امین ماهان

After the era of the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern age, many environmental hazards have been appeared. All of intellectual developments led humans to interact more with nature and the environment. The emergence of eco-technical, sustainable and green approaches were as a result of these changes and tried to establish more communication between the artificial environment and the natural environment. Among these, the field of architecture and construction has great importance due to the extent of the impact on the environment. In this regard, and in the field of architecture, many efforts were made in different countries of the world, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, etc. Therefore sustainable Assessment systems were designed and used to better control the construction process. In Japan, the CASBEE system is designed for this purpose. This article tries to study the structural features of CASBEE system as one of the most advanced systems for Assessing sustainable buildings with a descriptive-analytical approach with emphasis on studies. The CASBEE Assessment System technically and accurately calculates the environmental assessment of a building and its effects on its surroundings. While it has paid less attention to the social and economic aspects of sustainable development.

Landscape is an interdisciplinary discipline and in the analysis of space, it does not pay attention to only the body and physics of the space, but always seeks to understand and recognize the totality and personality of the space, which is the result of the interaction and action of countless social, historical, identity, and activity factors. , physical and the like have been formed. Today, many urban spaces have lost their scenic qualities, even the cities that have historically had a brilliant history in creating quality and meaningful spaces have also lost many of their spatial and scenic qualities. This research aims to study the historical and library sources and the field survey of the historical landscape of the two cities of Semnan and Damghan, as cities that have been historically successful in creating urban spaces, and by examining and analyzing several spaces of these two cities as A case study to identify the cause or causes of landscape decline in Iranian cities.

One of the basis of ‘cultural tourism’ is to address the ritual landscapes in countries, which attract many visitors each year. Generally, the ritual spaces have always been attractive and special to the viewers, either due to the burial of a holy person, or being the symbol of spirituality, the myth and the story referred to in making the building, or even due to the combination of the natural implications. Since, the meaning of the word ‘tourism’ points to the action of ‘travel’ and ‘moving’ for exploring new subjects and frontiers, the study of ritual landscapes is inevitable, as kind of multi-functional landscapes, where points to the object and socio-economic issues in addition to satisfying the people’s minds in case of spirituality and making memories of the environment. Therefore, to better understand the issue, the Imāmzādeh Mohsen, which is located in city of Hamadan as a case study, has been adopted here to review the role of ritual landscape in tourism development. In this research, the holy shrine is assumed as a ritual landscape, by having the characteristics such as “repeatability in holy time and place”, “symbol and metaphor” and “social actions”, that due to its positioning in pure Nature, the holiness of its building (before and after Islam) and the presence of socio-economic activities is considered as a multi-functional item that has the high potential for attracting tourists and developing the tourism industry. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical one and the data is gathered based on the library information from ancient texts and documents, in addition to site visit of the Imāmzādeh location. Therefore, to better understand this issue,a case study of Mohsen Imamzadeh located in Hamedan has been selected to re-read the role of the ritual landscape in tourism development. In this study, it is assumed that this shrine due to its characteristics such as "repetition in the holy time and place","symbol and metaphor" and "social actions" is a ritual landscape that is located in pristine nature and also The sanctity of its building (before and after Islam) and the presence of social and economic activities is a multi-functional complex and the potential for attracting tourists and developing tourism is abundant. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and has been collected based on the collection of library information from old texts and documents as well as a field visit to the Imamzadeh site.

The concept of garden was created in Iran from ancient era and kept continue until contemporary time. During Qajar era and after the emergence of thought revolutions, ancient urban structures including Iranian gardens did not remain stable as before. Thus, changes have been made in their apparent structure. In the meantime, Tehran's gardens have been affected to a great extent by Renaissance, Baroque, and Romanticism and the garden's structure has changed in terms of its appearance. The researchers attributed such changes in appearance to Europe or the West without referring back to any particular style or school of art. Meanwhile, landscape schools in Europe are so much different in terms of their country of origin and their historical-philosophical background and it is vague to argue that gardens constructed during the Qajar era have been affected by European countries by large. An investigation of contextual elements and thought patterns contributing to garden construction in Renaissance, Baroque, and Romantic styles and their recognition in Tehran's gardens constructed during Qajar era can reveal their correlation in terms of their style differences and components affecting them. This study is an attempt to prohibit the use of European style of garden construction in Iran and identify the features and impacts of Renaissance; Baroque and Romantic styles in gardens constructed in Tehran during the Qajar era. This study follows a qualitative design. Descriptive-analytical approaches as well as library resources and literature on Romantic, Renaissance, and Baroque gardening styles during the Qajar era have been used in this study. Besides, a comparison has been made between these styles in terms of their principles and constituting elements. It's apparent that garden construction during the renaissance, Baroque, and Romantic periods, as distinguished European style s of constructing gardens in Europe, are different from each other, therefore, their shallow imitation of style resulted in an eclectic structure in Tehran gardens; however, the prototype of Iranian garden is still persistent in some cases.

Locating and establishing cities depends on the natural and climatic structure of the region;, the shape, landscape and consequently the architectural structures form in the harmony with physical characteristic such as topography, vegetation, fauna, water and other factors engaged in the ecosystem. Besides, environmental factors have always remind the identity in the mind of landscape dwellers and users and give meaning to it. Therefore, an old tree, water flow and many other landscape factors remain in the mind and become sacred and symbolic. The diversity of landforms and the mutual relationship of city and its texture, environmental interactions, built structure and formation of landscape with a clear identity is observable in most cities of Iran, including Gorgan. The proximity to forest, river and mountain is another particular characteristic of landscapes in this city. This research aims to study the approaches of confrontation with the nature in Gorgan by using a qualitative approach and based on the interpretations, historical analysis and case study. This research is the result of a group field visit in 3 days in Gorgan. It tries to identify the effective ecologic factors in forming the urban landscape of Gorgan by reviewing the literature and their mutual relationship and introduce the objective and subjective aspects that affect the formation of ecologic landscape.

Culture and communication are coexistent in relationships, and inseparable in practice. Every cultural behavior is a communicative event, and every communicative action is a cultural event. Media is the gateway through which culture is transmitted to individuals because media content is considered a cultural element. Today, it is not possible to achieve a complete and comprehensive understanding of the relationship between media and culture without conducting multicultural research and interdisciplinary studies. The media are regarded as the places for laying the cultural groundwork, and deep reflection about the importance of meaning and thinking given the cultural context and social realm, which strengthens and reconstructs a coherent model of meaning and establishes a value center. The garden, the domesticated nature, as a cultural landscape, is the result of a complex historical interaction that has formed over time and at the same time has aesthetic, transcendent and useful values, and through its multiple values engages all five senses. On the one side of this interaction is always "human" as a social being who is able to build a culture, and at the other end of the spectrum is everything that human has encountered at various times. His first encounter is "nature." In subsequent encounters, man has established a connection with his environment, and the achievement of this connection has created a culture. Therefore, the Persian Garden is a historical phenomenon as a medium that, in addition to what is mentioned in the tradition, has themes that are related to the world of new media and the patterns that exist in the media to convey concepts in a special way.

The landscape is an objective-minded phenomenon that is shaped by the human understanding of the environment and takes on different forms in the context of history and time. In the meantime, the paradigm has been created with concepts of identity, such as culture and religion, and created a specific objective and mental effects with respect to particular spatial situations. The core of the cultural landscape is seen by three elements of the environment, time, and man. The two-way relationship between each of these factors leads to the creation of a new element. Human beings reminisce over time and shape history. A factor that has been one of the main cornerstones of culture in human life and human history (requiring space to remain in time).The presence of human beings in the environment and its experience will lead to the formation of space, a place where human presence is meaningful, and the agent that creates the dimension of memory and creation of the mind in the landscape.Rites are a symbolic social show that appears under certain conditions in the community, and it is up to the people of the community to act in that particular way. Rites in all human societies are sacred acts That members of the community feel committed and committed to doing so. The ritualistic aspect is part of a cultural perspective that reflects the customs, ceremonies, religions and religious rituals. Ceremonies such as the Nowruz ceremony in Iran, the celebration of cherry blossoms in Japan, the celebration of watering in Thailand, cheesecloth in the UK, and many others are nature-shaped ceremonies, rooted in respect for natural elements. The ritualistic view as a subset of the perspective and as an important part of the cultural landscape is considered to be the reaction of society to its spiritual needs.The ritualistic view as a subset of the landscape and culture has the same characteristics of both. According to the definitions given in the ritual section, the ritualistic aspect is initially formed in the context of nature; Because nature, the bed and the creator of the elements constitute the ritual. Nature is the context in which man and history are formed, and their interaction with nature leads to the creation of culture and religion. Perhaps the strongest link in the nature and customs of the people can be found in ritual and sacred centers. From the past, living near human nature has been very important to humans Therefore, this paper tries to identify the effects of its appearance in Iran by examining the concepts of the landscape and the ritual and the recognition of the ritualistic concept. The research methodology of this paper is of a qualitative type and combines an analytical-descriptive and citation research method.Based on this, using a library method and using authoritative sources, a wide range of sources related to the landscape and religion was studied. By comparative study, inferential and inference method was used to analyze the cases presented in the ritualistic viewpoint And its aspects have been addressed.

In landscape architecture, the concept of landscape has always been linked to two facets namely objectivity and subjectivity, and it has shown an inseparable bond between humanand the environment. The tight-knit and intertwined relationship of the qualitative and quantitative issues makes it difficult to understand and, consequently, to evaluate the landscape conceptt. During the history of landscape, and especially in recent years, many efforts have been made to assess the landscape and its various aspects. Most research has attempted to separate objective aspects from the subjective ones and numerically evaluate each one separately in a landscape assessment. Previous studies have evaluated the physique of environment , and human perceptions of the environment, some strands of studies have assessed the landscape assessed from the environmental aspect and investigated it ecologically , Some researchers have considered it objectively regardless of humans and their minds while , some have s viewed it as merely subjective issue .
ITo assess the concept of landscape, it is necessary to simultaneously evaluate the objective and subjective process and discover the relations between them. Therefore, this research is an attempt to collect and organize library documents, including different methods of landscape evaluation in various objective and subjective fields, and to analyze them deductively and, and to study the existing methods, and suggest a model for landscape assessment.

The term ‘Landscape’ with complex objective and subjective concepts and extensive physical and non physical aspects, has always been of special interest to authorities and theoreticians in the intellectual fields related to the Ecology, Geography, Urban Design, Landscape Architecture and other related disciplines and fields. Additionally, sometimes provided definitions have simply directed the concept of ‘Landscape’ toward an environmental issue, which has been taken into consideration from an ecological perspective. As a result, different definitions and approaches have been raised for the issue of ‘Landscape’. In this respect, sometimes there have been attempts to define the term ‘Landscape’ by looking at scholars’ and experts’ perspectives from other countries (beside Iran) , or sometimes by typically considering their own perception of the term ‘Landscape’ as a definition. Moreover, the relationship between man and the environment and the interaction between these two elements in the discussions of Landscape experts and scholars, have created complex relations in the existing definitions of ‘Landscape’. Thus, sometimes the concept of ‘Landscape’ is regarded as an objective fact, which is apart from the man and his mind, and sometimes it is considered as an absolute abstract subjective reality. The objective and subjective complexity aspects of ‘Landscape’ have led the scientific disciplines, developed and grown in the Descartes’ bipolar world, to restraint ‘Landscape’ to merely one-dimensional concept and consider it as an abstract concept in its objective or subjective forms. Furthermore, stated definitions have always been the best indicator and criteria for evaluating the experts’ perspectives of the issue and their approach types. Therefore, by collecting and classifying library documents including inside-and-outside- country provided definitions of the concept of ‘Landscape’ in different areas and disciplines and also by qualitative analysis of inferential and analytical methods, this study attempts to examine the concept of ‘Landscape’ and understand the approaches to deal with it.