امید رنجبر

Currently, there is no proper match between Iraq's import needs and the variety of Iran's export goods to that country.According to the statistics of the International Trade Center, more than half of the country's import needs are related to mechanical and electrical machinery and transportation equipment ($16.8 billion) with a share of about 30%, and agricultural products and food industries ($11.4 billion dollar) with a share of about 20%, which Iran has allocated about 3.4% and 16.5% of the total needs of the Iraqi market in the mentioned sectors, respectively. The present article with the aim of identifying Iran's export opportunities to Iraq and prioritizing them, has used integrating a decision support model and the approaches of economic complexity and product space. A number of 627 export opportunities have been identified based on the four-digit commodity codes HS and prioritized divided into ten main commodity sections. The results show that Iran is present in half of the products in the Iraqi market with a relative advantage; So that Iran's export power to the Iraqi market (based on the revealed relative advantage) is at a higher level than the competitors of that market. Among the 590 products (according to four-digit HS) that Iran exports to the Iraqi market with a stronger advantage than other competitors, it has a comparative advantage in only 123 cases at the international level; Also, among the 351 commodity groups that have relatively high complexity, only 35 items have a comparative advantage at the international level. In addition, among Iran's export commodity groups, only 55 groups have been provided with the capabilities and capabilities needed for production in the country's economy at a level beyond 50%.

Restriction Site Mapping is one of the interesting tasks in Computational Biology. A DNA strand can be thought of as a string on the letters A, T, C, and G. When a particular restriction enzyme is added to a DNA solution, the DNA is cut at particular restriction sites. The goal of the restriction site mapping is to determine the location of every site for a given enzyme. In partial digest method, all pairwise distances between restriction sites are produced. Mathematically, given pairwise distances between n points on a line segment, the goal is to find that points. This problem has been named Partial Digest Problem(PDP). In this paper we present a new model for PDP using generalized network flows. Since complexity class of this problem is one of the most important open problems in bioinformatics (there is no polynomial algorithm and no proof for Np-completeness) reducing to a network flow problem create a new viewpoint to challenge with this problem.

Over the years of central planning in Iran, export diversification has always been at the forefront of governments’ objectives before and after the revolution. At the same time, many economists, especially neoclassical economists, has questioned the role of the State in bringing about export diversification and in particular carrying out selective targeting policies. Economic complexity, a theory put forward in recent years by Harvard and MIT economists, emphasizes the need to simultaneously take account of existing comparative advantage as well as the need to enhance economic complexity. In this paper, Iran’s export dynamisms has been studied for the first time over the period of 1997-2015 using economic complexity theory. The results show the decline of the share of complex products with a high degree of diversification in Iran’s export basket since 2005. Moreover, our research demonstrates that the main drivers of Iran’s export basket include the degree of export penetration in existing export markets, growth of world demand, currency devaluation and the degree of penetration into the product space.

In this paper, we analysis the dynamics of per capita income by using Carrion –i- Silvestre et al. (2005) stationary test over the period 1950-2008. We use the Madison historical data. The Results show that Iran economy experienced a golden period over 1955- 1976, and if this trend had been continued, Iran could be in high per capita income club countries. Because of economic policies after first oil shock, political – social changes in the1970s, the 1980-88 war with Iraq, economic sanctions and the oil price collapse in the year 1986, the GDP per Capita in Iran has fallen so much that if the Iranian economy were growing at an average rate of 4 % a year (economic growth in the 2000s), there would be a gap of 19 years between GDP per capita in 2008 and its forecast for this year.

In this paper, the effect of trade openness on growth is examined across the members of Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) by using convergence-growth equation and GMM-System dynamic panel data estimator over the period 1980-2009. The results show that the overall trade, the trade with non-OIC countries, and the investment in physical and human capital stimulate economic growth. In contrast, intra-OIC trade, population growth, government consumption expenditure, instability, inflation, and export of primary goods are the obstacles to the OIC economic growth. According to the results, multilateral trade under preferential trade agreement between Iran and the other OIC countries will not provide considerable achievements for economic growth of Iran. In summary, the OIC members are experiencing the natural resource curse.

In this paper, income per capita convergence hypothesis is tested in selected OIC countries. For this purpose, we use the time series model and univariate KPSS stationary test with multiple structural breaks (Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2005)) over the period 1950-2008. The results show that most OIC countries could not catch up toward USA. Although because of some positive term of trade shocks, they experienced catching up process in some sub- periods, they did not have appropriate infrastructure as, they could not use these opportunities and escape lag deadlock.

In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of income gap between 138 countries with USA by using time series model of convergence hypothesis and various panel unit root tests over period 1950-2008. All panel unit root tests don’t reject the null hypothesis of unit root. Univariate unit root tests results show that GDP per capita of South Korea, Switzerland, Austria, Lesoto and Hungry catch up with USA and GDP per capita of Syria, New zealand, and Jordan diverged from USA GDP per capita. The estimation shows that the breaks were clustered around specific dates, such as oil shocks or financial crises. Also,the results show that almost poor countries stay poor and almost rich countries stay rich yet. Only some countries same as South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, India, and China could escape lag deadlock and the countries e.g. Syria, Madagascar, Kenya, and Comoro moved into poverty trap. The distributions of GDP per capita in various years confirmed our results.

Economic growth and promoting the nation’s welfare is one of the main concerns of governments and policy makers. Also, the process of per capita income convergence indicates changes to countries welfare. In this paper, in order to realize the convergence process of Income per capita of Iran with income per capita of 129 countries we use the time series model and ADF unit root test with multiple structural breaks. The results of this study show that, first; in Iran the most important shocks occurred in the years 1966, 1973, 1977-1978, 1985 and 1997. Secondly, due to various shocks, Iran could not reach to specific steady state in per capita income. Thirdly, Iran could not escape vicious circles and converge to high level per capita income during 1950-2006. Although, due to the first oil shock, the level of per capita income increased, but the negative shocks in the later decades leads to not only a decrease in per capita income but also a divergence between Iran per capita incomes with high per capita income countries.

One of the main questions faced by economic theories is that whether it is possible to decrease income gap between rich and poor countries. This question relates to the oldest and most noisy subjects in economics, which is income convergence hypothesis. This is predicted by economic growth models and Factor Price Equalization (FPE) proposition. In the context of its standard assumptions specially decreasing return to capital, neoclassical growth model predicts that less developed countries grow faster than developed ones and are able to decrease the gap between developed countries and themselves. Also, based on FPE proposition, free trade equalizes factor price and thus per capita income. In addition, in the framework of endogenous growth model, trade may result in growth acceleration through increasing the rate of technology transfer and diffusion and innovation. Few studies have been done with regard to the role of international trade in income convergence. Based on some of these studies, lower-income economies benefit more from international trade than higher-income economies, which conclude that international trade causes income convergence. Based on some other studies, international trade increases income gap between rich and poor countries. In sum, there is no strong result in line with theoretical and empirical effect of trade openness on income convergence.Present paper examines trade openness impact on the speed of convergence for D8 members by using powerful panel data technique during time 1975-2004. Results indicate that trade openness has significant and positive effect on speed of convergence among D8 members. Based on the results of this paper, it seems that D8 members decrease income gap between themselves by developing mutual trade. Furthermore, based on the results obtained, physical and human capitals have positive and significant effect on economic growth of considered countries.

In this paper, we study per capita GDP convergence in D8 countries is studied. We test for The convergence hypothesis is tested throughusing twousing two approaches: Time series model (Augmented Dickey Fuller Test), and distribution model (Theil Inequality index and cross sectional variance). The time series model estimation results showed that just Indonesia, Malaysia, and Turkish TurkyTurkey converge toward America the US. Twhich is a country with high per capita.At other hand, the result of convergence hypothesis test between Iran and other D8 countries shows that convergence has been created occurred between Iran, Pakistan and Nigeria. Also, stochastic divergence was createdhas occurred between Iran, with Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The results of distributive models showed that the Inequality has been increasing among this group afterD8 countries since 1990s. In the base of this result, D8 could not create regional convergence.

This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.Convergence hypothesis implies that the per capita income growth rate of poor countries is higher than the rich countries. Therefore, income inequality will be decreased in transition process. This article aims at testing the club convergence hypothesis in MENA region during 1970-2003. We use  convergence and  convergence (or distributed) models.Our estimation results show that the income inequality decreased during 1970-2003. Even though such decreasing was not evenly distributed. Also, in estimating  convergence model, the coefficient of threshold dummy variable shows that per capita income in MENA region is separated in to two groups. Therefore, the club convergence hypothesis is not rejected in MENA countries.By using panel data method, we estimate TFP in MENA region for decades of 1970,s, 1980,s and 1990,s. The results show two income groups appear in MENA. As Quah, TFP separating is one of the most important club convergences.

In this paper, economic convergence in selected OIC (36 countries) is studied. The convergence hypothesis is tested through three approaches: Beta convergence, Sigma convergence, and time series model. OLS is used for estimating the cross section model and cross variance is used to test the distributive model. For analyzing time series model, we used Augmented Dicky Fuller test. Beta convergence and Sigma convergence are approved by the sample. Analyzing time series model, we found that OIC include several clubs. Some go down and converge to the cross section mean, others go up and converge to the mean, and the third group diverges.