فهرست مطالب اکبر علی وردی نیا

Interactional approach to social deviations leads the definition of this concept and its control practices to the strengthening of cultural strategies in controlling deviant behaviors. Reintegrative shaming theory is one of the well-known cultural strategies in controlling deviant behaviors, which can be a breakthrough in the cultural-social context of Iranian society. This theory is concerned with the ways in which society responds to crime and the criminal; either by shaming them in stigmatizing ways or by reintegrating them. Therefore, the present article intends to achieve a deeper understanding of this theory by experimentally testing this theory while explaining the sociological behavior of deviant students. The findings of this article were collected by survey method and by completing the questionnaire, from 831 students of 5 selected public universities in Tehran. The results of the regression analysis show that stigmatization, deviant friends, adherence to moral values and shame displacement play a role in explaining deviant behaviors of students. In general, the results of the mean difference test prove that significant differences have been seen between male and female students in terms of independent variables, which means that the mean of shaming, reintegration, interdependency, shame acknowledgement, shame displacement, shame internalization and adherence to moral values in female students is more than male students. While the mean of communication with deviant friends is higher in male students than female, and also no significant difference in stigmatization has been observed between both sexes.

Internet and computer technology is a very important and extensive resource that has a great impact on people’s personal and professional life. Considering the increase in the number of users and the growing concerns on computer technology (such as fraud, harassment, hacking, virus transmission, unauthorized access to personal information), it is important for academics and professionals to investigate the prevalence of these behaviors among users and why people are involved in such activities. This study aimed to investigate computer violations among students of Mazandaran University using rational choice theory. A questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the data needed for the survey. The population consisted of all students of Mazandaran University (13,428 people) in the academic year of 2014-2016, of which 400 people were selected using stratified sampling. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The descriptive results of the research indicated that the mean of computer crimes committed by students between 0 and 4 is 0.29. In addition, the results of the regression analysis showed that the independent research variables (self-control, utilitarian need, informal sanction, moral beliefs, perceptual pleasure and thrills, investment, and attachment), were able to explain 0.32% of the changes related to computer violations among the students of Mazandaran University. The results of multiple regression showed that the variables of perceptual pleasure and emotion (effect coefficient = 0.28), moral beliefs (effect coefficient = -0.23), family dependence (effect coefficient = -0.14), and investment (effect coefficient = 10. -0), respectively, have the most significant impact on the students’ computer violations. Moreover, the results indicated that the variables of self-control, utilitarian need, and informal punishment do not have a significant impact on computer violations.

With the increase of human communication between societies, the phenomenon of migration is considered as one of the most important social, political, economic and international issues. The purpose of this study was to design a model for maintaining sports elites in Iran. This research aims to be developmental-applicative, and in terms of nature, it is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) with a combined exploratory-sequential design. The target community of the research was experts who were aware of the research topic. In order to conduct in-depth interviews and collect qualitative data from the targeted snowball technique until the theoretical saturation stage, 21 people were selected as a sample and to complete the researcher-made questionnaires in quantitative section, a sample of 5 people was suggested. The validity of the data of the qualitative part of the research was confirmed through continuous observation and review by a colleague and the reliability of these data was estimated to be 87% using the two coder index method. The validity of the data in the quantitative part was confirmed 80% by using the Lawshe content validity ratio and their reliability was confirmed 88% with the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Using the thematic analysis method based on the model of Braun and Clark (2006) and using the Maxqda10 software, the effective indicators on the maintenance of sports elites were identified and then modeling was done using structural-interpretive analysis (ISM) and using Matlab2016 software. In the research findings

The present research aims to investigate the impact of perceptual social disorganization and the collective efficacy of deviant behaviors among University of Mazandaran students. The method of this survey research was stratified random sampling in proportion to the volume. The tool for collecting information in the current research is a questionnaire, and 411 questionnaires have been analyzed. The results of the analysis of the findings show that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of deviant behavior. The results of the path analysis test have also shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; And there is an inverse and significant relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. According to the findings, people’s perception of social disorder has an effect on crime. In other words, disorder increases fear of crime, which in turn reduces social control/collective efficacy and makes neighborhoods vulnerable to criminal invasion. Keywords: deviance, social disorganization, collective efficacy, fear of crime.

One of the pressing issues faced by universities today is "academic cheating," which has been causing significant and irreparable harm to the academic community due to its pervasive nature. Studies indicate that cheating shares similarities with other forms of deviant behavior and individuals, who engage in cheating, are more likely to repeat such an action and do it so more frequently. The rational choice theory of criminology provides insight into deviant behavior, suggesting that individuals act based on their personal assessments of the expected benefits, which are influenced by the anticipated costs and motivations associated with the behavior in question. This theory underscores the significance of the perceived benefits of academic cheating, such as avoiding exertion, attaining higher grades, experiencing reduced stress, and saving time, while weighing them against potential costs, such as the risk of being deprived of the necessary education for future success. Furthermore, the deterrence theory offers valuable insights, positing that individuals' awareness of the certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment diminishes the likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior. Therefore, if students do not perceive the clear and consistent enforcement of penalties for cheating as outlined in university regulations, the likelihood of cheating will increase. This research aimed to sociologically investigate and elucidate the phenomenon of academic cheating among Mazandaran University students through the lenses of rational choice and deterrence theories.

The present study employed a survey-based, cross-sectional research method, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The research targeted the entire student body of Mazandaran University enrolled in the year of 1401. The statistical sample consisted of 400 individuals, comprising both male and female students selected through random sampling with a 5% margin of error. A total of 435 questionnaires were distributed and after excluding any incomplete or distorted responses, 400 questionnaires were deemed suitable for evaluation and analysis. The sampling technique employed in this research was proportional stratified random sampling, wherein the students' gender was treated as a stratum and the sample size was allocated to each stratum in proportion to its size. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing mean comparison and multiple regression tests.

The prevalence of academic cheating poses a significant challenge to the primary mission of the educational institution. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate this deviant behavior. The theoretical contribution of this study lay in the application of rational choice theory and deterrence theory to elucidate academic cheating. The findings of this research revealed that informal punishment, moral beliefs, self-control, and utilitarian needs are influential factors in explaining academic cheating. In essence, rational choice theory posits that, notwithstanding various constraints, individuals are rational, proactive, and capable of assessing the costs and rewards of their actions based on the prevailing circumstances. Consequently, academic cheating is a product of individuals' cognitive evaluations of the costs and benefits associated with the perceived outcomes of such behavior within the contextual conditions of the situation. Furthermore, deterrence theory asserts that if the punishment for academic cheating is severe, certain, and immediate, a rational individual will weigh the potential gains and losses before engaging in cheating and if the losses outweigh the gains, they will refrain from cheating. Consequently, students, as rational actors, meticulously assess all circumstances and situations before engaging in academic cheating and if the perceived benefits outweigh the costs, they may choose to engage in this behavior, thus expressing their agency.

Adolescents are particularly susceptible to suicidal tendencies. Suicide, the tragic outcome of a process that commences with suicidal thoughts, is a serious concern. Studies indicate that approximately one-third of individuals, who contemplate suicide, will eventually make an attempt on their own lives. Suicidal ideation is a significant predictor for suicide attempts. Various empirical studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal behavior. Typically, cyber stalking victims are young with college students being at a heightened risk. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cyber victimization as a stressor on suicidal ideation. To accomplish this objective, the research drew upon two theoretical frameworks: theory of Cohen and Felson's Routine Activities and theory of Robert Agnew's General Strain. According to Cohen and Felson's theory, the presence of three elements—target attractiveness, proximity to motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardians—contributes to criminal behavior and delinquency (in this case, cyber victimization). This theory was employed to explore the factors underlying cyber victimization. Furthermore, Agnew's strain theory posits that cyber victimization serves as a source of strain, leading to the development of negative emotions in individuals. According to this theory, the emergence of negative emotions can precipitate deviant behaviors, such as suicidal ideation and suicide.

This study employed a cross-sectional survey as its research method, utilizing a questionnaire to gather data. The research population comprised all students enrolled at Mazandaran University during the years of 1400-1401. A total of 426 questionnaires were collected and after excluding incomplete or unreliable responses, 400 questionnaires were subjected to analysis. The sampling technique employed in this research was stratified random sampling proportionate to the population size and categorized by gender. The data were analyzed using mean comparison tests and multiple regression with the assistance of SPSS software.

In line with the theory of Routine Activities, criminal incidents occur when three elements converge in time and space: a motivated offender encountering a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. Consequently, victimization is elucidated by the convergence of suitability and access to a motivated offender in the absence of a capable protector. The research findings demonstrated that the presence of online target attractiveness, online proximity to motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardians contribute to an escalation in cyber victimization. According to the theory of General Strain, cyber victimization as a source of strain induces negative emotions in individuals. This theory posits that suicide is influenced by an individual's level of strain and his/her capacity to manage it through lawful means. The research results indicated that cyber victimization has a detrimental impact on negative emotions. Furthermore, the findings confirmed that negative emotions have a direct correlation with students' suicidal ideation. Agnew contended that men are more inclined than women to respond to strain with criminal or delinquent behavior. Conversely, women are more prone to exhibit self-destructive behavior in response to strain. The study's results aligned with this assertion, revealing that girls experiencing negative emotions are more likely to have suicidal ideation compared to boys experiencing similar emotions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the type of attitude and behavior of married women who have extramarital relationships from the perspective of rational choice theory.

The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed through content validity, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The research population consisted of 87 married women from Behshahr, Babol and Babolsar cities in 1400 who had extramarital relationships. The theoretical framework of the research, the rational choice theory and the independent variables of the research, were derived from this theory. The non-random sampling method was snowballing type. The type of attitude towards extramarital relationships was investigated in three cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions.

The results of the research showed that 35.6 percent of the respondents have an average attitude, 33.3 percent have a positive attitude, and 31 percent have a negative attitude towards extramarital relationships. Also, among the variables of the theory of rational choice, the variables of pleasure-excitement and utilitarian need had a significant relationship.  The independent variables of the research were able to explain 72.6% of the changes in the dependent variable of extramarital behavior and 50.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of attitude towards extramarital relationships.

The meaningfulness of the pleasure-excitement variable means that by increasing the motivation of pleasure and excitement, curiosity, freedom and adventure in new relationships, the positive attitude of married women towards extramarital relationships increases and the commission of extramarital behavior increases. Also, the significance of the utilitarian need variable means that if the costs of extramarital relations are less than its benefits and the costs are long-term and ineffective, the probability of committing it increases. Examining and explaining the attitude towards extramarital relationships and extramarital behavior based on the choice theory is one of the innovations of this research.

In many societies, extra-marital relationships are strongly stigmatized and have become one of the most important issues among couples. This article aimed to investigate attitudes married women toward extramarital relationships, which tries to explain this issue by social learning theory. This study was conducted using the survey method among 80 married women of Babol city which examined their attitudes toward extra-marital relationships through a self-administered questionnaire. They were selected by non-random sampling method (snowball). The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship among three variables (differential association, differential reinforcement, and imitation) from social learning theory with the attitude towards extramarital relationships and all its dimensions.The results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variable of the reward has the most predictability on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions related to the social learning theory and show that the attitude to extramarital relationship increases under the influence of rewards, punishments and imitation from the media is strengthened and its repeatability increases. According to social learning theory, both overt behavior and cognitive definitions related to extramarital relationship are created with two dimensions of differential reinforcement and imitation, both of which function discriminative stimuli for the behavior.

Today, we are facing the widespread and increasing influence of social media in various aspects of people's lives, as well as the occurrence of crime and deviant behaviors in the context of these media. Considering the network structure of social media and the possibility of accessing a huge amount of social data in the last decade, we have seen the increasing interest of researchers in various fields, including social sciences, to use big data and network analysis. Despite the acceptance of this approach by sociology of deviance and criminology abroad, we are facing a lack of such studies in the country. The purpose of this article is to introduce Marvin Krohn's network theory, the application of the network analysis approach, and the use of big data in explaining social deviance in the context of social media.

This paper is a review article and the research method is documentary.

After reviewing concepts such as big data and social media, referring to deviance and crime in social media, the application of big data and network analysis in criminology and sociology of deviance is discussed. Considering the theoretical weakness in the current empirical literature, Marvin Krohn's network theory in the field of sociology of deviance is described as a framework that has the ability to overcome this deficiency. Some suitable tools for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing social media big data are introduced.

The integration of the three fields of sociology of deviance by providing theoretical support, network analysis, and big data can be of great help in describing, explaining, and controlling deviant and criminal behaviors in social media. Therefore, it is suggested to establish interdisciplinary cooperation in domestic universities among researchers of social sciences, computer engineering, computer sciences, and data sciences.

This study aimed to investigate social and cultural factors affecting students’ attitudes toward violence against women. This study was conducted using a survey method among 400 male students of public universities in Mazandaran province who were selected based on stratified probabilistic sampling method and using theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. The results revealed that the majority of participants (72/5%) had a negative, more than 26% of them had a medium, and more than 1% of them had a positive attitude toward violence against women. Also, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitudes towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards, and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have the greatest impact on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions of the theories of liberal feminism and social learning and they show that the issue of violence against women and the attitudes toward it, is not inevitable, rather it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs society and the social ties of the individual with those around him and the rewards and punishments he receives during his actions.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of symbolic capital on workers' lifestyles. The research is in terms of cross-sectional research and survey research. The statistical population of this study is all workers working in the bus service of Tehran Municipality in 1396, numbering 7350 people, of which the Cochrane sample of this community is 366 people. The tool for measuring variables was a questionnaire. Bourdieu's theories of capital and lifestyle have been used for the theoretical framework. Simultaneous regression, independent t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze descriptive statistics. The findings of this study show that the effect of symbolic capital on workers' lifestyle is significant and its intensity is relatively strong. Dimensions of symbolic capital except positive symbolic capital have a positive effect on workers' lifestyle. The symbolic variable of economic capital 65 and the variable of cultural symbolic capital explain 9% of the changes in the variable of lifestyle. The average score of symbolic capital is higher among women than men. The analysis of the average scores of workers' lifestyle and gender is not significant. The symbolic cultural and economic capital dimension of workers is significantly different from their education, but their symbolic social capital dimension is not significantly different from different levels of education.

University students alike other human and social groups encounter certain pressures due to their role. According to the literature of strain theories, increasing strain is associated with the increased likelihood of deviant or criminal behavior. The purpose of this article is to present and localize policies and programs to reduce students’ deviant behaviors based on political implications of strain theories. This paper employs a sociological perspective and relies on a documentary method in order to addressing theoretical concepts and issues and policy implications of strain theories, and programs implemented resulting from these implications in other countries. For reducing students’ deviant behaviors the policy implications of strain theories, in three levels: micro, middle, and macro levels, and the proposed programs inspired by these policies, in three categories: short, medium, and long-term, have been localized and presented. Given the conditions and how these programs are implemented, and given the indigenous conditions within the country, with greater confidence, policymakers are able to implement proper policy and present effective crime prevention programs. This also leads to saving money, time and resources and to increase efficiency.

During the last twenty years, interpersonal violence has become a major concern. The transition from a traditional society to a modern society means changing the patterns of behavior and discourse that govern society. In a sense, entering a modern society means changing behaviors. One of these patterns of behavior is violence against women in the public and private spheres of society. Violence against women has been part of human history around the world and, unfortunately, is still regarded as an epidemic problem. Violence against women is a global problem. Violence affects the lives of millions of women across all social, economic, and educational classes around the world, as well as removing all cultural and religious barriers and preventing women's rights to fully participate in society. According to the World Health Organization, violence is defined as the use of physical force and power, a threat or action against another person or groups of people (society) that leads to bruising, death, psychological problems, anomalies, and deprivation of rights. This research emphasized the theory of radical feminism and its main focus was on unequal structures in the society in the private and public spheres. And from this point of view, it was intended to examine and test the attitude towards wife-beating among male students. 

This research was a survey study. The research plan for this survey was cross-sectional. That is, the information was collected from the sample at a specific time. The statistical population of this study consisted of all male students of the Mazandaran University campus. To determine the sample size, the appropriate stratified random sampling method has been used and 428 students were selected by stratified sampling. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data according to the level of measurement of the studied variables. Besides, all stages of data processing were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. To validate the research questionnaire, the content validation method was used. To measure the validity of the research instrument, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used. 

Men's violence against women is not a new phenomenon and has a long history. But considering it as a social issue is a new problem. Violence against women has always been a legitimate form of male domination in human history. That is, a kind of social control that arises directly from the patriarchal construction of societies. The social and psychological consequences of violence against women are enormous. The results of many studies have shown that gender-based violence is the cause of multiple physical, mental, and psychological disorders that affect women. In the analysis of violence against women, attitude is an important element that can guide behavior, so awareness of attitude helps us to predict people’s behavior. Researchers believe that attitudes and beliefs that strengthen men’s masculinity and power can be a reason for men to use violence against women. Radical feminists argue that the roots of violence against women at the macro and micro levels are the unequal structure of society, and argue that patriarchy is a major factor in men’s domination and oppression of women. The independent variables of this research included husbands’ patriarchal beliefs, holding husbands responsible for their violence, blaming the wife for violence against her, accepting the sex-role stereotypes, and marriage role expectations. To test the research hypotheses, the variable ‘attitude of male students of Mazandaran University towards women’ was examined as a dependent variable. The findings of this study indicated that men’s violence was considered as a mechanism, in which men, both as a group and as a single individual were able to exercise control over women in the structure of the society and family, and thus their superiority. The culture and social structure of patriarchal society perpetuated men's abuse with women, and patriarchy was a direct cause of feminism. The theoretical achievement of this research was related to the application of the theory of radical feminism in the study of male students’ attitudes towards women. Also, the research showed that among the five variables studied, the variable ‘accepting the sex-role stereotypes’ was more important than the others. It can be used to explain the attitude of male students of Mazandaran University towards women.

To understand how a particular society, such as the working class, lives, how they look at the world, how they choose among the opportunities around them, one must study the field of lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to study the effective factors in the life style of workers. For the theoretical framework, the theories of lifestyle and the theories of Mannheim and Bourdieu have been used. The statistical population is the workers working in Tehran bus companies in 2017. The sample size of the statistical population is 366 people. The validity of the present questionnaire is of the content type and its structural validity is done by structural equations, the reliability of the research tool has Cronbach's alpha above 0.7.Descriptive statistics and inferential tests have been used to analyze the research. Findings of this study show that the scores of cultural consumption factors, body management and material consumption are significantly different from the sex of workers. The highest mean scores of influential factors in lifestyle are related to the component of political behavior in men and the component of body management in women. The order of management is body (12.6%), political behavior (6%), leisure activity (0.8%) and cultural consumption (0.6%).The highest change in the variance of scores among workers with the age of 30 to 40 years is in the component of political behavior and the lowest mean score of workers in the decade of 51-60 years is in the component of material consumption. To make younger workers more familiar with leisure and material issues, and to make older workers aware of political behaviors.

Currently, Cyberstalking victimization is a problem all over the world which has been increasing in Iran as well. The present study, based on Routine Activities Theory, examines the causes of the Cyberstalking victimization among Mazandaran University students. The research method of the current study is survey using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. A total of 374 students of Mazandaran University in the academic year of 1963-97 were selected through stratified sampling method. The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between girls and boys in rates of Cyberstalking victimization. Boys are more likely to be victims of Cyberstalking victimization than girls, while girls are more likely to be victims of financial and sexual Cyberstalking victimization. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables of this study were able to explain 26 percent of the Cyberstalking Victimization changes among students. Of all the variables entered in the regression, three variables of “online offender’s lifestyle” and “direct online protection” and “online proximity to offenders” have a significant effect on Cyberstalking victimization.

Computers create different types of crimes, one of whose examples is cyber harassment. In contrast, there is another type of harassment called traditional one. The response of the people who are exposed to harassment as a source of strain appears in the form of deviant behaviors such as suicide and self-harm. The objective of this paper is to study victimization (cyber and traditional) as a source of strain on deviant behavior. Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) has been adopted as theoretical framework for this paper. In Agnew’s viewpoint, one of the sources of strain is the existence of negative stimulus; and, victimization (cyber and traditional) has been studied as a negative stimulus. The necessary data were collected through questionnaire for this survey.
The research population included all students studying in Mazandaran University in 2014-2015. The sample constituted of 400 students who were selected through proportional stratified random sampling method. The findings of the research indicate that victimization (cyber and traditional) leaves more impact on extrinsic deviant behavior of boy students, while it has more effect on intrinsic deviant behavior of girl students. Also the impact of cyber victimization is stronger than traditional victimization on the deviant behavior of students; and, negative emotional tempers of students are positive function of cyber and traditional victimization.

Reducing crime is one of the most important issues that policy-makers have always been concerned about. Reintegrative shaming theory which emphasizes on criminals' reintegration, refers to the role of social and cultural relations in provoking a sense of shame and has been applied in the eastern communities such as Japan and China and it has the potential to be used in countries such as Iran, the cultural characteristics of which is having a more or less community-based society. Despite the appropriateness of the theory to the cultural characteristics of Iranian society and the necessity of applying it, the scope of internal studies in this field is very limited. Therefore, the present study has used the library and documentary method of international studies and has elaborated their concepts and implications. By using this theory and stating that the prevention of crime and its control depend on cultural characteristics and the quality of interactions, the present article intends to investigate the mentioned theory and depicts the application of its different policy implications in preventing university students’ deviant behavior by examining and presenting the good practices of its implementation throughout the world. Furthermore, it aims to demonstrate the efficiency of the policy implications of the aforementioned theory to create a cornerstone to replace actions made by the criminal justice system with it. According to the results, this theory provides implications for substituting punitive measures of judicial system. Restorative justice has been identified as an appropriate alternative to traditional deterrence. This implication focuses on the process in which offenders accept and repair the harm, blocks the way to recidivism, and reduces crime rates by reintegration of the offenders in a larger society and supporting them.

The present paper is an attempt to find out whether collective memory is a paradigmatic or nonparadigmatic field of study. Therefore, while introducing the collective memory field of study as a new approach in the social sciences, attempts have been made to offer a systematic assessment of the weak and strong points of the theoretical and practical approaches that have been employed in this field. In this regard, Ritzer’s paradigm theory has been used as a theoretical framework. Hence, in the first place, the available literature related to collective memory studies and the four constituting components of a paradigm, i.e. (exemplar, image of the subject matter, theories and methods) were reviewed. In the next step, the hypothesis of some scholars who argue that this field of study is nonparadigmatic were assessed. Then, a new formulation of the theoretical developments, methodological strategies and challenges that this field faces in its progress was presented. Finally, concomitant with these challenges, some suggestions have been made to face the said challenges in order to maximize the theoretical cohesion of the collective memory studies.

This study attempts to investigate validity and reliability of prospective delinquency. This research has been carried out through a survey using questionnaire distributed among the third high school students from Tabriz city in the academic year of 1393-94. Stratified random sampling were used. Some 835 subjects were selected as the sample. Validity of the study is determined using method of explanatory and confirmatory factor validity and content validity. The reliability of the study is assessed through through the Cronbach's coefficient Alpha. Factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the prospective delinquency scale have the seven factors of violence, theft, vandalism, cheating, sexual deviance, drug use and status offences that explained 58% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale and their dimensions was desirable. The results showed that the prospective Delinquency scale has desirable valid and reliable in research community and can be used as a valid and reliable tool.

The purpose of this study is to assess deviant behaviors among Mazandaran University students by Routine Activities theory and to examine the applicability of Routine Activities theory to deviant behaviors and individual offending. Although routine activities theory known as one of the most important theories in study of deviant behaviors, but most routine activities studies rely on victimization and thus far relatively little attention has been given to the applicability of routine activities theory for studying individual offending and deviant behaviors. Unlike most studies that have used routine activities theory to explain victims and victimization, in this study the routine activities theory is used to explain individual offending and deviant behaviors of students. Data used in this research were collected from a survey of 393 students of Mazandaran University in 2015. The findingsindicates that there is significant differences between males and females in the incidence of deviant behaviors, so that deviant behaviors among male students is more than deviant behaviors among females. The findings also indicates that variables of routine activities theory can explain deviant behaviors among students well. The result of regression analysis showed that variables have been able to assess 44 percent of changes in deviant behaviors among students. Among all variables that entered in regression model, “intensity attachment to delinquent friends” and “unstructured activities” have a significant positive impression on deviant behaviors and “presence of authority figures” has a significant negative impression on deviant behaviors. Also “intensity attachment to delinquent friends” is the most important variable to explain the deviant behaviors.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the explanatory power of classic strain and control theories, why the occurrence of deviance behaviors among students at University of Mazandaran. The research method was survey. A total of 380 students were studying at University of Mazandaran in the academic year 94-1393, were selected with stratified sampling method and responded to a questionnaire. The results indicate that there are significant differences in rates of deviant behaviors between boys and girls, so that commit deviant behaviors among boys are more than girls. The findings indicate that the exhaustive model of the variables of classic/strain theories and the variables of deterrent, social bond and general theory of crime theories can well explain student deviant behaviors. On the one hand, exposure to strain may affect the individual's commitment to common practices, his beliefs to law, his assessment of the dangers of punishments and his self-control. On the other hand, fear of punishment, investment in common practices, the belief in fairness of laws and high self-control can lead to situations where a person does not comply with the usual adaptations of strain and choose coping strategies.

Within the country, there is evidence of the prevalence of alcohol consumption among young people and students. The major purpose of the present study was to investigate social science faculty of Tehran university students’ attitude toward alcohol consumption and to explain this attitude from Rational Choice Theory perspective. The method of this research was survey and the data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The sampling method was stratified random sampling by gender, and finally the number of 412 respondents (209 male students and 203 female students) were analyzed. Descriptive data shows that 55/6, 37/1, and 7/3 percent of all students, respectively, have the negative, moderate, and positive attitude toward alcohol consumption. Also, there is significant difference between men and women's attitude toward alcohol consumption, as the mean of attitude toward alcohol consumption and all dimensions of it is higher in men than women. The results of multiple regression analysis of attitude toward alcohol consumption and its dimensions has shown that among the eight rational choice variables, with the exception of investment, all variables were significantly related to attitude toward alcohol consumption. The most important determinant of attitude toward alcohol consumption are informal punishment, utilitarian need, moral beliefs and affective ties, respectively. The study variables have been able to explain 71/2 percent of the variations of attitude toward alcohol consumption variable. Providing a measurement for evaluating attitudes toward alcohol consumption and, for the first time, operationalizing of the independent variables based on rational choice theory according to alcohol consumption are among the theoretical achievements of this research.

The present study aims to investigate the type and the extent of the spread of deviant behaviors. The theoretical framework of this study is based on rational choice theory. The structural model has also been adjusted on the basis of the relationships between the variables. This study employs a survey that including a sample of 435 students of Tabriz University who have been chosen by the method of proportionate stratified random sampling. Generally speaking, the research findings of this analysis accord with the theoretical model. Furthermore, the research findings confirm that the dependent variable is significantly affected by investment, opportunity, curiosities-excitement, and utilitarian need variables. However, the results do not support the significant effects of continuity, moral beliefs, self-control and punishment variables. More specifically, the effects of opportunity variable are significant in all aspects of deviant behaviors. Finally, the detailed analysis identifies that the rational choice theory can only explain deviant behaviors among male students as it does not apply to female gender.

"Social Norm" is among main and fundamental concepts of sociology which has a significant effecting role in the stability and alteration of the social system. The aim of this research is to recognize the pattern of social norms and to recognize the relevant social factors in Mazandaran costs. Therefore, Elster’s theory (1989) is used for the dependent variable and for the independent variable integrated approach is used. The research methodology of this paper is survey. Overall, 600 people among the inhabitants and the tourists of Mazandaran costs were selected (300 hundred of inhabitants and 300 of tourists) as the research sample by applying the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Required data were obtained by the questionnaire. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between four variables (intragroup affairs, social cohesion, social commitment, and rationality) with “social norm” and only intragroup status apprehension variable does not have a significant relationship with “social norm”. The variable of collective commitment is the strongest predictor of “social norm” with the standard coefficient of 0.319 and after that variables of social cohesion, intragroup affairs and rationality are next in rank with the standard coefficients of 0.172, 0.135, and 0.111, respectively.

The main objective of this paper is to explain the process of engagement of individuals in sports betting. Hence, the hypotheses were tested by collecting the necessary data through distributing questionnaires among a sample of 272 students of the universities of the city of Rasht. The Akers theory of social learning was applied. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between aspects of social learning theory, i.e. differential association, differential reinforcements, imitation and definition and consumption level and inclination towards sports betting of the respondents. Also the regression model of the research showed that the conceptual aspects of the social learning theory can predict 0.41 of variations of consumption level of sports betting and 0.47 percent of variations of inclination towards sports betting. Also the respondents who are engaged in betting in extreme and pathological forms have received higher level of social and environmental impacts compared to the occasional professional gamblers and non-gamblers. In general, The findings of this research indicate that the level of participation of students in betting activities and the level of their tendency towards such activities take place in the social milieu and any change in the behavioral patterns stemming from social context in the first place requires introduction of suitable cultural patterns and in the second place it needs preventive and supportive programs for the target groups.