امیرهوشنگ فتحی زاده

A great feature of blockchain technology that is actually decentralized is the ability to create businesses and operations more flexibly and securely. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for analyzing the impact of blockchain on business models. For this purpose, a combined research model (qualitative and quantitative) was used. In the qualitative section, by reviewing the research background, the components of the business model and the blockchain are extracted from the texts and by analyzing the theme through interviews with 20 experts selected by snowball sampling. Finally, there were 4 main themes (structures) for business model components (product and service, customer, infrastructure management and financial aspects) and 6 main themes for blockchain (decentralization capability, encryption capability and anonymity capability) Intelligent contracts, immutability, distributed general ledger and auditing capabilities) were identified. The statistical population of 300 people includes professors and academic experts related to blockchain (20 people), related experts in the Iranian Scientific Association of Electronic Commerce (280 people). The sample size was estimated at 169 people. For data analysis, the structural equation model in Smartpls software was used. The results showed that the components of the model well explain the effect of blockchain on the components of the business model. Among the components of the business model, the most impact of the blockchain on the value proposition is 0.645 and the least impact is on the revenue model with a coefficient of 0.398.

In Iranian law, in addition to upstream laws such as "Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act", joint venture agreements are subject to the generality of contract law, and the provisions of a partnership agreement contained in civil law as well as commercial law. According to the mentioned laws, the important principles of joint venture agreements are: participate in financing, division of losses and profits between partners, Mutual representation of partners from each other (ie joint and several liability) and Fiduciary Relationship of partners. China is one of the few countries that has legislated separately for different types of joint ventures (contractual and Equity joint venture). This contracts are differ in terms of liability, management structure, contractual obligations, participation in capital, participation in profits and stock ratios and return on investment. Of course, the above laws should be studied in relation to the "Law of Companies" and the "Law of Contracts", especially in the field of technology transfer contracts.The main aim of this Paper is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Iranian law of joint venture in order to give policy implications for improving it.

Islamic Republic of Iran is in process of accession to the World Trade Organization. Accession to the WTO requires a long time and complicated negotiations with the members of the Working Party to give commitments in the several sections which the Working Party is interested in. Negotiations on the Services are one of the most important aspects of negotiation in terms of wideness, complexity and influency. It is one of the sections that needs lots of consultation and discussions. The working party is negotiating to open up and liberalize the services sector of the acceding country as much as they can. As maritime transportation services has an important role in business, this study concentrates on the experiences of some of the acceding countries such as, Peoples Republic of Korea, United Kingdom (European Union), Indonesia, Malaysia, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Montenegro, Peoples Republic of China, Cambodia, Oman, Kyrgyz Republic, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia etc. to clarify the essence of commitments in the maritime services. The services such as transportation of cargo and passengers, vessels chartering with crew, maintenance and repair of vessels, pushing and towing services, maritime cargo handling, storage and warehousing, Customs clearance, Container station and depot, Maritime Agency, Forwarding Services, Brokerage Services (Shipping – Customs – Freight) and other additional commitments are the relevant services that these countries have given commitments and it is expected that the same commitments will be requested from I.R.Iran. In the other words these are the commitments that I.R.Iran will open up in the process of accession to the WTO.

The aim of this study was to Study and ranking the Indexes of Legal-Right protection policies of industrial property rights with a focus on entrepreneurship development. The method of this study was survey and the questionnaire was used. A sample of 100 entrepreneurs was selected by the convenience sampling method. The results showed that among the 20 supporting components or policy, the components of the rights to compensate inventors and authors, the ease, transparency, cost reduction and speed of registration and licensing processes, and the right to file trademarks and trade names, the protection of patent patents, Establishing a system for registering, inquiring and reporting online violations and protecting copyright has the highest average. Also important are the components of support rightswere inventors, authors, ease, transparency, cost reduction and speed of registration and licensing processes and trademark rights, trade names, copyright protection (copyright), protection of trademark rights or trademark rights. By its owner, the protection of patents, the protection, acceleration and updating of physical property registration, types of assets, ease of access to loans for the reproduction of products produced, the creation of online counseling services and the ease of prosecution of offenders and robbers, and the transparency and speed of registration processes are the most important Supportive Policy Components of Protecting Industrial Property.

There is significant pressure to integrate traditional knowledge and the related issue of biodiversity protection in the WTO set of rules. Though this paper examines the possible contexts of such a right integrating a full sui generis right in TRIPS or otherwise. Rather, the best option for holders of traditional knowledge protection in the Doha negotiations may be to seek to legitimize their concerns in the form of a Declaration on Traditional Knowledge and Trade, which may have the effect of making official certain interpretations of the TRIPS Agreement and pave the way for a second stage of negotiations, during which positive obligations could be discussed in the form of a legal text. Meantime, work will no doubt continue at the WIPO and more countries will experiment possible legal mechanisms.

Nowadays there is a tendency to consider knowledge as a direct production input in analytical approaches. Investment in knowledge can increase the capacity of production inputs and since knowledge capital enjoys an increasing rate of return to scale it is considered as an effective factor in the long term economic growth. In the world, private enterprises carry the main burden of knowledge production and R & D expenditure; therefore, they only make an investment when they can benefit from its exclusive rights and protection of IPRs can provide the legal framework for the right holders to exclusively enjoy their intellectual rights. The main assumption of this paper is that protection of IPRs can improve the knowledge-based sectors of economy. Accordingly, using an input-output approach, the paper aims to investigate the economic effects of stimulating knowledge-based sectors on all other economic sectors in intersectoral interactions. In this paper, after reviewing the indicators of the economy of knowledge, knowledge based sectors were identified in Iran's economy and the relationship between these sectors and Iran's economic system was investigated. The study shows that in Iran's economy several Knowledge-based sectors have less flows on other general sectors and in most of the cases affecting the other sectors in the same groups and less on the other groups, in other words, it means that Knowledge and innovation will stimulate the same sectors in their group more than the other sectors.

The aim of this article is to determine the content and territorial extent of moral exception in the World Trade Organization. To this end, the author has explored pre-GATT commercial treaties and countries' legislation and practice, GATT adjudication, and WTO Members' policies or practice and reached two conclusions first, countries may restrict trade in goods and services as well as intellectual property rights in order to protect public morals and the content of these public morals can vary in time and place; second, for the time being, a conclusive judgement as to territorial extent of moral exception can not be drawn from the existing precedent and evidence. Therefore, further clarification of the content and territorial extent of moral exception in the WTO is to await subsequent WTO adjudication and practice

The aim of this article is to explore the WTO jurisdiction in terms of human rights. WTO resources and legal opinions, the authors have concluded that WTO law is a self-contained system of law and its dispute settlement body (DSB) shall consider only the member’s disputes in terms of the rights and obligations provided in WTO agreements and it does not have the capacity to examine those disputes which fall under the jurisdiction of other systems of law such as human rights However, despite this fragmentation and separation between WTO law and human rights law, the DSB may make use of the relevant rules of International law, including human rights law, to clarify the provisions of WTO agreements.