امیر شعبانلو

Antibiotics presence in drinking waters causes health problems for humans. The present study investigated chitosan potential in the adsorption of antibiotic Metronidazole from aquatic environments. The current study was conducted in an experimental scale in a batch system. The effect of input variables including pH, operating time, chitosan dose, and Metronidazole concentration on the adsorption performance was investigated in a central composite design upon on response surface methodology. Isotherm and kinetic studies also were explored in optimum condition of inputs variables. To detect the residual concentration of Metronidazole, the DR 5000 spectrophotometer at the 320 nm wavelength was applied. The results showed that the adsorption process follows a second-order polynomial model with F-value=990.936 and P<0.0001, R2=0.9989 and Adj-R2=0.9979. The optimum level of independent variables includes pH=4.74, contact time= 60 min, chitosan dose=1.5 g/L and Metronidazole concentration=20 mg/L, in which the highest removal efficiency was obtained about 85%. In the following, it was observed that the adsorption process corresponds to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic models with R2 value of 0.9965 and 0.9859, respectively. In this study, it was observed that the chitosan has a high ability in the adsorption of Metronidazole; therefore, chitosan compound can be proposed as neutral adsorbent with major potential in adsorption of Metronidazole and other similar antibiotics from aqueous environments.

The use of (advanced oxidation processes) AOPs, due to have high performance in degradation of organic compounds is growing. Combined use of electrical current and sulfate free radical creates a synergy effect on removal of pollutant. The aim of this study was to evaluation the performance of activated per sulfate by the electrochemical method with copper – iron electrodes for removal of Aniline from aqueous solution. In this experimental study, a batch electrochemical reactor with a useful volume of 250 mL, copper and iron electrodes with 2×10×50 mm area from the DC source to aniline degradation was used. Also the Influence of parameters such as pH, Voltage (with amper), initial concentration of per sulfate and initial concentration of Aniline was investigated. Aniline concentrations, determined by spectrophotometer DR5000 making HACH. The experimental results indicated that the removal of aniline was influenced by different operational parameters, So that the highest process efficiency was obtained at pH 4, a voltage of 11 V, a concentration of per sulfate anions equal to 750 mg /L and a concentration of 60 mg /L of pollutant, 90.41% in a 25 minute period. It was also found that with an increase of nitrogen gas, efficiency will be increase and aeration reduces efficiency. The present study demonstrated the proper performance of the process in removing organic pollutants under optimal conditions of use as well as an alternative technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing Aniline.

Synthetic dyes are an important group of additivesused in food products, and because of health concerns about consuming population, the application of these compounds is needed to be enough controlled. The aim of this study was to investigate the types and frequencies of the dyes used in making pastries in the confectionery of Tuyserkan city. In this cross-sectional study investigated the types of consumed dyes in confectionery’s pastries of Tuyserkan city. A total of 80 samples including wet and dry pastries are randomly sampled from 17 confectioneries. The steps of the experiment consisted of degreasing the sample, purification, and determining the type of dye were down by using Tin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. All charts used in the study were drowned by Excel Software (2013). The results indicate, among the total 80 samples, 17 samples contained no dye, 15 samples with natural dye, 44 samples with permitted synthetic dyes, and 4 samples have non-permitted synthetic dyes. Moreover, of all the synthetic dyes, 8 samples contained Quioline yellow dye, 10 samples with Sanset yellow dye, 8 samples with Azorubine dye, 5 samples with Brilliant blue dye, 5 samples with ponceau 4R, and 4 (5%) samples have Allura Red. This study showed a remarkable part of used dyes in the confectionery of Tuyserkan city is non-permitted. Therefore, it is proposed to reduce the amount of synthetic dyes by restriction in distribution, more controlling by health departments, and increasing the awareness in consumers and manufactures.

Backgrond: Pharmaceutical products, particularly antibiotics such pollutants are evolving due to the cumulative effects, adverse effects and drug resistance is a major concern in the control environment. The purpose of this work is to investigate the feasibility and potential of iron nanoparticles in the aqueous solution being removed antibiotics.
In this study, the performance activated persulfate with zero-valent Zinc nanoparticles in the presence of ultrasound in the analysis of antibiotics was investigated. The effect of process parameters such as pH of the solution (2.97-10.53), concentration Potassium persulfate (194.33-1200mg/l) and the zero-valent zinc (12.73-147.27mg/l) in reaction time 0-180 min using a batch chamber ultrasonic were studied. A statistical procedure was used to optimize the parameters of the RSM model. Antibiotics are measured based on COD vials and DR-5000 spectrophotometer was used.
The results showed that the initial pH of the solution is the most important influential parameters. The addition of potassium persulfate and zero valent zinc in the samples was enhanced performance. Optimum efficiency achieved in 50 mg/l concentration antibiotics, potassium persulfate 1200 mg/l, the zero- zinc 120 mg /l, pH 4.5.
The results of this study demonstrate acceptable performance persulfate activated process with zero-valent iron and zinc nanoparticles on ultrasound in the presence of antibiotic.

The Azo dyes due to presence of aromatic rings in structure are considered major problems into the environment. In this experimental study, the synergistic effect of persulfate and nano zero-valent iron in degradation of Acid Blue 113 in presence of ultrasonic irradiation was investigated.
The effect of operating parameter such as initial pH, different concentration of S2O82-, nZVI and initial dye using a batch ultrasound reactor at 40 kHz frequency was investigated. After the optimize process, synergistic dye degradation and COD reduction of colored solution was studied. For characterization of the prepared nZVI particle, transmission electron microscope (TEM) image was used.
To remove 99% dye with initial concentration of 50 mg/L, the optimal condition in the end of 30 min of reaction was pH 3, concentration of S2O82- and nZVI 5 mM and 50 mg/L, respectively. In the same of condition with increasing pH to 11 the dye removal efficiency decreased to 17%, respectively. After 120 min of reaction in the optimal condition, the COD reduction was 95%. Synergistic dye degradation in US/S2O82-/Fe0 process was observed 59%. The TEM image of the synthesized nZVI confirmed the nanoscale Creation.
The US/S2O82-/Fe0 combined process due to high synergistic degradation, can be promising process to industrial wastewater treatment.

Nitrophenols are among the most common and toxic compounds in industrial effluents that 2, 4 dinitrophenol (2, 4-DNP) is the most toxic compound in this group. The object of this study was to optimize the removal of 2, 4-DNP by thermally activated persulfate using a central composite design.
This study was performed on a batch thermal reactor with a volume of 4 L. In this study, a central composite design (CCD) with RSM method was used for designing and optimizing the operation parameters such as initial pH of solution, potassium persulfate concentration and temperature. The effect of 2, 4-DNP concentration and reaction time at optimum conditions were also investigated.
The results indicated that the degradation rate of 2, 4-DNP was enhanced by increasing the concentration of persulfate and reducing temperature and pH. The optimum conditions for the highest degradation efficiency (99%) were as initial concentration 10 mg/L, reaction time 30 min, temperature 60 °C, Potassium persulfate concentration 10 mmol/L, and pH 5. At the optimum conditions, when 2, 4-DNP concentration was increased to 50 mg /L, the 2, 4-DNP degradation rate decreased to 73%.
This study indicated that the heat-activated PS oxidation could be an efficient approach for decomposition of 2, 4-DNP. Temperature was the most influential variable in this regard (P-value

Antibiotics considered a major problem into the environment due to their accumulation feature and drug resistance. The aim of this study was optimization of ciprofloxacin antibiotic sonochemical degradation in US/PS/nZVI process by Central Composite Design method.
In this experimental study the effects of independent variables such as pH of solution, PS and nZVI concentrations on antibiotic degradation were investigated. After optimization, the synergistic degradation and the effect of detention time was determined. Antibiotic concentration was constant at 50 mg/L for all the samples. Antibiotic concentration was measured on the basis of COD reduction according to 5220 C of Standard Methods. For characterization of prepared nZVI particle, the transmission electron microscope image (TEM) was used.
The results indicated the pH as a principal variable with the optimal value of 4.5 for this process. At initial concentration of 195 mg/L COD (equal 50 mg/L antibiotic), the optimal concentration of PS and nZVI were obtained at 1200 and 120 mg/L, respectively. At this condition removal efficiency of 57% was obtained after 60 min. At optimal conditions for US/PS/nZVI process the synergistic degradation was almost 42.55%. In investigating the effects of detention time, 94% of COD was removed after 180 min.
The results of this study confirmed the acceptable efficiency of US/PS/nZVI process in degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic.

Main sources of 4-Chlorophenol wastewater are petroleum industry, coal, paper and resin production. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of raw and cationic surfactant modified nanoclay in removal of 4-Chlorophenol from aqueous solutions.
The influence of contact time, initial pH of solution, adsorbent dosage and 4-Chlorophenol concentration as effective parameters in adsorption process and the influence of modification solution pH and surfactant loading rates were investigated. The modified nanoclay was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. Finally, the isotherm and adsorption kinetics were investigated.
The removal efficiency of 4-Chlorophenol was increased by increasing the initial pH from 3 to 11, so that after of 120 min, the absorption efficiency at an initial 4-Chlorophenol concentration of 100 mg/L and 0.25 g adsorbate was 26 and 95.5 % at pH 3 and 11, respectively. Under the same conditions the removal efficiency for the raw nanoclay was 2 and 9% at pH 3 and 11, respectively. The FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that the nanoclay structural changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and the interlayer spacing was increased. The adsorption of 4-Chlorophenol on raw and modified nanoclay was consistent with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum absorption capacity of raw and modified nanoclay was 0.5 and 25.77 mg/g, respectively
The modification of nanoclay with cationic surfactant increased the adsorption efficiency of 4-Chlorophenol.

The response surface statistical model developed via the central composite design (CCD) is a tool for optimizing manufacturing processes. Phrmaceutical plants depend on many such processes and i is essential to remove medicinal compounds from their effluents before they are discharged into the environment. The objective of the present study was to employ the response surface model for the optimization of the removal of the pharmaceutical compound ciprofloxacin from aqueous media via the electrochemical coagulation process. In this study, a reactor containing two iron electrodes used as the anode and two titanium ones used as the cathode was employed to remove ciprofloxacin from municipal effluents. The electrodes were connected in a monopolar fashion to a DC power supply. Parameters such as pH (4‒8), current (0.5‒1.5 A), initial ciprofloxacin concentration (15‒40 mg/L), and reaction time (15‒30 min) were introduced into the Design Expert software as the main design parameters. FT-IR analysis was conducted and SEM images were prepared while COD removal and changes in UV-VIS spectrum were determined under optimum conditions. Process modeling was accomplished using the response surface methodology (RSM) which is a statistical model for process optimization drawing upon central composite design (CCD). Modeling results showed that process efficiency was affected by the above parameters and that the optimum conditions for a process efficiency of 85.91% at an initial CIP concentration of 15mg/L would include pH=7.68, a current of 1.5 A, and a reaction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, COD removal efficiency would be 64%. FT-IR analysis and SEM images indicated changes during the process. Wavelength scanning also indicated reducing concentration of the contaminant due to mineralization. The results of the study indicate that optimization by RSM reduces the number of tests required and enhances their accuracy. It was also found that electrocoagulation has a high CIP and COD removal efficiency which makes it capable of being successfully exploited for the removal of organic pollutants from effluents before their discharge into the environment

Phenol, or benzene hydroxyl is a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon discharged into the environment through certian industrial effluents which, thereby, pollute water resources. This study examines phenol removal from aqueous solutions through electro-Fenton and electro/persulfate processes using iron electrodes. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale electrochemical batch reactor was used that was equipped with four electrodes and a direct DC power supply. In the tests carried out, the effects of operational parameters such as initial pH; current density; and initial concentrations of phenol, hydrogen peroxide, and persulfate on the removal of phenol were investigated. The results showed that EPS and EF processes achieved phenol removal efficiencies of 95.18% and 93.99%, respectively, at operating conditions of pH = 3, initial phenol concentration of 100 mg/l, hydrogen peroxide and persulfate concentration of 0. 4 mM, and a current density 0.07A/dm2 over 45 min. Increasing persulfate and hydrogen peroxide concentration from 0.4 to 0.8 mM reduced phenol removal efficiencies from 95.18% and 93.99% to 43% and 85%, respectively. Generally speaking, EPS and EF processes exhibited almost identical phenol removal efficiencies. Finally, the integrated electrochemical and persulphate process was found to be more productive in producing electrical iron and persulphate activation than using each single process in isolation.

Phenol is a toxic and persistent substance in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of silica aerogel synthesized using sodium silicate in the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions.
Material and Silica aerogel was prepared by Sol-Gel process. The influence of effective variables such contact time, initial pH of the solution, adsorbent dose, and initial phenol concentration on the adsorption efficiency was investigated. The characterization of prepared silica aerogel and confirmation of phenol adsorption was determined through SEM, XRD analysis and NMR, FTIR spectra respectively. The adsorption data was evaluated via Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics.
This research found that the phenol adsorption efficiency increased by increasing pH from 3 to 11, so that after 60 min, the absorption efficiency at the 100 mg/L initial phenol concentration and 0.5 g adsorbent obtained 84 and 96.4 % at pH 3 and 11, respectively. The SEM image and XRD patternof synthesized silica aerogel confirmed the creation of porous and amorphous structure. After the phenol absorption, the NMR and FTIR spectra of silica aerogel, confirmed the creation of new bands because of phenol molecule at the adsorbent structure. The absorption of phenol was compatible with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic. The maximum absorption capacity (qm) obtained was 47.39 mg/g.
Silica aerogel as an adsorbent, due to special characteristics in the structure and usage, can be a promising treatment process for adsorption of toxic and persistent substances.

Two-valent iron ions can be used to activate persuphate anions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the electrical activation of persuphate anions and to determine the efficiency of electro-persulphate in the removal of ceftriaxone antibiotic from synthetic pharmaceutical effluents. For this purpose, a reactor (with an effective volume of 1 L) equipped with iron electrodes connected to a DC power supply was used and the effects of pH, voltage, persulphate content, and ceftriaxone initial concentration on the efficiency of the process were studied. Moreover, electrode corrosion, synergistic effects of the parameters studied, reaction kinetics, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were studied. Results showed that the variables had a significant effect on process efficiency such that 96% of the ceftriaxone in the effluent was removed under the following optimum conditions: pH: 3, voltage: 10 V, a persulphate concentration of 50 mM/L, a ceftriaxone initial concentration of 0.18 mM/L, and a reaction time of 45 min. However, removal efficiency declined when the above conditions changed. It was also observed that COD removal was 72% in the optimum reaction time. Moreover, the process kintetics was found to be a first-order one. Application of an electrical process to active persulphate anion is assoiated with such advantages as reduced iron consumption and high antibiotic removal efficiency. Based on the results obtained, the proposed method may be recommended as an alternative for treating persistent pollutants to reduce environmental pollution.

Residual Azo dyes pose a major environment problem due to the benzene rings present in their structure. In this experimental study, the efficiencies of the US/H2O2/Fe2 and US/S2O82‒/Fe2 processes in degrading Acid Blue 113 Azo were investigated. For this purpose, the effects of the parameters involved in these processes such as initial solution pH in the range of 3 to 11, different concentrations of H2O2, and ‒S2O82 in the range of 1 to 10 mM, those of FeSO4 in the range of 0.1 to 1 mM, and different initial dye concenterations were investigated in a batch ultrasound reactor operated at 40 kHz. Also, the effects of aeration on process efficiency and fluctuations in the dye UV-Vis spectrum were investigated under optimum conditions. Based on the results obtained, dye removal efficiency decreased considerably in both processes with increasing pH such that maximum removal efficiency was obtained at pH 3 in both processes. Similarly dye removal efficiency decreased in both processes when FeSO4 concentration rose above 0.5 mM. The optimum conditions in the US/H2O2/Fe2 process to achieve a removal efficiency of 93.5% for an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L involved H2O2 and FeSO4 concentrations of 2.5 and 0.05 mM, respectively. Under the same optimal conditions, the efficiency of the US/S2O82‒/Fe2 process was found to be 94.3% for a S2O82‒ concentration of 2.5 nM. These results suggest that the US/S2O82‒/Fe2 is more effective than the US/H2O2/Fe2 in reducing the 567 nm peak of the dye structure. Finally, examination of the changes in the UV-Vis spectra of Acid Blue 113 showed that the US/H2O2/Fe2 process led to greater declines in the 276 and 203 nm peaks.

A newly emerging environmental problem is the discharge of pharmaceutical effluents containing antibiotic compounds. Compared to common methods, the ozone/persulfate process is a novel measure for treating persistent pollutants. This process is highly efficient in removing pollutants by using the free radicals of sulfates as powerful oxidants. In this study, a semi-continuous reactor with a useful volume of 1 L was used to evaluate the performance of the ozone/persulfate process in treating the ciprofloxacin antibiotic at concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/L in the presence of 0 to 15 mM of persulfate in 30 min. The results showed that under the optimized operating conditions of pH = 3, persulfate dose = 10 mM, ozone dose = 1 g/h, and an initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L, this method was capable of removing 96% of the contaminant. Moreover, the efficiency of the process was found to be a function of experimental conditions. Based on the results of this study, it may be concluded that the ozone/persulfate process can be considered as an appropriate process for treating persistent and non-biodegradable pollutants.

Nowadays, synthetic azo compounds as environmental pollutants are widely used in different application. In this research the treatability of effluent polluted with reactive black 5 azo dye using electrocoagulation (EC) and electrocoagulation/ flotation (ECF) processes with aluminum electrodes investigated in a lab scale batch experimental reactor.
In present study an electrocoagulation flotation reactor in a lab scale to an approximate volume of 1 liter which is equipped with four Al0Al electrodes with dimensions of 200*20*2 mm was proposed. The effects of operational parameters such as initial pH, current density, contact time, initial dye concentrations and flotation were evaluated.
Findings: The results indicated that the highest dye removal rates in the EC process were observed in natural pH of solutions, 12.71 mA/Cm2 current density and 100 mg/l initial dye concentration at 30 min contact time. In these conditions up to 81% of dye was removed in the EC process. Based on the result obtained in this study, it was found that much higher dyes removal could be achieved by ECF (86%) process than that by EC process in the same conditions.
EC and ECF processes using aluminum electrodes for dye removal could be a promising process.

Azo dyes are a major environmental concern due to the presence of benzene rings in their structure. The present experimental study investigates the capability of the Electro-Fenton process as an Electrochemical advanced Oxidation Process for degrading Acid Black 1 and Acid Blue 113 in an aquatic environment. In this study, a lab-scale EF batch reactor equipped with four electrodes and a DC power supply was used for removing the dye. The effects of such operating parameters as pH, voltage, H2O2, initial dye concentration, cathode materials, and operation time were evaluated. The results showed that initial pH of the solution, initial H2O2 concentration, as well as different applied voltages and reaction times were highly effective in the dye removal efficiency of the process so that the 98% of both dyes were removed after 10 min of reaction at pH=3.0, a voltage of 20 V, and a H2O2 concentration of 100 mg/L. Removal efficiency decreased dramatically when pH was increased from 3 to 11, and voltage from 20 to 40 V. The presence of H2O2 was found to be the prerequisite to this process since the maximum dye removal obtained at an H2O2 concentration of zero was 7% for both dyes. The results of this study indicate that the Electro-Fenton method can be considered as an alternative process for the traditional treatment processes used.

Electro-Ozonation process (EOP) has a good potential for the removal of persistent organic pollutants. This process is a combination of ozonation process and electricity for producing hydroxyl radical and removal of pollutants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the EOP for SDBS degradation in aqueous media. In this experimental study, a semi-batch reactor with four graphite electrodes of 120 cm2 area was used. The effects of pH (3-11), the inlet of ozone (6-30 mM / s), current density (16-85 mA/cm2), the initial concentration of SDBS (0.02-0.3 mM/L) and radical scavenger dose (0.2 mM/L) were studied.SDBS concentration measured by spectrophotometer (DR5000) by instructions provided in the standard method book. The results indicate the high efficiency of this process in the removal of SBDS and COD. In optimum conditions of pH = 3, current 85 mA/cm2, ozone flow rate 30 mM/s and initial SDBS concentration 0.02 mM/L, more than 99% removal was observed in 50 min. By changing the parameters of the optimum conditions, the process performance was decreased. High efficiency of COD removal in this process was obtained in 80 min. Influence of TBA in solution was the efficiency decrease of process to 80 %. Electro-ozonation process as an advanced oxidation process can reduce organic pollution industry and can be considered as an environmentally friendly process.

Electrochemical processes have been applied effectively to remove organic compounds from aqueous solutions. In this work، the efficiencies of Electro Fenton (EF) process and Electrocoagulation (EC) using iron electrodes were investigated for removal of Acid Black 1. This experimental study was performed in a batch reactor and the effects of parameters such as pH، time، voltage، H2O2 and dye concentrations، and COD removal were investigated. In Electro Fenton process H2O2 was chemically added to the reactor while iron anode electrode was used as a ferrous ion source. The results showed that pH، voltage and H2O2 concentration were the main parameters in EF process. The optimum conditions in EF process were obtained at pH 3، H2O2concentration of 100 mg/l and 20 V. With increasing pH from 3 to 11 and voltage from 20 to 40 V the removal efficiency decreased، however، in the EC process the maximum efficiency was obtained at pH 7. Electro Fenton and Electrocoagulation using iron electrodes are suitable processes for dye degradation and treatment of colored wastewater.

Chlorophenols, commonly found in most industrial waste products are persistent compounds in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate performance of modified Na-MMT nanoclay using cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide in the removal of 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions. This study was implemented under laboratory scale and in a batch flow adsorption reactor. The influence of various parameters such as modification in different pH conditions, initial pH of solution, loading rates of the surfactant, adsorbate concentration, 4-chlorophenol concentration, contact time were evaluated, the raw and modified nanoclay structure was investigated using XRD and FTIR spectrum.The experimental data were evaluated with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic. The results showed that removal of 4-chlorophenol increased by increasing the pH of solution from 3 to 11, as the maximum absorption of 4-chlorophenol was achieved at initial solution pH of 11 and for modified nanoclay in acidic conditions pH was4.5.Onthese conditions and after 120 min, the removal efficiency was obtained by 94.5%.Removal efficiency of 4-chlorophenol increased from 69.25% to 94.5% as surfactant loading increased from 0.25 to 2 CEC of the nanoclay, while increased loading surfactant from 3 to 4decreasedremoval efficiency. With increasing concentrations of 4-chlorophenol and adsorbent dose the removal efficiency, respectively, decreased and increased. Absorption of 4-chlorophenol on cationic modified nanoclay was consistent with Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Maximum absorption capacity (qm) was obtained 25.77 mg/g FTIR analysis revealed that the modification was successfully achieved due to the bands at 2919, 2851 and 1469 cm−1. After modification, XRD results showed that basal spacing value increase from 17 Ao to 24 Ao Cationic surfactant-modified nanoclay with tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide by changing the properties of the adsorbent from hydrophilic to hydrophobic leads to increased efficiency of the absorbent in the absorption of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous environments.

dye stuff effluents can disturb ecological and aesthetic aspects of environment; eutrification of surface waters is one of these most common problems. These processes cause pollutants decomposition through electrical current. The aim of this study was comparison between the effectiveness of the processes of electrochemical coagulation (EC) and electrical oxidation (EO) in degradation of AB113 dye from aqueous solutions. in this experimental study, removal of AB113 dye was investigated at different concentrations in a 2 cm distance from each other, through processes EC and EO. Also, the effect of parameters pH (5-9), voltage (10-30 volt, range 1-3 A) and initial dye concentration (50-500 mg/L) was studied at the optimum time of each process. The assay of dye concentration was conducted according to the standard methods. the results showed that both processes have high efficiency in dye degradation. At best conditions of EC (voltage=30 volt, pH=3, initial concentration=50 mg/L and time=40 min) and EO (voltage=30 volt, pH=7, initial concentration=50 mg/L and time=50 min), the efficiencies were 93.73 and 95.75%, respectively. By changing in conditions of experiment, the degradation efficiency decreases in these two processes. Discussion & Both of these processes have suitable efficiency in azo dye AB113 removal. pH, voltage, initial dye concentration and electrode type play an important role in the efficiency of these processes, and a change in each of these parameters can change the efficiency of dye decomposition.

Background and In Electro/Fe2+/persulfate process, persulfate radicals are produced as powerful oxidizing agents which increase the efficiency of this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency removal of COD, TSS and dye from industrial effluent in Buali industrial area in Hamedan. In this study, the batch experiment was performed using a reactor equipped with four iron electrodes. We studied the effects of some operating parameters including pH (3-11), divalent iron ion dose (0.1 to 0.5 g/L), concentration of persulfate anion (0.5-2 g/L) and direct current electric rate (1-5 A) in removal of COD, TSS and dye from wastewater. The COD, TSS and dye measurement was done according to the standard methods. The results showed that under optimum conditions (pH: 3, Fe+2 dosage: 0.1 g/L and density: 5A) the removal efficiencies of process in COD, TSS and dye were 91.6, 73.5 and 93.1%, respectively. By making changes in the parameters, the efficiency of process also changed. The removal efficiency of single application of electrooxidation was 58.2%, 52.2% and 68% for COD, TSS and dye, respectively. The electro/Fe2+/persulfate process showed acceptable performance in removal of COD, TSS and dye. Therefore, this process could be used as a pretreatment unit to reduce the load of raw wastewater pollution before entering the conventional treatment units. Furthermore, the assessment of synergistic effects of persulfate revealed that single application of electrochemical degradation in optimum conditions had a much lower efficiency compared to electro/Fe+2/persulfate process.

Advanced oxidation processes such as catalytic ozonation are efficient for the removal of antibiotics. Calcium peroxide is one of the catalysts that can be used as a source of hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal by ozonation process with calcium peroxide from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was conducted in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 2013. The process consisted of ciprofloxacin with a concentration of 10-100 mg/L, calcium peroxide with a concentration of 0-0.1 mg/L, 1 gr/min ozone (O3), and 30 min reaction time in a semiconductor reactor. In the optimal condition, at pH 3, calcium peroxide 0.025 mg/L, O3 1 gr/min, and initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L, 92% of ciprofloxacin was removed and 45% of chemical oxygen demand was reduced. With regards to the results, the ozonation process with calcium peroxide can be suitable for removal of ciprofloxacin contamination.

The Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation process is one of the successful methods in dyes wastewater treatment. This process by direct current electrical and metal electrodes can be removal of contaminants. The aim of this study was optimization of affecting parameters in (EC/EFP) by titanium and aluminum electrodes for decolorization of Acid Black 1 (AB1) from aqueous. In this study was used of four titanium and aluminum electrodes. By applying an electric current in 10-30 V range with control of ampere, initial pH in 5- 9 range and initial concentration of dye in 50-500 mg/L range study was done. The results indicate when pH=5, voltage and initial concentration were 30 V and 50 mg/L respectively the high efficiency of decolorization by EC/EFP done. Therefor this process has a good ability in dye removal. Efficiency of process decreased by changing the parameters.

Acid Black 1 dye due to the presence of benzene ring, toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and non-degradability is one of the major dangers for human health and environment especially aquatic life. Hence, the removal of these compounds from polluted water and wastewater has been considered. This study has been investigated the removal of acid black1 azo dye from aqueous solution in the presence of SiO2, CuSO4 and Na2SO4. In this experimental study the treatability of effluent polluted with reactive acid black 1 dye was investigated by using sonochemical oxidation in a reactor. The sample with the desired concentrations of dye (200-400 mg/L) in pH= 3-11 was prepared, also the required concentrations of silica, copper sulfate and sodium sulfate (25 to 100 mg/L) and S2O82- (1 to 10 mM/L) were flowed into the reactor intermittently. Ferrous sulfate as a source of ion (1 to 10 mM/L) was used. The results have showed that 100% of the dye after 45 min at pH 3, 7.5 mM/L persulfate and concentration of 100 mg/ L in presence of 3 additives was removed. The dye removal in above condition decreased to 89.89% without the presence of additives. Also, the results showed that increasing the concentration of persulfate more than 10 mM/L no effect of removal of efficiency and the removal of the 64.56 percent decline.The findings showed the combined process of ultrasonic and persulfate with the presence of 3 additives in optimal conditions of operation can be used as an acceptable option in the removal of dye in various industrial wastewater.

Usually, to produce radical sulfate, persulfate anions can be activated by heat, UV light and transition metals such as iron ions. The purpose of this study was investigation of performance of persulfate activated with iron produced by electrical method using iron anode electrode in degradation of Acid Blue 113 from aqueous solutions. In this study, a lab-scale electrochemical batch reactor equipped with four iron electrodes and a DC power supply was used for removing of Acid Blue 113. The effect of operating parameters such as initial pH, voltage, persulfate and initial Acid Blue 113 concentration were evaluated. Also, the amount of pH changes during the process, the synergistic effect of processes in the system and Acid Blue 113 UV-Vis spectrum analysis in optimal conditions was investigated. The results showed, initial pH of solution, initial concentration persulfate and applied voltage has a significant effect on dye removal. Dye removal efficiency was higher in acidic condition and decreased with increasing pH, So that, after 2 min of reaction at pH 3, voltage 10 V and 150 mg/L of persulfate, 98% of the dye was removed, at pH 5, 7, 9 and 11, after 2 min of reaction and in the same condition the dye removal efficiency was, 66, 0, 0 and 13.5%, respectively. With increasing voltage from 1 to 10 V, increased the dye removal efficiency. S2O82- at the end of 20 min of reaction, removed 17% of dye, at the same condition, electrochemical process with iron electrode had only 31% efficiency, but, the combination of these two processes could remove 99.8% of dye. The use of S2O82- anions in an electrochemical reactor with iron electrodes can be increase the efficiency of process. Therefore, using this process can be promising process to industrial wastewater treatment.