerability of karst water resources against pollution. The results show that %31/4of the area has located in the zone of average vulnerability and %30/7of area has been in the low ​​vulnerability area and %37/9of the area has taken a very low vulnerabilities value. The later zone has been included most part of the plain. Major areas of low and moderate vulnerabilityzones has been located in the high part of the area on wherethe developed limestone territory of karst formations is found. Vegetation cover of these regions areforest-steppe vegetation where is located in the low vulnerability zone and without vegetation cover where is in the moderate vulnerability zones. The latest has over 800 mm Precipitation. Totally, the Parameters that have most important role in vulnerability level in the areaare C, P and O respectively.

Introduction Investigating the hydrogeochemical characteristics of springs in Zagros karstic landforms can be a useful guide to determine the extent of Karst development and management of water resources in these areas. The purpose of this research was to compare the development of karst with the help of hydro geochemical characteristics of Shahoo mass karstic springs having an area of 649 km2 in the thrust Zagros zone of the Kurdistan and Kermanshah Provinces, and Karstic aquifer of Islamabad with an area of 818 km2 in the simply folded zone of Zagros in Kermanshah Province. The most important carbonate formation in the Shahoo aquifer is Bisotun Limestone and in Islamabad aquifer is dolomitic limestone of Asmari and Telezang Formation. Therefore, due to the different dissolution capacities of various Zagros formations, this study investigates the dissolution of cations and anions, and in particular the rate of karstification of the two regions, by assessing the hydro geochemical characteristics of the karstic springs in the study areas.
Methodology In order to evaluate the hydro geochemical characteristics of the karstic springs in the Shahoo and Islamabad aquifers, after field visits , the karst features and formations, faults and fractures were identified and their location was determined using GPS .Then, 17 water samples were taken from karst springs of the Shahoo and Islamabad aquifers in wet season (May 2017). Finally, using ionic ratios (calcium to magnesium ratio), combinational charts and Calcite and Dolomite saturation indices using R-software and PhreeQC software, different water characteristics of karstic aquifer and dissolution rate of anions, cations and karstification of the two regions were investigated.
Results and discussion The results of quantitative water analysis helps to explain the karstic features of the areas. Generally speaking, the hydro chemical properties of water, along with geological formations, reflect the degree of dissolution of carbonate compounds and, in turn, the extent of karst development in the regions. Therefore, for the evaluation of hydro geochemical properties of karst springs, 17 water samples were collected from permanent springs in two Shahoo and Islamabad aquifers and the results were investigated by hydro geochemical methods. The results of the high calcium/magnesium ratio in Shahoo springs compared to the Islamabad aquifer clearly indicate the high purity of limestone and the presence of developed karst aquifers in the Shahoo area (Bisotun limestone) compared to the dolomite Karst of Islamabad aquifer (Asmari and Shahbazan Formations).This is confirmed by the high values ​​of the calcite saturation indices and the lower degree of dolomite saturation indices in the Shahoo compare to Islamabad aquifer. This indicates a large connection between groundwater and the lithology of the aquifer, impurities in the lime of the region, diffusion nature of Karst and a long residence time, all of which are indicative of lower Karst development in Islamabad area. The low discharge of the springs of this area along with low fluctuations in the discharge in dry and wet seasons as well as the high dissolved ions (water electrical conductivity and hardness) as well as the amount of bicarbonate and sulfate ions in the water confirm the lower karst development compare to Shahoo aquifer. Therefore, it can be concluded that the type of flow regime in the Shahoo aquifer is mainly conduit flow which the conduits are well developed, while the karst system in Islamabad aquifer is mainly diffuse.
The results of the Ahmad Synthetic Chart (MRD) indicate that the type of water in most of the Shahoo massif is of bicarbonate calcium type (calcite bicarbonate) and water of most springs of the of the Islamabad aquifer is of the bicarbonate magnesium type. This diagram also confirms the lithology of Shahoo aquifer and Islamabad aquifers as limestone and dolomite respectively, and consequently indicating the greater dissolution potential and karst developmental within the Shahoo area (as calcite dissolves faster than dolomite) in contrast to the Islamabad aquifer.
Conclusion The most important difference between the two Shahoo and the Islamabad aquifers are the difference in rainfall and temperature, the different effects of tectonics and different lithology, causing a difference in the solubility of the region which created springs with different discharges in the regions. High rainfall, snowiness, low temperature, which dissolves more carbon dioxide in water, and lithology and geomorphological features of Shahoo aquifer have led to the higher karst development in this area. Although Asmari lime in the Islamabad area is also susceptible to karstification, but it has youthfulness, purity and less thickness compared to the Bismuth lime, lower precipitation mainly in the rain form, higher temperature and the effect of geomorphologic factors such as aquifer shape, altitude and different effects of tectonic performance, have led to a lower degree of Karst development in Islamabad than Shahoo, which was examined and confirmed by hydro geochemical studies in this study. Considering the importance of the karstic territories of western Iran, and in particular the Kermanshah province and the vulnerability of karst aquifers, their vulnerability assessment is one of the most important management approaches to encounter potential risks, such as pollution, water supplies and the crisis of water resources. The study of karst development can provide a realistic view to investigate the karst system in such a way that with the help of these results, in addition to the accurate knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of these aquifers, we can better manage the amount and time of using of these aquifers that has to be taken into consideration by the relevant authorities.

The purpose of this study is investigating the influence of tectonic activity and the potential of seismic creation of faults on alluvial fans in different structural zones in Kermanshah as well as zoning fault risk on alluvial fans using spatial analysis of Barbarian. First, by using geomorphic indicators (VF, B, SMF, FCI), the tectonic activity was investigated in the region. Then, the potential of seismic creation of faults was calculated in the surface and adjacent of alluvial fans by means of Zare, Ashjaee, Meloyle and Smith. Finally, using spatial analysis Barbarian, fault risk on alluvial fans and variety of human uses on their surface was checked and the rate of uses density in the fault area was calculated. Findings of the research indicated that the influence of tectonics activity (fault) on the zone of broken Zagros is more than the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone is more than folded Zagros. Also the results of investigating the potential seismic of faults indicated that most of the faults have a high seismic potential. The results of fault risk zonation on alluvial fans indicated that 0.54 of residential areas, 0.52 of agricultural land, 0.59 of springs and 0.46 of communication lines located on the studied alluvial fans (West Country) are located in 1000 meters of fault (areas with high risk).

The study of the past glaciers and its effects are the most important subjects of the quaternary period. The most important climatic evidence of the quaternary is also in the mountains of Iran, especially in the Alborz, west and northwest of the country is glaciers and related landforms. Geomorphologic studies focusing on glacial and periglacial landforms allow us to get a better insight into the spatial diversity of present and past climates. The Chehelcheshmeh and Saral Mountains are among the coldest mountainous regions in the country.These regions during the quaternary period was mainly influenced by glacial processes. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the quaternary snowline and morphodynamic zones based on glacial evidence.
2- Chehelcheshmeh and Saral Mountains are located 46 degrees, 28 minutes to 46 degrees and 58 minutes east longitude, and 35 degrees and 34 minutes to 36 degrees north latitude. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive and data collection method is library and field. The data used in this study includes aerial images, DEM, topographic maps and geological maps, and analysis tools including Arc Map version 10 and Gradistat version 4 software. In this research to recreate the glacier zone we used Wright and Porter methods. The permanent snowline in the Wright method is equivalent to an elevation of 60% of the cirques in the area above that height. For calculation of ELA in the method of cirque-floor altitudes, a mode has been used for classified data. For laboratory studies in this research, we used two granulometry and microscopic methods for three sediment samples. For granulometric Process, we used Seave analyzes for particle with a diameter of more than 2 mm and Laser analysis for sediment grains with a diameter of less than 2 mm. Then, based on laboratory studies and field observations (to better control and identify the landforms) and with the help of aerial imagery, the study of elevational digital model and the study of geomorphologic landforms was identified evidence of each of glacial and periglacial morphodynamic zones.
3- In the survey of the study area, 25 glacier cirques were identified, some of which are well seen by the surrounding landforms. Distribution of glacier cirques showed that the glacier extent was down to 1280 meters high. In accordance with the Porter's cirque floor altitude, the final limit of the quaternary snowline was 2483 meters above sea level, which considering the active glacier valleys, glacial evidence was also seen below this elevation. In the field observations, it was found that glacial deposits are located in the Ghezel Ozan river and at a height of 1900 meters. To determine the sedimentation environment, the results of Laser and Sieve analysis on the samples showed that the studied area is affected by the processes of freezing and melting in a cold environment by preserving plant remains and heterogeneous distribution and particles bad sorting. Maintaining feldspar minerals is another result of laboratory work, which indicates severe mechanical erosion and very low chemical erosion in the study area. The lack of clay and colloidal sediments confirms this.The glacial and periglacial morphodynamic zones in this research were studied using their evidence that was identified many of the relevant landforms including Cirques, Glacial valleys, Tills, Erratic rocks, Solifluction lobes, Rock cracking , Moraines, Avalanches and Rock steps.
4- Investigation of glacial and periglacial evidence showed that quaternary snowlines in the mountains of Chehelcheshmeh and Saral compared to the investigations carried out on the Alborz, Zagros and central iran mountains at lower altitudes. Different climate of Kurdistan mountains compared with other parts of Iran is one of the main reasons for the low elevation of snowline in the region, so that the minimum temperatures in the synoptic stations of Zarrineh Obato and Heazrkanian that located in two catchment basins in the cold seasons it is mostly critical and one of the coldest parts of the country. Sedimentological evidence and laboratory analysis also indicate a cold environment in the study area mainly influenced by snow melting processes and mechanical processes, in many instances, irregular arrangement and bad sorting are observed and coarse particles constitute the highest weight percent. In the study of field evidence, many landforms and processes were identified that, considering the distribution of glacial evidence in the present, lower boundary of the periglacial morphodynamic active zone was introduced the 2750 contour.

Considering the necessity and importance of the existence of water as a living resource, and at the same time, increasing population and the growing need for this source, providing water for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes is one of the serious challenges in today’s world. The Karst can be a good source for water supply. The studies and researches of Karst water resources, due to limited alluvial resources in terms of quality and quantity and due to the wide expansion karst formations in the country, have particular importance. Khorin limestone is located in the northwest of Kermanshah city, where the main waters of the settlements around this area and the Hashilan lagoon are provided by the springs, Mirage and karst aquifers of this mountain. Therefore, in this study using the Fuzzy Logic / AHP model and employing eight effective criteria, the zoning map of potential Karst water resources of region was prepared. Then, to ensure the obtained areas, they were evaluated by field operations and geophysical methods. The results of the plot prepared with the fuzzy logic model showed that the southern ridge of Khorin and around the Hashilan lagoon had the capability and the potential of more Karst water resources. In order to validate this work, field operations and data collection was performed by vertical electrical sounding method in two separate profiles in the southern and northern slopes of the Khorin Mountain. The presence of a rich source of high quality water in the middle section of the southern slope and the lack of water resources in the northern slope confirmed the accuracy of the zoning results by the Fuzzy Logic / AHP model.

In spite of its short time period compared to the earth evolution history and formation, quaternary has had a significant effect on the final formation of the land form and vital resources. It is the final analysis of these levels and fully dependent sources to the earth genetic diseases and, above all, significant climate changes that have happened during this period; Gavkhouni basin morphological perspectives demonstrate several climate changes in quaternary. The changes whose effects on the lakes are a completely known phenomenon, indeed, the lakes can be viewed as an archive within which quaternary climate changes evidence has been maintained.
Gavkhouni basin has had a weather in past different from today’s weather, and so geomorphic forms and processes have experienced great evolutions during quaternary and have been different from today. Since the geomorphic evolution of Gavkhouni basin have been affected by the external processes, i.e., climate fluctuations of the Fourth Era, it is the resultant of these processes’ operations at the present by refer to which the past climate fluctuations in the area can be demonstrated.
This study is aimed at determining the temperature and moisture changes and transitions through tracing and revival of hot-waters and lake terraces and presenting a schematic image of the recovered lake of quaternary in Gavkhouni basin. In order to achieve this aim, statistics related to annual temperature and rainfall of 13 stations within the basin and around it were selected and, in the next stage, quaternary temperature was reconstructed using the Wright method based on the snow line, and its changes were plotted. Then, using the Peltier model which its two basic varieties are temperature and rainfall, the survey of morphoclimatic regions of Gavkhouni basin was measured both in Vurm and the current.
To estimate the current annual mean temperature and to provide isotherm map using the annual mean temperature and height of each station, a thermal gradient with correlation coefficient 0/92 was obtained and then by applying equation (1) in the height model of the basin isotherm lines map was provided and minimum, maximum, and the mean of the Gavkhouni lake basin were resulted. Then the locations of 153 glacial cirques within Gavkhouni Basin were determined using the curve form of topographical maps scale within a height range of 2500-3400 meters and the snow line of the basin measured based on Wright model was 2500 meters. By assuming the annual mean temperature at snow line as 0o and by exploiting the relation of temperature and height as well as given to the 5o reduction in past temperature compared to the present, the mean map of temperature during the cold period of the year was plotted and its minimum, maximum and mean were calculated. In the next stage, the nine-tuple regions were segregated using the Peltier graph, temperature parameters and annual rainfall and its result was plotted in the form of current morphoclimatic maps and the late quaternary phase.
Then, with regard to studies conducted on Zagros basin lakes and the resulted linear relation between the two variables, ice maker survey and lakes survey, with the correlation coefficient 0.70, it was demonstrated that there was a kind of coupling between the height and survey of the ice maker and the survey of the lake, so that more the height of the peaks more the survey of the ice maker and as the result, more the survey of the lake. Certainly, the lake survey and volume have decreased by the reduction of these variables at the present time, suggesting evidently the climate changes in the late quaternary phase compared to the present.
In order to investigate the weather fluctuations and environmental responses of Gavkhouni Basin Lake, we concentrated on the past temperature and rainfall reconstruction, measuring the depth and volume of the lake and the survey of the lake ice maker’s focuses in the past. Reconstruction of past temperature and rainfall and comparing it to the present indicates a 1/5 times reduction in rainfall and 5 degrees increase in the mean temperature of Gavkhouni Basin compared to the late phase of quaternary, a contradict which has had so many climate and geomorphic changes as the consequence. Peltier method-based morphoclimatic maps show that the vastest survey of the basin was related to semi-arid region with 48.45 percentage followed by Savan and Bouril regions with 35/28 and 14/95% percentage, respectively. At the present, the semi-arid region with almost a double increase up to 83.24% still has the most survey of the region. Dried region with 13/79% is placed in the second place. On the other hand, defining the limits of traced lake terraces through hot-waters represents the existence of a huge lake with a greater volume in the past, in other words, with regard to the correspondence of wet periods to glacial periods in the region, the basin extent has been augmented during the cold era by increasing the rainfall and consequently increasing the river debit, so that the volume of Gavkhouni lake water reached to 892km3 at the time, but during the warm era it reached to 21km3 because of the reduction of ice maker focuses in the region.

Increasing more injection of substances (precipitation) and decreasing the evaporation process in water basins has led to formation of Abarkooh hole in cold periods and also Abarkooh lake; a lake around which several social communities have been created due to this feature and in warm periods, it has turned into desert as the result of disturbing the proportion of its input and outputs. These climatic fluctuations and changes and environmental responses to them have produced many changes in the local hydrologic system and accessible water sources and have also endangered the sustainability of the area because of the external disorder factors such as drought. The danger which certainly threats the social communities and if no special management practices have been employed , will lead to the destruction of human communities and demolish of its natural ecosystems. This study which is derived from a research plan in Isfahan University has been conducted by the aim of studying how the weather changes affect the evolution path of Abarkooh basin. Moreover, it has examined the basin status and icings reduction rate and therefore the basin input rate, by relying on the Allometry procedure and evaluating 6 synoptic stations in analyzing the annual changes process of climatic parameters such as mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, current and past precipitation of the lake and also by using the evapotranspiration method. Results obtained from the research suggest that changing the current environmental parameters ratio to the colder periods have all exceeded from the stability thresholds and the general state of the environmental systems is about to collapse.