بتول مشکین فام

Each independent semantic field contains a focal word around which other major words are brought. Collocation is a strategy to study semantic fields, with which one can identify the exact meaning of words. The Qur'ānic word ajr refers to a kind of reward that is the natural result of human deeds but it does not signify its quantity and type. However, its collocation with different modifiers clarifies its quantity and kind. This descriptive-analytical research aims to study the word ajr in order to determine the effect of adjectives as collocates on its meaning. A review of the semantic components of the adjectives collocating ajr showed that different adjectives, although in general, imply large and abundant rewards, they also indicate the difference in the rank of reward relative to the corresponding action and its performer. Among them azim (great) stands at the top because it refers to the propagation of quality and quantity and the increase of the dignity of the person receiving it, and since no one knows its value. Kabir (magnificent) reward is a manifestation of the many blessings that Allah gives to his righteous servants. This description of the reward is appropriate for giving good news, and indicates the inherent self-esteem and respect of the reward's recipient. The adjectives hasan (fine) and ghairu mamnoon (ungrateful) that have been presented in succession imply type, immortality and unrequited reward. On the other hand, the ayahs described using adjectives karim (honorable) and hasan show some similarity with magnificent reward. Description using kabir happens when the amount is very large and description using Hasan reflects looking at the nature of that reward in terms of beauty and man's happiness as a result of it.

"Motion" is the fundamental basis of existence. Multiple scientific disciplines have examined and established this concept based on their own fields of study. Cognitive linguistics approaches this category from a philosophical-mental-linguistic perspective and investigates the process of how motion concepts are formed and transferred from the external world to the mind and from the mind to language. Talmy introduces the notion of motion verbs, categorizing languages as either verb-oriented (lexical) or satellite-framed based on the demonstrative direction of verbs. The present study employs an analytical-descriptive method to examine the translation of the novel Alfatah Al-Akhira from Arabic to Persian. The study focuses on the extent to which translators utilize verb-oriented verbs and satellite framing. Additionally, the study aims to investigate the reasons behind the differing translation choices made by different translators in terms of verb-oriented and satellite-framed translations. The findings of the current study indicate that two translators, when translating the novel Alfatah Al-Khaira, deemed satellite framing as a more appropriate template for conveying motion concepts from Arabic to Persian. Also, when the translations of these motion verbs were compared and looked at, it was found that being satellite-framed does not always mean that the idea is communicated better and more completely. However, taking into account the elements of association and substitution, as well as the verb's connection with other components of the phrase and the context of the text, is crucial to ensuring a more effective translation.

Pragmatics studies how the listener discovers the intentions of the speaker and studies its meaning, and one of the most important mechanisms of analysis in the deliberative study is the verbal act and it is a material activity to achieve impactful achievement goals related to the recipient's reactions after receiving the speech. What matters to the research is what Searle sees in the verbal act, where the speaker practices an action towards the hearer and it consists of two components; From (judicial content), speaker, addressee, intent, and (executive function), the context and what it contains from the act of saying, the executing power (included in the saying) and the effective power resulting from the act of saying, as they are the axes on which the speech act theory stands. And Searle re-proposed five categories of performance verbs, which are (informations, commitments, directives, declarations, expressions). Descriptive and descriptive, and the importance and necessity of research lies in revealing direct and indirect news and its fulfillment purposes. The most important findings of the research are the manifestation of direct verbal acts by telling about the infidels wishing for friendship to return to Islam, and God (Glory be to Him) describing His Messenger to leave as a fulfilling function, and deciding the state of the infidels and their fate as a judicial content, and informing the descending of angels and informing the glorification of God and his ability, while indirect actions were manifested by reprimand and slander. And threatening and amusement for the Prophet, warning, exposure, threat, reprimand and denial. Which clarified the realms of achievement power and influence power in the speech, whether direct or indirect.

Repetition is an aesthetic literary phenomenon, and is an important element in the literary text. This phenomenon was cited among scientist as one of advantages of innovative science since old years ago and had great importance.   Repetition goes beyond of being just an innovative technique of speech in linguistic science and because it is based on the principle of repetition and emphasizing on concepts, it plays a prominent role in linking the parts of the text and its cohesion, so that convert the text to a coherent general. Text scholars have been interested in repetition, as it is one of the means of casting the text and is intended to repeat two words in which the reference is the same. This continues with reference to the inside of the text, then the stability of the text is supported by this continuity because it contributes to linking the propositional content of sentences in different parts of the text. The constructor resorts to repeating a word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph, in order to achieve a semantic function that leads to the cohesion of the text. Repetition in its various patterns helps the recipient to remember the content of the text so that the basic idea of ​​the text is rooted in his mind, that is, repetition creates a common basis between the sentences, which contributes to the cohesion of the text and making it an integrated unit. The repetition patterns among linguists are numerous, including: total repetition, partial repetition, synonym repetition, and sentence repetition. Our choice in the patterns of repetition fell on the patterns of Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan: (Objective repetition, Synonymous, Semantic inclusion and public words). The total and partial repetition of verbs and nouns is what falls under the Objective repetition. According to this theory, the vision expands in repetition from the level of the sentence to the level of the text. The Holy Qur’an is the main source for weaving this method; because this is the best literary text. Existing of same part and Concomitant concepts in surah of Al-Isra, make necessary the methodological investigations according to linguistic schems of text in order to explain repetition role in coherence in a part of this surah and to explain amount of its interaction with main axis of this surah. The research aimed to reveal the patterns of repetition in this surah, and accordingly our study carried out the following:  A combination of the views of ancient and contemporary linguists about "repetition". And the reference to the patterns of repetition in its two sides: rhetorical and coherent. And the choice of "slavery" as a central axis of surah of Al-Isra, served by sub-axes: (the true idol, the true slave, those who go astray from slavery). And analysis of the verses in the surah according to the three axes, by relying on the descriptive - analytical approach. So, The approach followed to clarify the research problem is the descriptive method in the theoretical section, while the application section is functional and analytical, focusing on the functional use of the method of repetition and its positions in surah of Al-Isra. During the investigation process, and with regard to Surah Al-Isra, the researcher did not find an independent study, dealing with the role of repetition and its patterns in the cohesion of Surah Al-Isra, then this study attempts to combine the rhetorical and textual aspect of the phenomenon of repetition, and focuses on the patterns of repetition among linguists (Hallidi and Ruqayya Hassan) and analyze them in The surah is according to the original axes in the surah, in a treatment that seems new.    Results of this study: In surah of Al-Isra, repetition is considered an innovating improvement, as well as one of the mechanisms of cohesion, so relying on the descriptive-analytical approach of data analysis show that surah of Al-Isra, is divided to three main axes (the true idol, the true slave, those who go astray from slavery), all of them have a role in the cohesion of the surah. Among the types of repetition in the surah, the repetition of the lexical element played a major role in its consistency.  Axis of true idol as main axis has attracted maximum elements of repetition. Among of all types of repetition in view of linguistics (Objective repetition, Synonymous, Semantic inclusion and public words), Objective repetition plays important role in cohesion of text.

The purpose of this article is to provide a new explanation for the meaning of “torment” and “reward” in Surah Al-Baqarah, according to Izutsu’s “semantic domain” based on determining the key and focal words, and “discourse processes” based on tension relations. Semantic domain means a set of semantic relations in the frame and mental structure of concepts. Each language system has its own set of words. Each keyword, along with others, forms a complex network of words, which in semantics is called the “semantic domain”. In Quranic studies, each semantic field in concurrent studies consists of a “focal word” and several “keywords” that together with the sub-words form a complex network of words. This network’s words are closely related to the focal word. The focal word is a special word that plays the central role in the semantic field. The imaginary domain is formed around it. Along with focal words, there are words as keywords that explain the semantic category, and like cluster seeds around the focal word, these keywords contain synonyms, antonyms, and instances of that word. In this article, the focal word “torment” is introduced in the semantic field of punishment, and “reward” in remuneration. These two words are as prototypes around which keywords are formed. We show, in a descriptive-analytical way, how transcendental categories of punishment and reward provide the basis for changing life and cause misery and happiness. By studying the semantic domains and tension systems patterns in Surah Al-Baqarah, it is proved that there is a close relationship between Izutsu’s categorization and the tension system. Studying the focal words showed that these words are not just terms, rather they are selected in the coding form and presented as two linguistic categories. In addition to the first level, which is the descriptive level, words have a second level called meta-language, which makes the meaning of these words well imprinted in mind and conveys the exact meaning. These are codes to recognize guidance from misguidance, given by God to humans. The results showed that the focal word in the discussion of remuneration in Surah Al-Baqarah is the word “reward”. The significant point about this word is that it is mentioned along with words which indicate the specificity of the reward from God and the absence of fear, sorrow and grief among the believers. The focal word in the discussion of punishment is the word “torment”, which has a nominal form with attributes such as great, heavy, severe and more severe in all cases. The common point of these compounds is the severity, magnitude, strictness and pain of the torment, which fluctuate from low to high. So these focal words – torment and reward – can be seen in tension axis of increasing and convergent type. The results indicate the dynamics of discourse, the action is “good” and “bad”, in action system the believer leaves the negative state to the positive for divine reward, and it’s conversely for the infidels. In tension system, a value is formed for believers based on sensory and emotional perception and relationship between worldliness and moving towards the divine string, and the infidel suffers punishment due to the eclecticism between apostasy and worldliness. Imaginary pattern for both groups is convergent and heterogeneous stress. There is an ascending pattern of tension in verses 1-3, but descending in others

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary field in which social, political, and sociological patterns are interwoven. Its purpose is to examine the relationships that are brought about by the inequality of power, and ideology and hegemony apply in the form of texts and conversations in political and social contexts.  One of the most powerful institutions that plays a very important role in using ideological discourses and rebuilding power relations in today's societies is undoubtedly media (television, newspapers, films, magazines, etc.). The press performs ideological work by representing various issues. How does the press cover events in the framework of ideology of the media and based on their interests? Syntactic and vocabulary choices are not optional or incidental; in fact, the ideological positions in each period and in each discourse are revealed in the structure of the news reports. The focus on analyzing media texts should be on how to represent events, situations, relationships, and people in media content. It is important how events are represented in the linguistic structure of the sentence; how to make propositions, combine them and arrange them.  Van Leeuwen developed the analysis of critical discourse from the field of linguistics into the world of the universe, and defined the sociological-semantic indicators as the reason for this "absence of a 100% direct relation between linguistic indices and their role. " He also believes that "the study of sociological-semantic components of discourse is a powerful tool for the analysis of the text rather than mere linguistic components". Iran's nuclear program is one of the most challenging issues at the international and regional level, which has attracted the focus of all the media. The Arab world has adopted different approaches to this issue due to the heterogeneous and incompatible national interests. The views of Saudi Arabia and Syria are influenced by variables such as the nature and volume of relations with the United States, the background of bilateral relations, the conception of the intentions and goals of Iran. Hence, the researchers intend to determine how conflicts between the views of the two countries are expressed in the language. What is the quality of referrals, how is the representation and naming of the parties involved in this agreement and how to portray incidents and events in these newspapers? What are the ideological and existing differences between the two newspapers? In order to achieve this goal, the writers, in addition to using the Van Leeuwen model (2008), use the Halliday’s transitivity model (2004) throughout the paper. The reason for the selection of the two newspapers is that both are published in Saudi Arabia and Syria, both of which are governed and written in accordance with the policies of the two countries and are the most prestigious newspapers. The difference in the results disclose that the representation of social actors in these texts has been carried out with various references tailored to the intended purpose of the authors. The newspaper Al-Riyadh has more to do with other identities and has used all the means to represent them negatively, while the Tishreen newspaper represents other identities negatively and actively and self-identities positively and actively. Both papers use the same amount of these references, and it seems that appraisement is the most referent used for negative representing the other and positive representing the self. A review of these two newspapers revealed that these two newspapers revealed quite different ideologies about Iran's nuclear energy and the actors involved in this text. The negative representations of the newspaper Al-Riyadh from Iran, Iranian actors, and even Western actors as Barack Obama as an important factor in signing this agreement are endorsement of this article. On the contrary, the positive representation of the newspaper Tishreen in relation to this agreement can be a sign of the positive ideology of the newspaper's owners towards Iran and Iran's nuclear agreement.  But the processes used in these papers are based on Halliday’s transitivity model: the material process has the highest frequency among existing processes that represent the positive and negative actions of the self and the other. The relationship process is also another process used to represent the nuclear agreement, which has been used by the Tishreen Newspaper to be more frequent than the Riyadh newspaper. It has used it to represent the nuclear agreement positively. The verbal process is another process used by the writers to identify the actors, and the remarkable point is that both newspapers have used the process to represent a negative one. The use of both newspapers from the material process and the relationship is that these two processes are more realistic and more truthful than other processes.

This study, based on Van Dyke's model (1998), examines the issue of which backgrounding and foregrounding in Saudi Arabia's al-Riyadh is based on which linguistic tools, and which self and other groups are in this newspaper and how are they represented? The three articles of the newspaper, written after the nuclear deal, form the data of this study. This article, by descriptive-analytic method, based on Van Dyke's (1998) model, aims to examine the lexical choices, the naming, and the representation of social actors to achieve the ideological square of van Dijk. Iran's nuclear deal and Iranian government and politicians are negatively represented in all of these articles and are in other group. Iran seeks to protect terrorists from undermining stability in the region, international peace and security, and Iran's nuclear energy is a military, non-peaceful and stimulating instrument to achieve these goals.

Holliday and Hassan (1976), two linguists of text filed, believed that the “Repetition” phenomenon, as a lexical factor, besides collocation and grammatical elements (reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction) makes the text totally integrated. The existence of the same units and patterns in Surah al-Hūd is so evident that makes it necessary to investigate the role of repetition in its cohesion based on new patterns of text analysis, as well as to identify the degree of this proposition relation with key concepts of the Surah. To this goal, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the paper examined the data and used statistical tables in order to show that among the triple components of repetition (the same word, synonym and hyponymy), the same word has the most important role in the Surah cohesion. Secondly, it was also showed that the two independent semantic fields (disbelief and belief) of this Surah, which have different and opposite directions, organize a same axis, i.e. “Allah”. In other words, each of these two fields is a part of a wider whole, giving the reader a unified understanding of the total verses.

The Cognitive Semantics tries to examine meaning by relying on cognition; i.e. information processing in the human brain. In cognitive semantics, all language concepts are categorized. One of the important language issues that can be studied by relying on cognitive semantics are conjunctions in Arabic, and especially in the Holy Quran. In cognitive semantics, vocabularies, especially the conjunctions, have a central meaning that can be seen in the subjective meaning of the letter as well. Accordingly, many of the subjective meanings are somehow tied to the central meaning and the semantic network is formed. Based on this fact, the use of a particular letter in the words can be conceptualized regarding the situation, especially in the Qur'anic texts. The word “Thumma”  is one of the most widely used letters among the Arabic conjunctions which has been mentioned 338 times in the Holy Qur'an. By descriptive-analytical method and based on radial network of  “Thumma”  meaning, this article has concluded that the main meaning of  “Thumma”  in the Holy Quran is the junction between the words and the subjective meaning includes chronological order, ascending relationship between two cognate events, descending relationship between two cognate events and the disparity between the two.

The book of literary study theory, and implication for Quranic texts:  is a group of lectures which taught by Dr. ALraghib in Aleppo University after that he put them in an independent book in 2005 for many purposes like: - Readers awareness by statement miracle. - Understanding the expressions of Quran's secrets and getting up its statement.
This article discussed, has explained and searched in the characters, describing, and analyzing of the book, and what will be fight.
He tried to find the places of seriousness and simulation then put proposals for modification to be a useful way in the Iranian University Curriculums, As follows:- Giving a curriculum and originality for study.
- Interesting in documentation and employing the margins.
-    Reconsidering in the rules regulation.
- Prevention the dominate of sub studies up on the basic ones, or the religion style up on the technical one. 
-Investigation of seriousness and giving logical, objective answers which can fight learners.
- Provide the book with exercises and supplements.
The Research methodology is descriptive, analysis and tends to induction and extrapolation.

Arabic is derivative, and this derivation, which examines the origin of a term, is one of the ways in which language is expanded and helps to expand their vocabulary and meaning. Of the derivation types in which, while preserving the order of the original letters (two letter), one of the triple letters is converted into terms like divergence or divergence (convergence), it is an actuality derived that relates to the semantic relations between the vocabulary. The study seeks to explore this linguistic phenomenon in the first and oldest Arabic-language dictionary, Al-Ain -al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (d. 175), based on the expenditure of the letters. Khalil, after mentioning the two letter words and the termination of the three letter word, poses the general meaning of the word, and the semantic relation between the words that contain the derivation of the term, and which have used the words that refer to it as "methl, shabih, cuff, yodhareo." This collection was originated by many dictionaries in the following centuries. Subsequently, the verse of the "verses of the word" of Ahmad ibn Fars (d. 395), which is based on the principle and the words of the words, has been considered. The Persian has used the word "Abdul" in balancing and expressing the special meaning of the lexical words which are more derived. This book is written in the late years of the author's life and is the basis for the work of the cultivators.
The purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of the emergence of Akbar in the two dictionaries, the expression of how influential the author of the book is on the subject of his coincidence and assessment, and to assess the views of the two authors in this regard. The methodology of the article is descriptive-statistical. In this method, statistics and results are obtained: 29% of al-Ain's words and 48% of the words are Moghaysis al-Laghata of Azteqagh Akbar, in which 122 words, 21% in two dictionaries, are common in this phenomenon. Subscription can confirm the influence of Ibn Fars from Sahib Al-Ain which plays the role of creating words and expanding Arabic meanings.

Intertextuality is a theory that connects old and new texts, and adds to the richness of literary works. Therefore, through a descriptive-analytical method, and with emphasis on Julia Christova’s theory, this study aims to conceptually review the effect of religious intertextuality in resistance poetry of Mahmoud Darvish, the Palestinian poet, and Qisar Aminpour, the Iranian poet. Intertextuality involves many areas; however, since these poets have conceived that Quran and other divine books and religious men are the main sources for man’s freedom, with the help of religious intertextuality, they have invited people to fight against enemy. Darvish has benefited from Jewish and Christian sources mostly through parallel and general negation, and Aminpour has used the parallel and minute negation. Intertextuality in Darvish poems has more specificity than in those of Aminpour. Using religious intertextuality in three areas of Islam, Christianity, and Jewism represents the two poet’s interaction with other religions, and this is something that the world needs. The religious integration mentioned by Darvish and Aminpour is an issue in the light of which governments could leave religious conflicts and reach a kind of peaceful coexistence.

Scholars of rhetoric have long been regarding artistic aspects and the specific exquisite creation of, and in a word, beauty of the Quran and have expressed it in different forms. Today, perhaps the word “image” can be replace with all those views so that we can understand the secret of immortality of the Quran and its deep influence in the heart of audience in a simple language and without the use of rhetoric complicated terms. To conform the rule of “image” on the Meccan and medina chapters separately (in this case two chapters Mudathir and Munafiqun) will bring us considerable results that its outcome is the profound and precise attention of the verses of the Quran to the typology of the audience, the situation of place and time and finally proving its being a miracle. Meccan verses seek to establish the thought and in subsequence seek to penetrate a belief at the heart, so its backing must be terms with exquisite, effective and wonderful images with an overwhelming and explicit tone. In contrast, Medina verses seek to influence for pragmatism; fulfilling on the base of that established thought of audience; so, its backing must be terms with images; this time the images are less and with detailed, peaceful and widespread manner. The main objective of the present study is addressing this issue, studying its qualification and finally reaching the conclusion that it was mentioned briefly.

The present article attempts realize among the Quranic research and linguistic studies by adducing to famous books such as Al Tahrir, Al Tanvir and Majma’ al-Bayan. The chosen technique is methodology on order to express the Qadr aesthetics. The semantics and vocal documents and their effect are taken from Ferdinand de Saussure point of view. The lexical reasons have active and remarkable role in audience understanding as the combined reasons have outstanding role in semantics.

The subject of this article is studying the role of the element of motion in enlivening the Quranic imageries in the 28th</sup> and 29th</sup> part of Quran, the meccan and medinan verses classified . Considering the comprehensive and delicate views of some prominent contemporary linguistics such as Seyyed Qutb , Muhammad Dawud andYasuf, we have looked for this issue in Quran from different aspects. By the word motion we mean all different obvious and hidden Quranic motions such as motion verbs and constant motions and motions taken from the word or lied in it. These motions can vary, being strong or fast, circular or horizontal, internal or external; nevertheless what is important in these motions is its being influential on the addressee although one can not realize its local dimensions. In this study our objective is to introduce some of the necessary terminologies concerning motion, looking for them in Quran and consequently understanding how the motion words enliven the Quranic images. In this article, the subjects have been classified according to the orientation of the motion, its pace, the limitation of place and the nature of this phenomena.In this study we have reached these results The usage of strong and fast motion verbs in the Meccan verses is much more than those of Medina. Different Figures of speech such as individualism and incarnation as one of the most effective means of conveying a rational concept through material one , has been used, concerning its quantity, identically in both kind of verses, although in Meccan verses we encounter stronger and more profound individualism and incarnation .The differences in Meccan and Medinan verses is completely in coordination with the cultural situation of the two era and correspondent with the divine objectives of revelation in these two periods.

The music of Quran in one of the features of its text inimatibility that can be studied from different aspects. In this article we have examined the impact of the music of a word on its meaning. The music of the word is the lune of the word due to its main and minor characteristies, its vowels, sustainance of the phonemes, kind of phonemes points of articulation(makharidj) additional words, phonetic changes (Ibdal) contract (idgham) and ellipsin that has different implications and is a display of ones excitments. This has an obvious effect on the meaning expressed as follows: exaggeration in meaning, abundance, growth, continuity been extraordinary or reminiscent of outside sounds and events, causing fear and aniety expressing strangeness, recurrence and relaxation of a movement, fastness of response and penalty, averting its heaviness and also mixture and proving the impact of phonemes on the meaning expressed, it will also be proved that synonymy does not exist at all.