امیر سلطانی محمدی

Compressed air is a versatile energy source used in various applications. However, pumping water with compressed air requires specific designs. Various designs have been proposed for pumping water using compressed air. Some of these designs include Air jet pumps, air-lift pumps, diaphragm pumps, and hydro-pneumatic pumps (discrete flow). The hydro-pneumatic pump is composed of a chamber with two unidirectional valves for intake and discharge, separated by a well. Additionally, it includes an internal tube connected from the top to the outlet unidirectional valve. As compressed air enters the chamber, it applies pressure on the water surface within the chamber, resulting in the closure of the intake valve and the opening of the outlet valve, facilitating the upward pumping of water through the internal tube. Studies have been carried out in the field of jet pumps and air-lift pumps. However, the notion of enhancing flow rate and efficiency by integrating the pumping mechanisms of these pumps gave rise to the original idea of developing a hybrid water pump with a compressed air driver. The primary goal was to approach the efficiency of a hydro-pneumatic pump and simplify the design, allowing water pumping without the need for sensors or control systems.

To assess the compressed air water pump and compare its performance with a hydro-pneumatic pump, a prototype with similar dimensions was constructed. By turning on or off and combining three compressed air nozzles within the pump structure, it was possible to operate the Combinatorial compressed air pump in four different modes. During field experiments, the performance, which included measuring input air pressure, flow rate, and water pumping height, was measured. Additionally, the efficiency of the Combinatorial compressed air pump was calculated under experimental conditions. Field experiments was conducted using a factorial design in randomized blocks. Treated variables included immersion depth (4 levels), inlet air pressure (6 levels), pump types and their working modes (5 levels). Discharge flow rates and water pumping height were measured across four replicates. at post processing, pumping efficiency calculated. Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests were conducted to analyze the significant effects of treatment variables and their interactions. to identify the best level for each treatment across different levels of other treatments, interaction slicing was employed. result was presented in charts and tables.

The variance analysis revealed a significant difference at the 1% confidence level among pump types, Immersion depth, input air pressure, and their interactions on water pump flow rate. Increasing submergence depth led to higher flow rates in the hydro-pneumatic pump, Combinatorial pneumatic pump, Bubble pump, Bubble & Airlift combined pump, and air-lift pump. Additionally, raising input air flow resulted in increased water pumping rates for all types of pumps.The hydro-pneumatic pump exhibited higher flow rates compared to other pumps, attributed to its positive displacement structure. The flow rate in all pumps increased with higher input air pressure due to the increase in air flow.The variance analysis on pump efficiency showed significant differences at the 1% confidence level in input air pressure levels, Immersion depth, pump type, and their interactions. With increased Immersion depth, pump efficiency rose in the following order: Combinatorial pneumatic pump, hydro-pneumatic pump, Bubble pump, Bubble & Airlift combined pump and air-lift pump, and air-lift pump. The Combinatorial pneumatic pump showed the most positive impact of Immersion depth on efficiency.Immersion depth, inlet air pressure, and pump type significantly impacted discharge rate and pump efficiency. With increased immersion depth and air pressure, discharge and efficiency rose for all pump models and operating modes. The hydro-Pneumatic pump achieved higher efficiency and discharge due to its different structure. At 2m immersion depth, the best performance among all pump models and modes was observed: Airlift pump (10.3% efficiency), Bubble pump (20.8%), Bubble & Airlift Combined pump (19.3%), Pneumatic Combined Pump (27.1%), and Hydro-Pneumatic pump (25.2%).

While the hydro-Pneumatic pump offered superior performance, the compressed air pump's simpler structure and lack of electronic control circuitry present advantages. Future research could explore optimizing the compressed air pump design for improved efficiency while maintaining its structural simplicity. Due to structural differences, the hydro-pneumatic pump exhibits significantly higher efficiency (approximately 54%). It was expected that this efficiency would be maintained with increasing pressure, but due to the limited immersion depth in the experiments and dimensional mismatch of the pump with high input air pressure, we observed a decrease in efficiency at higher pressures. This indicates that for each submergence depth and pump head, there is an optimal pressure that the pump dimensions should be designed to suit.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the yield and yield components of Panicum millet plant under the conditions of combined stresses of salinity and deficit irrigation as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 48 treatments at the research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. Treatments included four levels of irrigation water salinity including 0.63, 3, 5 and 8 dS/m (S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively) and four irrigation levels including 100, 80, 60 and 40 (w1, w2, w3 and w4 respectively) percentage of water requirement was done. The traits studied included leaf-to-stem weight ratio panicle length, plant height, shoot weight, thousand seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. The results showed that the applied salinity stress levels had a significant effect on harvest index traits, seed yield, thousand seed weight, shoot weight, panicle length and plant height at the 5% and there was no significant difference only on the leaf-to-stem weight ratio trait. The combined effect of salinity and deficit irrigation stress on all traits except for panicle length was significant at the 5%. Millet in the conditions of no stress (S1W1) and the highest level of stress (S4W4) applied in this study could yield 3.76 and 1.71 tons per hectare, respectively.

By using the temperature of the canopy cover of the plant, a practical parameter called the crop water stress index (CWSI), it was determined that this index is one of the methods of checking the water requirement of the plant and it can be considered as a suitable tool for irrigation management in the field. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of determining the water stress index of sugarcane in two methods of surface irrigation (CI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) at research station number one of Khuzestan Research and Training Institute for Development of Sugarcane and Related Industries, in June 2022. The fields included the third field culture (Ratoon 3), of the CP69-1062 variety, and were selected with four repetitions in both methods. First, the equation of upper and lower base lines for the surface irrigation method was determined as (Tc-Ta)ul=1.7 and (Tc-Ta)=-0.09VPD+1.27, respectively. Then, using the equations of the lines based on the surface irrigation method, the average of crop water stress index for subsurface drip irrigation method and surface irrigation was calculated as 0.28 and 0.66, respectively, and the equation was presented according to the irrigation scheduling of the Sugarcane in June.

One of the important factors that reduce plant growth is the short-term water stress applied to the plant in the period of two irrigations. This research aims to investigate the relationship between crop water stress index (CWSI) of sugarcane and soil moisture under two systems of closed-end furrow irrigation (CI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) at research station number one of sugarcane development research and training institute was done from July to September 2022. For this purpose, a field including ratoon 3, of the variety CP69-1062, with four replications for both irrigation systems was selected. First, the upper and lower baselines were determined for CI. Then, using these baselines, the average CWSI for SDI and CI systems was estimated for each month, separately. The highest value of CWSI for CI in September was 0.54 and for SDI in August was 0.49. Results showed that there is a high correlation between CSWI and soil moisture only in CI method for the depths of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm. The correlation between CWSI and soil moisture for CI was determined in the range of 0.60-0.70, and for SDI, in the range of 0.46-0.12. It seems that in addition to water stress, other stresses such as salinity stress caused by irrigation water and farm soil are also applied to the plant.

in order to determine the economic evaluation of Grain Maize crop behavior in relation to Surge and alternate Deficit irrigation strategy, a research in Jaydar plain of Poldokhtar city during the year 2021-2022 was done. The statistical design of the research was Factorial design in a randomized complete block design Which has two factors at 5 and 3levels. Factor A (five furrow irrigation methods) including conventional irrigation (C), Surge irrigation with one-to-one flow wave cycle ratio until advance time is complete (S_1), Surge irrigation with two-to-one flow wave cycle ratio until advance time is complete (S_2) , fixed alternate irrigation (FF) and variable alternate irrigation (AF) as well as factor B (three irrigation regimes) including 100% water requirement (I_100), 80% water requirement (I_80) and 60% water requirement (I_60). The number of experimental treatments was 15 and the number of replications was 3 replications. The results showed that in irrigation methods, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water consumed is related to the s_1 surge irrigation method respectively with values of 20.24 and 9.87 thousand Rials per cubic meter. In different irrigation regimes, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water consumed respectively is related to the (I_80) with the amount of 19.46 thousand Rials per cubic meter and (I_100) with the amount of 8.29 thousand Rials per cubic meter was determined. Finally for different irrigation treatments, the highest gross and net profit in relation to the amount of water used was related to the treatment S_1 I_60 respectively is 22.53 and 10.7 thousand Rials per cubic meter.

The climate change, the intensity and continuity of drought periods, will affect the frequency of its occurrence in the coming decades. Iran is one of the countries that suffered the most damage from drought. Soil infiltration, which is very important in the design and management of furrow irrigation, changes over time. This issue will have a great impact on the irrigation efficiency. The purpose of this research is to investigate the temporal changes of the parameters of the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation in furrow irrigation of sugarcane plant. The values of inflow, outflow and advance time were measured during 4 irrigation in 6 repetitions.The infiltration parameters were estimated using the advance time data and the hydrograph of the inflow and outflow using volume balance method. The results showed that there are significant temporal changes between the average values and the values of the coefficients of the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation in each irrigation and the maximum change was related to the first irrigation, so that the range of parameter a changes in the range of 0.59 - 0.09 and the maximum value was related to the first irrigation, the range of changes in parameter k were observed in the range of 0.90 - 0.25, the highest of which was observed in the second irrigation. The average of f0 were equal to 7.333* 10-5 m^3/m.min with a CV of 16%. The results showed that the trend of time changes of infiltration parameters is not constant and more research is needed in this field.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of combined stresses of irrigation salinity and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield components of millet plant. The field experiment was conducted as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University during growing season in 2022. Treatments included four levels of irrigation salinity including 0.63, 3, 5, and 8 dS/m (S1, S2, S3 and S4) as main plots and three nitrogen fertilizer levels including; 100, 75 and 50 % of fertilizer requirement (N1, N2 and N3) as subplots. The results showed that the effect of salinity stress was significant on leaf/stem ratio and panicle length at P<5% and for the rest of the yield components at P<1%. Also, the effect of different nitrogen treatments was significant on all components yield of millet, except leaf/stem ratio, panicle length and plant height. The interaction effect of salinity and nitrogen stress was significant on thousand seed weight, biomass weight, yield and harvest index at the at P<1% and had no significant on leaf/stem ratio, panicle length and plant height. The highest millet yield was 3.76 tons per hectare in S1N1 treatment and the lowest yield was 2.53 tons per hectare in S4N1 treatment.

One of the effective methods in the development of water desalination is the use of solar energy, which uses the main principles of water evaporation and distillation. Brine water enters the pan of the machine, and is then heated and evaporated by sunlight, additives and even some microbes that are separated from the water molecules during evaporation and remain in the pan. The production of pure water and no need for conventional energy sources are the advantages of this method. In this research, the effect of polyethylene absorbents with a thickness of one centimeter, and black glass on the bottom of the tanks; The depth and electrical conductivity of water were evaluated based on the volume changes of distilled water. For this purpose, in August 2018, in the Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, four solar still tanks were installed in two directions, north-south and south-north, on the roof of the distillery irrigation greenhouse. Experiments were conducted in three weeks with four treatments. (1- Tanks without polyethylene absorbent, and the water depth in them is two centimeters; 2- Tanks with polyethylene absorbent, and the water depth in them is two centimeters; 3- Tanks containing polyethylene absorbent and the water depth in them is two and four centimeters, north to south; each repetition in one week) the electrical conductivity in the tanks was 10 and 20 dS/m. The results showed that in north-south reservoirs, increasing the depth of saline water from 2 to 4 cm increased the amount of water production by 65%; Also, in this direction, tanks containing water with higher electrical conductivity caused an increase in the amount of distilled water production up to 5%, in the south-north tanks in the first week of measurement, the amount of production in a tank with electrical conductivity of 10 dS/m (tank number two) It was more than 2 liters. Finally, due to the stability of other factors involved, the difference in the total volume of produced water between the presence and absence of polyethylene absorbent in the North-South reservoirs is 22%, and for the South-North reservoirs, this difference reached 84%. The optimal conditions for water production were the presence of polyethylene absorbent, and greater water depth.

in order to investigate the effect of surge and alternate deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of grain maize variety SC704, a research was done in Jaydar plain of Poldakhtar city during the 2021-2022. The statistical design of the research was factorial in a randomized complete block which included two factors at 5 and 3levels. Factor A (five furrow irrigation methods) including conventional irrigation (C), surge irrigation with on/off cycle ratios of 1 and o.5 (S_1 and S_2, respectively) until advance time is complete, fixed alternate irrigation (FF) and variable alternate irrigation (AF) as well as factor B (three irrigation regimes) including 100% water requirement (I_100), 80% water requirement (I_80) and 60% water requirement (I_60). The number of experimental treatments was 15 and the number of replications was 3. The results showed that compared to the control treatment (CI_100), the highest and lowest water consumption savings related to irrigation treatments AFI_60 and S_2 I_100 were equal to 50.2 and 9.6%.The highest water use efficiency, the lowest surface runoff losses and the deep penetration of research treatments are related to AFI_60 irrigation treatment respectively with values of 75.7, 22.4 and 1.9% . The highest yield (grain weight and total weight of ears) was related to S_2 I_100 irrigation treatment with values of 6202 and 8064 kg / ha, which increased by 4.97 and 5.13% compared to the control treatment. The highest water productivity for grain weight and total weight of ears was related to S_1 I_60 irrigation treatment respectively equal to 0.75 and 0.95 kg / m3 , which increased by 47 and 41.8% compared to the control treatment and it was suggested as the most appropriate method of maize irrigation in the study area.

The aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect of insulation parameters, mirrors as well as the amount of water added to tanks on the amount of water production in solar distillation systems. For this purpose, the present study in 2020 in four solar distillation systems, in two directions north - south and south - north, which is installed on the roof of the greenhouse distillation irrigation; It was performed in the Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiments were evaluated in two weeks under the conditions (presence of insulation and closed mirrors; presence of insulation and openness of mirrors; each case in one week). The water depth in the tanks was constant and two centimeters. The results showed that in the presence of ionolite insulation, the openness of the mirrors in the tanks with north-south cover slope caused a decrease in production by up to 10% and in tanks with south-north cover slope caused an increase in production by up to 26%. The openness of the mirrors in tanks with a slope of the north-south cover reduces the rate of evaporation and thus reduces the amount of water added by up to 8%; And in reservoirs with south-north cover slope caused a decrease of up to 2%. The optimal conditions for the experiments were if the mirrors were closed in the north-south direction and the mirrors were open in the south-north direction.

Saline drainage water are known as a problem, but by creating management approaches, drainage water can be made in line with sustainable development by compensating for the limitation of water resources. Biochar is a soil additive and a management approach in agriculture. In this research, the effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity (2.5, 5 and 10 dSm-1, S1, S2 and S3), biochar (zero, 1 and 2%, B0, B1 and B2) and water supply (60, 80, 100 and 120%, M1, M2, M3 and M4) in the form of factorial split plot experiment in time in the form of randomized complete block, in three replications during the years 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, on yield and water efficiency Fodder sorghum was investigated in three harvests. The results showed that the effect of different levels and their interaction effects on the yield and efficiency of fresh and dry sorghum water consumption is significant at the level of 1%. The highest and lowest fresh yields were obtained in B2S1M4 and B2S3M1 treatment (20.52, 135.52 t ha-1). The lowest fresh and dry water productivity of fresh and dry fodder was obtained in B2S3M3 treatment with values of 2.5 and 0.91 kgm-3. Treatments B2S1M3 and B2S1M2 had the highest productivity of fresh and dry fodder water, 10.54 and 4.4 kgm-3, respectively. In irrigation conditions with saline water, the yield and productivity of fresh fodder is sensitive to the amount of biochar, in such a way that in supplying 100% of the water requirement with saline water (10 dSm-1), adding 1 and 2% causes a change of +2.6% and -4.7% in performance and +1.9% and -2.5% in the efficiency of fresh fodder water consumption.

Use of nitrate fertilizer to increase crop yield is a method used by many farmers. Once this ion enters the soil, it is converted to nitrate and easily leached. Using zeolite is one of the methods to prevent nitrate leaching has received much attention today; however, determining the exact amount of nitrate fertilizer when using zeolite is very important. Performing experiments in a classic way and taking into account the effect of all factors (factorial design) needs time and cost in performing experiments. For this reason, old research methods should be replaced by simple and standard methods such as Taguchi and central composite design. For this purpose, this study was conducted in a completely randomized as factorial design. Treatments consisted of zeolite (at three amount; zero, 2 and 6%) and nitrate application (at three levels; zero, 200 and 400 mg nitrate per kg of soil) with three replications. Taguchi and central composite designs were considered with 9 and 13 experiments, respectively. The results of complete factorial method showed that the amount of zeolite had a significant effect on nitrate leaching; however, nitrate fertilizer had no effect on nitrate leaching. According to Taguchi results, both zeolite and nitrate fertilizer were very important on nitrate leaching reduction from soil. Based on prioritizing the effect in the central composite design, it was observed that zeolite was the most important factor in reducing nitrate leaching. Based on the results, the application of 2% zeolite was the beginning of the effect of zeolite on nitrate leaching. Therefore, it can be expected that in amounts between 2 to 6% zeolite, a significant reduction in nitrate leaching occurs.

Khuzestan plain has a high potential for sugarcane production due to its extremely high solar energy and fertile sedimentary soil. Sugarcane is a perennial plant with a long growth period and high water requirement. Therefore, proper irrigation management with the aim of saving water consumption and increasing sugarcane yield is of particular importance. On the other hand, plant growth modeling is an important tool in evaluating the effects of field management on crop yield and, consequently, decision-making for appropriate management methods. In this study, the yield of sugarcane in a 25-hectare farm of Salman Farsi agro-industry in Khuzestan province in different state of farm management was investigated. Also, using the measured data, the Aqua crop model was calibrated and using it, eighteen management scenarios (including three 0, 80 and 100% mulch modes, two surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods and three fertilizer levels of 300, 350 and 400 kg/ha) were implemented for the farm and the results calculated. The results showed that increasing fertilizer consumption by 50 kg/ha causes an increase of approximately 2.5 tons of crop per hectare. The use of drip irrigation on average 1.5 tons per hectare increases crop yield compared to surface irrigation and also the use of mulch coating by 80% increases the yield by 3.5 tons per hectare. Finally, based on the results of this study, the highest yield is related to the drip irrigation scenario with 80% mulch coverage and 400 kg /ha fertilizer. By applying these conditions, biomass production will increase by 8.6 tons per hectare and it is suggested to use this method in sugarcane fields of Khuzestan province.

One of the methods to reduce nitrate leaching is the use of slow release fertilizers as well as the application of soil conditioners. In order to investigate the effect of slow release fertilizer, bagasse and sugarcane biochar on grain yield, water consumption productivity and nitrogen leaching in maize cultivation, factorial experiment in a complete-random block design with two factors including types of fertilizer (N1: ordinary urea fertilizer and N2: nitrogel urea fertilizer) and ratios of soil conditioner (B1; 0% bagasse and 0% biochar, B2; 100% bagasse and 0% biochar, B3; 75% of bagasse and 25% biochar, B4; 50% bagasse and 50% biochar, B5; 25% bagasse and 75% biochar, B6; zero percent bagasse and 100% biochar) in 3 replications in 2019 was performed in the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Research and Training Center.The results showed that the use of slow release fertilizer increased grain and biomass yield, water consumption productivity, nitrogen recycling efficiency and crop efficiency of 17.1%, 25.5%, 16.7%, 75.4% and 16.8% respectively, compared to control treatment (N1B1). Also, the use of soil conditioners increased grain and biomass yield, water consumption productivity, nitrogen recycling efficiency and crop efficiency of 19.1%, 29.8%, 19.0%, 85.7%, and 19.1% respectively, in compare with control treatment and decreased drainage water and nitrate leaching of 36.2% and 58.3% in compare with control treatment. The maximum water consumption productivity occurred in N2B3 treatment with 1.26 kg/m3, the minimum nitrate leaching related to N2B6 with 7.1 kg/ha and the maximum nitrogen recycling efficiency occurred in N2B6 treatment with 74.8%. In general, the obtained results indicate the ability of slow release fertilizers and soil conditioners to decrease the problems caused by nitrogen leaching and increase the yield and water consumption productivity in summer maize cultivation.

Identifying the amount of water used to produce agricultural products is of great importance, and it can be very effective in recognizing and providing appropriate solutions to reduce water consumption in agriculture. In this study, in order to investigate the water consumption of sugarcane in Khuzestan province for sugarcane production, the water footprint index in two 25-hectare farms (free drainage and controlled drainage) from Salman Farsi agro-industry unit was used. Using the collected and available information, the AquaCrop model was calibrated. Then four irrigation scenarios (100, 110, 85, and 70% of water requirement) were implemented. Based on the results, the water footprint index was recalculated. The results showed that the amount of water required for sugarcane production in the field with free drainage was 258 cubic meters per ton. Of this amount, 12% was green water, 72% blue water, and 16% gray water. Using controlled drainage, this amount was reduced to 222 cubic meters per ton, of which green, blue, and gray water were 16, 69, and 15 percent, respectively. The results of the model showed that in scenarios I1 and I2, the water footprint index in controlled drainage is 18% lower than the free drainage.  This value is 18% and 19% for I3 and I4, respectively. Comparison of the results showed that in the controlled drainage condition and supply of 85% of the plant water requirement, the water footprint index decreases by 23% compared to the normal (which is running) condition, which is the best option among the studied scenarios.

Given the increasing consumption of drinking water and agricultural production in the future, as well as the shortage of fossil fuels, it is necessary to use a solar energy source to desalinate salt water. Is. The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction of optimal water production conditions in solar distillation systems in 2019 in four solar distillation systems, in two directions north-south and south-north in the distillation irrigation greenhouse of the Faculty of Water Engineering and Environment of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiments were performed in one month under the conditions (without insulation and closed mirrors; with insulated and closed mirrors; with insulated and open mirrors; without insulated and open mirrors, each in one week). In Abshahr reservoirs, salinity was determined by NACL salt and embedded in reservoirs; The water depth in the reservoirs was fixed and two centimeters. Climatic data were measured to assess the conditions. The results showed that the openness of the mirrors in the tanks with south-north cover slope caused an increase in water production by up to 20% and in the tanks with north-south cover slope caused a decrease in production by up to 38%. Ionolite insulation in tanks reduced production by up to 30%; In all conditions, the south-north direction reservoirs had a lower production rate than the north-south direction reservoirs. Therefore, the closure of the mirrors and the north-south direction were the optimal conditions for water production.

Successful management of groundwater resources using numerical models requires knowledge of spatial distribution of hydraulic heads and it's fluctuation, aquifer parameters and other input data. One of the most basical issues in groundwater resources management is the estimation of water table from observation well network data. In this study, three methods of artificial intelligence, geostatistics (Kriging) and IDW with evapotranspiration, air temperature, precipitation and geographic inputs were used to simulate the depth of groundwater Salman Farsi Sugarcane Plantation. The results showed that the highest simulation accuracy of groundwater depth in Salman Farsi Sugarcane Plantation was related to the artificial neural network model with the highest R2 (0/92) index and lowest RMSE and MAE (1.25 and 1.74) values. Also, among the Kriging and IDW models used, the accuracy of the Kriging model was more than the IDW model. Due to the acceptable accuracy of the results of the presented models, the water resource planner and decision maker in this field can apply this optimum interpolated groundwater depth to monitoring the spatiotemporal fluctuation of groundwater depth in this area by updating it's data.

Accurate estimate of reference evapotranspiration is very important not only in planning andcomputing irrigation frequency, but also in studies related to water balance modeling in eacharea. The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate nine different methods of estimatingthe reference evapotranspiration based on three general categories of temperature, radiation andmass transfer at nine study stations in Lorestan province from 1999 to 2019. The results of thesemethods were compared with the results of the FAO Penman Monteith. The performance ofdifferent methods was evaluated using R2, RMSE and CRM statistics. The results showed that inmost of the study stations, among the temperature-based methods, the Hargreaves Samani,among the radiation based methods, the Makkink and among the mass transfer methods, theWMO showed the best performance with the highest R2 and lowest RMSE. Also using ArcGISsoftware, spatial zoning was performed and maps of each category was presented.

Evapotranspiration determination is a key factor for irrigation scheduling, water balance, irrigation system design and management and crop yields simulation. Reference Evapotranspiration is a complex and multivariate phenomenon that depends on climatic factors and most accurate way to estimate it is lysimeter but using Lysimeter requires a lot of time and money, hence the Evapotranspiration estimation is done by meteorological parameters and applying empirical models. These models have the coefficients that each coefficient is representative of regional conditions that equation is calibrated in that area. Nowadays Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are being applied in several problems of water engineering where there is no clear relationship between effective parameters on the estimation of phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Artificial Neural Networks and Experimental models in the estimation of evapotranspiration for Salman Farsi Agro-Industry. based on daily meteorological data and 3-years (March 2016 to March 2019) data from Lysimeter of the station, Evapotranspiration was calculated to above methods. The results of calculations showed that the Artificial Neural Network has better performance than all the empirical models, it has a RMSE, MAE and R2 respectively is equal to 1.25, 0.24 and 0.97 mm/day Also among the empirical models, the Penman-FAO-Monteith model with RMSE, MAE and R2 equal to 2.07 , 3.09 and 0.91 mm/day is a priority. Also, 10 scenarios were defined to evaluate the accuracy of the neural network model by reducing the climatic parameters.

The use of green cover temperature for plant irrigation planning is one of the methods that has been considered by researchers. For this purpose, several indicators have been presented, among which we can mention the water stress index of the plant by Idso method. In order to plan summer corn irrigation in climatic conditions of Ahvaz using green cover temperature, in 2018 research in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Faculty of Water Engineering under four types of irrigation regime including I0, I1, I2 and I3 respectively 120 , 100, 80 and 60% of the plant's water requirement was done in a completely randomized design in three replications. Based on the results, the equation of the upper and lower base line for the corn plant, treatment I1 (100% water requirement) for the development stage is 2.89 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 1.984-0.0946VPD, for the middle stage is 3.4 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 3.217-0.1669VPD and for the final stage of growth was equal to 1.2 and (Tc-Ta) ll = 1.147-0.160VPD was obtained in degrees Celsius. The results also showed that the total water stress index for the growth period for the 120, 100, 80 and 60 treatments was 0.17, 0.22, 0.35 and 0.52, respectively. The relationship between plant water stress index and soil moisture level for different irrigation treatments was highly correlated and the equation of soil stress index with soil moisture for I1 treatment for the next day and before irrigation was equal to CWSI = 1.8296-0.0586ɵv and CWSI = 1.038 0.0281ɵv was obtained. The results showed that with decreasing water consumption, the plant's water stress index increased and with increasing water stress, the correlation between CWSI index and soil water depth decreased so that the highest R2 (0.97) in I0 treatment and the lowest R2 (0.88) was in I2 and I3 treatments. As the results of this study confirm, the plant's water stress index is a good tool for irrigation planning and optimal management in the field.

The presence of nitrate in water resources is one of the most important global concerns, so it can be very helpful to prevent it from entering the water using materials such as hydrocar, biochar, zeolites and superabsorbents. For this purpose, this study with four treatments at 3 different levels and 4 repetitions was conducted in 2019. In this study, 36 PVC pipes with diameter and height of 10.5 and 50 cm, respectively, were used at research farm Faculty of Water Sciencs Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Treatments included hydrocar (H), biochar (B), potassium zeolite (Z), and superabsorbents of type A200 (S) at three levels (M0, M2, and M5, respectively, including zero, 2, and 5 g / kg soil), respectively. The duration of the experiment included 10 irrigations, and at the end of each irrigation, the output nitrate was measured. The results showed that the effect of superabsorbent, zeolite and biochar in all irrigations and hydrocar other than irrigation 4 and 6 at 5% level was significant on reducing nitrate leaching. SM2 and SM5 treatments were 42% and 58%, respectively, ZM2 and ZM5 treatments were 20% and 29%, respectively, BM2 and BM5 treatments were 30% and 43%, respectively, and HM2 and HM5 treatments were 20% and 31%, respectively, compared to control treatment was effective in preventing nitrate leaching. In general, superabsorbent treatment is recommended due to higher absorption.

Salinity stress has significantly reduced world crop growth and production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions (Bahadorkhah and kazemeini, 2014). Drought and salinity reduce crop productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, finding a crop which produces yield under these adverse conditions is very important (Razzaghi et al, 2011). Quinoa is a new plant with a high nutritional value that has led the World Food Organization (FAO) to call it vegetarian caviar (Seifati et al, 2015). Quinoa is a species of passionate herb (Adolf et al, 2013), and most Quinoa cultivars have the ability to grow in salinity with a concentration of 40 dS / m and even more. This amount of salinity is too high for most crops (Jacobsen et al, 2003, Hariadi et al, 2010).

Plant water uptake under water stress conditions can be described quantitatively by some mathematical models. Water absorption models are useful tools for irrigation planning and optimal water management if they can provide accurate predictions of plant response to water stress. In general, two broad categories of water absorption modeling approaches, models are microscopic and macroscopic models Microscopic models of water flow to the single root and macroscopic models of water harvesting by the whole root area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some macroscopic models under water stress conditions. For this purpose, experiment with three irrigation treatments I1, I2, I3, 100, 80, 60% water requirement, respectively, in a completely randomized design with three replications on summer maize cultivar (KSC-704) in Ahvaz climatic conditions in summer 2018. also treatments without cultivation were used to measure evaporation from the soil surface. To evaluate the models used (Fedes et al. 1978, van Genuchten 1987, Dierksen et al. 1993 and Homay 1999) from four statistical indices of coefficient of explanation (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), normalized error (NMSE) and mean relative error percentage (MRE) were used. The results showed that for I2 and I3 treatments, Van Genuchten (1987) model with statistical indices (R2 = 0.58, RMSE = 0.10), for I2 treatments, Van Genuchten& Co (1987) model with Statistical analysis (R2 = 0.35 and RMSE = 0.10) and for the I3 treatment, van Genuchten's (1987) model with R2 = 0.51 and RMSE = 0.10 compared to other models had the best fit with the measured data.

In order to evaluate the effect of different irrigation management, a split-split plot design was carried out in a randomized complete block design in Shahrekord Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the growing season of 2018. This experiment consists of two methods of irrigation (surface and subsurface drip irrigation) in the main plots and four irrigation levels (Full irrigation, FI; deficit irrigation, RDI-80; Regulated deficit irrigation, RDI-65; and Partial Root-zone Drying (PRD-75) in subplots, in three replications for potato (Bourren cultivar). The results showed that the effect of different irrigation management on tuber yield, number of tubers per plant, percentage of tubers size, dry matter percentage, normal harvest index, percentage of starch, percentage of soluble sugars, percentage of nitrate and water productivity were significant (P≤0.01). Surface drip irrigation, as compared to irrigation of subsurface drip, increased the yield and water productivity by 7%. For surface irrigation, by increasing the amount of irrigation water from 65% to 100%, the average of starch and nitrate increased 18.8% and 33.6%, respectively and the soluble sugars decreased by 13.8%. With Compared to different irrigation treatments in two irrigation systems, average of maximum yield and normal harvest index for complete irrigation were obtained 50.3 t/ha and 0.48, respectively. In surface irrigation and 〖RDI〗_80 treatment the highest water productivity was achived 12 kg/m^2 which is recommended as a water saving solution.

The nitrogen cycle in the soil is an important part of the nitrogen cycle in the world and is largely influenced by climate change. The developed model was calibrated and evaluated by system dynamics method in order to simulate nitrogen behavior in soil in Amirkabir sugarcane Agro-Industry. Data from complete irrigation and fertilization treatments (depth of irrigation was 120 mm and 4 split equal to 450 kg.ha-1) were used to calibrate the model. Also, treatments of 150, 250 and 350 kg.ha-1 were used to evaluate the model. In order to goals of this study, the output of three models of BNU-ESM, CESM-CAM and EC-EARTH was applied with two scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The results showed that climate change would increase nitrate losses, mineralization and ammonium sublimation. The amount of nitrate losses in the EC-EARTH2.6 climatic pattern showed an increase of 5% for future period (2016-2035) compared to the base period (1971-2000). Mineralization in the base period was equal to 93.5 kg.ha-1, which is less than the values obtained with less variation models. This phenomenon also reduces the process of denitrification from 29.65 to 20.1 kg.ha-1. The change from the RCP2.6 to RCP8.5 scenario has led to an increase in nitrate losses, mineralization and ammonium volatilization, which indicates the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide gas on these processes.