فهرست مطالب امین ابراهیمی

Mesenchymal stem cells are a promising approach for the regeneration of damaged tissues. Engineered scaffolds loaded with cells is one of the methods of cell transplantation at the site of injury. However, viability of the cells loaded in the scaffold is still a challenge. Growth factors have a proven role in increasing the metabolic activity of cells. Amniotic membrane solution is a rich source of growth factor. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of amniotic membrane solution on the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells in in vitro.

Amniotic membrane solution was prepared by enzymatic method in predetermined concentrations. Mesenchymal stem cells loaded in hydrogel were treated with different concentrations. The viability, proliferation, and metabolic activity of the cells were evaluated.

Cytotoxicity of amniotic membrane solution was measured by MTT method. Increasing the concentration from 0.1 to 1 mg/ml did not show any toxicity, and at the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml, a decrease in optical density (OD=0.58±0.012) was observed compared to the control (OD=0.39±0.014). The metabolic activity of the cell loaded in the hydrogel at a concentration of 1 mg/ml had a significant increase compared to the control group ( p 0.012) and the amount of DNA content in this group (19.6 ± 0.9 ng/matrix) confirmed it.

It is suggested that amniotic membrane solution as a rich source of growth factor with an optimal dose of 1mg/ml increases the viability and metabolic activity of the MSCs-loaded scaffold for cell therapy.

The climate change, the intensity and continuity of drought periods, will affect the frequency of its occurrence in the coming decades. Iran is one of the countries that suffered the most damage from drought. Soil infiltration, which is very important in the design and management of furrow irrigation, changes over time. This issue will have a great impact on the irrigation efficiency. The purpose of this research is to investigate the temporal changes of the parameters of the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation in furrow irrigation of sugarcane plant. The values of inflow, outflow and advance time were measured during 4 irrigation in 6 repetitions.The infiltration parameters were estimated using the advance time data and the hydrograph of the inflow and outflow using volume balance method. The results showed that there are significant temporal changes between the average values and the values of the coefficients of the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation in each irrigation and the maximum change was related to the first irrigation, so that the range of parameter a changes in the range of 0.59 - 0.09 and the maximum value was related to the first irrigation, the range of changes in parameter k were observed in the range of 0.90 - 0.25, the highest of which was observed in the second irrigation. The average of f0 were equal to 7.333* 10-5 m^3/m.min with a CV of 16%. The results showed that the trend of time changes of infiltration parameters is not constant and more research is needed in this field.

Longevity of 4 Cherry tomato cultivars as the perishable climacteric fruit and the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes (SAM1</em>, ACS4</em>, ACO1 </em>and ACO4</em>) under packaging (LDPE film) and 1-MCP plus packaging (5 µL L-1</sup> for 48 h at 20 °C) treatments at 20 °C for 16 days were studied. The results of weight loss and firmness showed that there is no remarkable difference between packaging and 1-MCP plus packaging in 4 tomato cultivars, but the fluctuations of TSS and pH were more minor in 1-MC P plus packaging compared to the other treatments. Base on the physicochemical characteristics and quality maintenance, cultivars were graded from high to low durability; yellow pear, orang santa, blackberry and orange berry, respectively. The study of expression pattern of genes SAM1</em>, ACS4</em>, ACO1</em> and ACO5</em> in yellow pear and orange berry cultivars at storage showed that they were drastically expressed higher in control than packaging and 1-MCP plus packaging treatments. The expression level of ACO5</em> gene was the same in both cultivars, but the expression level of ACO1</em> and ACS4</em> genes in the yellow pear cultivar was higher than the orange berry. In contrast, the expression level of SAM1</em> gene in the yellow pear cultivar was lower than the orange berry. Totally, despite being deeply different in the genetic background of these cultivars, packaging and 1-MCP plus packaging treatment reduced the perishability, and improved the maintenance quality of cherry tomato fruit. Also, further molecular studies and evaluation of ethylene in these cultivars are suggested.

Iran is an arid and semi-arid country and more than 70% of its agricultural lands are rainfed. So far, no oilseed plant suitable for different regions of the country has been introduced. Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an oily-medicinal plant of the Brassicaceae family, a low-input plant, with low water-fertilizer requirements, resistant to a variety of common diseases and pathogens and suitable for cultivation in grain rotation. In this study, genetic variation of 32 doubled haploid lines of Camelina was evaluated by using 11 REMAP primers. Eight primers produced clear and scorable strips and totally, 74 bands were produced which 59 of them were polymorphic )79/72 %). IRAP1+P6 and IRAP1+P8 primers produced the lowest number of bands (4 bands) and IRAP979+P4 marker produced the most of bands (15 bands). The amount of primer polymorphism varies from 23.69% to 100% and the amount of PIC varies from 0.38 to 0.41. Clustering based on the Jaccard similarity placed the lines in six main groups. According to the principal components analysis, the first two components contributed 21.51% of the variance, which indicated the appropriate coverage of the markers at the genome level. Thus, it seems that the REMAP marker, with its high polymorphism and high distribution in the Camelina genome, is a suitable marker for investigating the genetic diversity in this plant.

Increase in ultraviolet radiation (UV (, especially UV B, as one of the consequences of climate change, can disrupt the growth of plants. UV light influences plant growth and metabolism. Various studies have shown that increasing in UV B can have detrimental effects on physiological processes and overall growth of some plants. The use of exogenous plant growth regulators has mostly been effective in reducing the effects of environmental stresses in plants. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of UV-A and UV-B and foliar application of melatonin and ascorbic acid (ASC) on growth, biomass and morphological and stomatal characteristics of fenugreek in 2019.

The experiment was performed as a split plot in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouses of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University. Ultraviolet radiation was considered in four levels as the first factor (including: control, UV-A, UV-B and UV-A+UV-B) and application of osmolytes was used in four levels (Control, melatonin, ASC and melatonin+ ASC) as the second factor. Finally, Plant height, plant width, number of leaves, leaflet length and width, petiole length, crown diameter, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf fresh weight, number of internodes, number of lateral branches, stomatal gurad cell length and width, stomatal index, stomatal density, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using Minitab software. Mean comparison was performed using LSD test method at 0.05.

The results showed that UV-A increased fresh leaf weight, crown diameter, leafstalk length, leaflet length and width, plant height and width, plant fresh weight (12.17%), plant dry weight, number of internodes and content of chlorophyll a (7.4%) and chlorophyll b (3.5%), but reduced the number of lateral branches (15.63%). In contrast, UV-B and UVA+UVB treatments reduced most of the studied traits including plant height (8.09%), leaflet length and width, leafstalk length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, plant fresh and dry weight and leaf fresh weight. However, carotenoid content, the number of lateral branches (6.58%) and stomatal index (11.4%) were increased by UV-B and UV-A+UV-B. Application of ASC and melatonin reduced the negative effects of UV-B on fenugreek. In control and UV-A treatments, ASC foliar application had shown the best effects on the studied traits and the highest plant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, leaf length and width, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and stomatal index and density were observed in this treatment. While, simultantious application of melatonin and ASC led to the best results under UV-B and UVA+B treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the synergistic effect of these two compounds in modulating the effects of ultraviolet stress on fenugreek was remarkable.

In the present study, UV-B radiation and simultaneous radiation of UV-A and UV-B reduced the growth and development of fenugreek. In contrast, UV-A treatment improved yield and morphological characteristics of the plant. In addition, foliar application of melatonin and ascorbic acid modulated morphological destruction and growth indices caused by ultraviolet-B treatment.

Strictosidine synthase protein is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant alkaloids. To date, no information on strictosidine synthase sequences of Papaver somniferum has been recorded in various databases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate the complete ORF sequence of strictosidine gene, bioinformatics analysis of this gene and study its expression in different organs of Papaver somniferum and Papaver bracteatum. The consensus sequence of strictosidine gene with 1179 bp was obtained after identifying the consensus sequence resulting from assembling similar readings in related species. Also, the strong sequence conservation was observed in the terminal parts of the strictosidine synthase enzyme. Due to the isolation of the full length of the consensus sequence, the prediction of its third protein structure was performed using the comparative method obtained from the Modeller program and its molecular dynamics was predicted and simulated using the GROMACS software. The results of prediction and evaluation of the third structure indicated the structural stability of the predicted model. Finally, the expression of strictosidine synthase gene expression in the leaf, stem and capsule tissues of Papaver somniferum was 12, 4.09 and 1.3 times more than the root as a control, respectively. Also, in Papaver bracteatum, the root had the highest expression (5 times than the capsule) and the stem (3 times than the capsule) and the leaf (2.5 times than the capsule) took the next ranks. The results of this study provide the possibility of STR gene manipulating with the aim of engineering the pathway of Papaver alkaloids.

Diosgenin is one of the most important medicinal compounds in the world; however, little information is available on the biosynthetic pathway of this valuable metabolite in fenugreek. Given the importance of increasing the production of diosgenin, the application of various stimulants to enhance its production might be an interesting research topic. The aim of this study was to increase the expression of some genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of diosgenin in fenugreek plants treated with salinity stress and different levels of melatonin. Treatments in this experiment included different salinity levels (0, 150 and 300 mM), different levels of melatonin (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm) and a combination of different levels of salinity and melatonin. The expression of Cycloartenol synthase، 26-o-Beta glucosidase ,C4-demethylase in 150 mM and 60 ppm melatonin salinity treatments increased 7, 5 and 4 times compared to the control treatment (no melatonin application and salinity stress), respectively. The expression of C22-hydroxylase and Δ7-reductase genes was less affected by all experimental treatments. Overall, the results of the present study showed that the application of melatonin in fenugreek under salinity stress substantially increases the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of diosgenin as a suitable functional stimulus.  The results of this research could be used in the pathway engineering of this valuable medicinal metabolite.

The application of various stimulants, such as abiotic stress, radiation, and growth regulators to increase the quantity of secondary metabolites is one of the interesting research areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 24-epi-brassinosteroid on the expression of some genes involved in the diosgenin biosynthetic pathway of fenugreek under high temperature stress. The highest expression of cycloartenol synthase (27-fold) was observed at high temperature treatment and 2 ppm of 24-epi-brassinosteroid (at 24 h after heat stress), while the highest expression of SSR gene was 3.5 fold at normal temperature and 5 ppm 24-epi-brassinosteroid. Application of 2 and 5 ppm of 24-epi-brassinosteroid significantly increased squalene epoxidase expression during high temperature stress. Compared to normal condition, squalene epoxidase expression increased 20 and 10 fold at 2 and 5 ppm of 24-epi-brassinosteroid, respectively. Application of 24-epi-brassinosteroid (2 ppm) after 24 hours significantly increased the expression of sterol methyltransferase by 6-fold (Compared to 23°C and non-application of 24-epi-brassinosteroid). Interestingly, compared to normal condition, squalene synthase expression was decreased at high temperature treatment and different levels of 24-epi-brassinosteroid. The results showed that 24-epi-brassinosteroid (2 and 5 ppm) could be used as a suitable stimulus to enhance the expression of some genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway and subsequently to increase the content of the diosgenin.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 24-epi-brassinosteroid on some of the physiological properties of fenugreek under high temperature stress. The treatments consisted of 24-epi-brassinosteroid (2, 5 and 10 ppm), different harvest times (6 and 24 h) and high temperature stress (42° C). Results showed that high temperature stress reduced chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and increased malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage.  24-epi-brassinosteroid treatment during stress significantly prevented carotenoid, chlorophyll a,  b and total chlorophyll contents to be deceased.  Applying different levels of 24-epi-brassinosteroid (2 and 5 ppm) at high temperatures decreased malondialdehyde and increased fenugreek tolerance, due to the reduced non-fatty acid peroxidation. The activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes enhanced in stress condition and application of 2 and 5 ppm 24-epi-brassinosteroid resulted in further increase of these enzymes activity. The application of 24-epi-brassinosteroid resulted in increased defense gene activity and enhanced content of antioxidant enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase by stimulating the plant defense system. Overall, the results of this study showed that 24-epi-brassinosteroid stimulates the activity of genes involved in either photosynthesis or the antioxidant defense system of fenugreek, and fenugreek tolerance to high temperature stress increased, by reducing oxidative stress.

in the present study, the slope stability coefficient of Namrood dam as a case study was calculated for different load conditions, including permanent leakage and completion of construction by using deteministic and probabilistic methods. Geo-studio software package and Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used for analysis. The effect of earthquake load on the stability of the dam structure was also investigated. The results showed that in the present conditions of the dam, the failure probability of the critical sections of Namrood dam was negligible, so that the maximum probability of failure was calculated as 0.00007. Then, sensitivity analysis were carried out on the value and type of distribution of effective input parameters. Results showed that with the increase in the earthquake load by 15%, the probability of dam failure increased by about 100%. The results also showed that the type of effective parameters distributions including cohesion of soil (c), soil friction angle (φ) and unit weight (γ) have little effect on the probability of dam failure.

Studies show that the human brain has special performance for improving learning, and teachers who use new theories of brain-based education, enhance students' learning experiences to a high level. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brain-compatible learning on self-regulated learning and academic engagement in secondary school students.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population of the study included all ninth grade male students of the junior high schools in Mako in the academic year 2019-2020.  Thirty sample (15 people for each group) was selected out of the total population through purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included Academic Engagement Scale (AES) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The training basis of brain-compatible learning, was the implementation of 12 principles of brain-based learning by Caine et al (2005), which were performed in a total of 8 sessions of 50 minutes. Data analysis was performed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS statistics.

Findings showed that brain-based education led to a significant difference between the groups, so that it showed a difference of 47% in self-regulated learning and 53% in academic engagement (p < 0.05).

The results showed that brain-compatible learning has led to an increase in the mean scores of experimental group in self-regulated learning and academic engagement, compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be argued that brain-compatible learning is effective on students' self-regulated learning and academic engagement. In an environment full of brain-centered components, learning has an upward trend and leads to positive effects on students' attitudes, academic engagement and self-regulation learning.

With fast advances in next generation sequencing technologies, they has become powerful and low-cost tools for transcriptome studies, Nowadays; de novo assembly of transcriptome data, has caused the formation of the new pathway in the study of non-model genome species. With the expansion of this technology and increasing the number of assembly softwares, choosing the best software for assembling transcriptome sequencing data has become a challenge for biologists. For the first time in this study, we used transcriptome sequencing data of Dracocephalum kotschyi in order to reach the appropriate parameters and superior software; so here we used Oases-velvet, SOAPdenovo-Trans, Trans-ABySS and Trinity softwares with two different values of K parameter; K=25 and K=32. The results of assembly by each software were compared to others in the term of several criteria. The result suggests the superiority of Trinity and Trans-ABySS softwares. Finally, the output of the best assembly was used to estimate abundance of various isoforms and Gene Ontology analysis as regards to the pharmaceutical properties of this plant and the high amount of secondary metabolites, the highest frequency of sections in the biological processes was related to the metabolic activity.

A significant progress has been made in the expression profiling of living organism with invention of real time PCR, because this method is one of the suitable methods for evaluating the expression of genes. In this method, it is crucial to control the error observed between samples. Normalization with a house keeping gene is widely utilized to check the errors observed among samples in this method. In the current study, we evaluated expression patterns of 10 housekeeping genes under salinity stresses. We treated the eight- week old plants under salinity stress at concentrations of 0 and 300 Mm. Samples of leaves and roots were collected from the treated plants at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hour post treatment. Expression analysis of the obtained data was performed via geNorm software and it was shown that the eIF-4a as well as ACT7 genes in the root tissues and GAPDH and ACT11 in the leaf tissues was constitutively expressed. Based on the results gained from the analysis trough Best Keeper, the eIF-4a gene (in root) and UBQ10 and eIF-4a (in leaf) showed the highest correlation with the index of Best keeper. Thus, we concluded that the eIF-4a, ACT7, GAPDH, UBQ10 and ACT11 genes could be considered as suitable housekeeping genes to be used in the normalization of the derived from Rice.

Application of wild type crops or wild relatives’ cultivars that are halophyte in plant breeding program would provide better results in order to develop cultivars that are resistant toward drought as well as salinity. Recently, Aeluropus littoralis has attracted the attention of researcher in order to identify novel genes and their regulatory elements that are involved in salinity stress. Currently, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) is one of the best and sensitive techniques in order to determine the expression profiling of genes in plants. In this method, normalizations of the obtained data with appropriate housekeeping genes are certainly crucial. In the current research, the efficiency of seven reference genes to be employed in the normalization of the data was investigated. Statistical analysis of the data was done via geNorm program and it was demonstrated that the ACT11, Beta Actin and Beta tubulin and Beta tubulin and Beta Actin were constitutively expressed in leaf as well as roots, respectively. Based on the gained results through Best Keeper, the ACT11 poses the highest correlations with the BestKeeper (0.836 and 0.722 in leaf and root respectively). Additionally, it was shown that the Beta tubulin has the lowest coefficient variation in term of expression in root and leaf. Taken together, it was evidently demonstrated that the ACT11, Beta Actin and Beta tubulin are the best reference gene to be employed for the normalization of expression data in the Aeluropus littoralis.